Deu Mai Khola HEP Text - Feasibility

Feasibility Report of Deumai Khola HEP
Geological and Geotechnical Studies
1. INTRODUCTION This report deals with regional geology, geological and engineering geological condition as well as the geotechnical condition, tectonics and seismicity, construction material and muck disposal survey of the Deumai Hydropower Project. This study has been carried out as per feasibility study requirement of the guideline of DoED. The proposed Deumai Hydropower Project is located between downstream from Gajurmukhi village and upstream from the junction between the Mai Khola and Deumai Khola, Ilam District, Mechi Zone, Eastern Development Region of Nepal. The intake area is located about 15 km east of Ilam Bazaar. The Deumai Khola is a rain fed river and a main tributary of the Mai River and finally drains out to the Mechi River. The proposed Deumai HEP is a storage or reservoir scheme project. The powerhouse is located on the left bank of the Deumai Khola about 0.5 km southeast from the confluence between the Mai Khola and Deumai Khola along the Deumai Khola. The water will be diverted into the headrace tunnel to the powerhouse to generate power. Related structures are located at the left bank of the Deumai Khola on bedrocks as well as alluvial and colluvial deposits. 1.1 Objectives The main objectives of the present geological study are as follows: To obtain information on regional geology and geomorphology of the project area To study detail geological and engineering geological condition of the locations of proposed project structures
To prepare detailed engineering geological map (1:2,000), geological cross-sections and profiles of the locations of major project structures like reservoir, tunnel alignment, intake and weir axis, surge tank and penstock alignment and powerhouse and tailrace areas
To carry out construction material survey and locate the disposal area for the project area To assess the slope stability of the project area including especially the tunnel alignment To evaluate the geotechnical condition of the project area
Research and Development Group
Dolakha Nirman Company (P) Ltd., Biratnagar
1.2 Scope of Work The present study comprises of the following works: Collect and review available literatures, topographical and geological maps, photographs and landsat images Collection and study of geological and geomorphologic information of previous studies Conduct field survey to collect and verify geological information prior to general and detail geological mapping, engineering geological mapping of project components and particular structures Identify geological and seismic hazards such as faults, thrusts and landslides Measurement of discontinuities to analyze slope stability and collect geotechnical information of the rock mass to identify the rock mass classification Prepare maps (engineering geological map) at the scale mentioned in DoEDs guideline. 1.3 Methodology To accomplish the objectives and scope of work, desk study, field visit and field data analysis were carried out. During the desk study, available geological information and geological maps of the Deumai Khola section relevant to the project area was thoroughly studied. After the desk study, the field visit to the project was conducted. During the field visit, discontinuity survey and geological as well as engineering geological mapping of the project area including intake and weir area, and reservoir area, tunnel alignment, surge tank, penstock alignment, powerhouse and tailrace area was done. The instability and mass wasting area and necessary geological data were also collected. After field observation, the detail analysis of geological data was carried out which includes graphical analysis, slope stability analysis and rock mass. The 2D-Electrical Resistivity Survey has been conducted and proposed the location of the core drilling point in the headworks as well as the powerhouse area.
Project Area
Figure 1: Location Map of Project Area
1.4 Background Information Eastern Region of Nepal within varied geomorphic scenario and with complex geological set up offers immense scope for utilization of water resources. The water resources of the Deumai Khola which drains into the Kankai Khola at Mahaguna village and finally drains out into the Mechi River still remains unutilized. These rivers are perennial and carry considerable quantity of water. Since the rainfall of the catchment area is high, these exists a steady discharge of water in these rivers throughout the year making them ideal for hydropower development in tandem. In view of above, number of hydropower projects were identified and awarded to Private Developers by the Government of Nepal to harness these vast natural resources for the hydropower generation. The proposed Deumai Hydro Electric Project is a self identified project which has been awarded to Dolakha Nirman Company (P) Ltd., Nepal by the Department of Electricity Development (DoED) under the Ministry of Energy, Government of Nepal, development of hydropower in Mai Khola basin, through construction of a 20 MW hydropower station utilizing the water resources of the Deumai Khola in Ilam District, Mechi Zone, Eastern Development Region of Nepal. Installed capacity has been worked out as a storage scheme. 1.5 Project Layout and Salient Features The proposed Deumai Hydro Electric Power envisage construction of a 50 m high and 50 m long concrete dam with central spillway across Deumai Khola, two 9.5 m diameter and 511 m and 610 m long diversion tunnels, two 8 m diameter intake tunnels, two 8 m diameter and 298 m long underground pressure shaft, a dam toe powerhouse and two 10.4 m diameter and 4.1 km long HRT for generation of 30 MW of hydropower utilizing a gross head of about 70.77 m. It is a reservoir project and all the appurtenant structures are located along the left bank of the Deumai Khola. Salient features of the Deumai HEP are given in Table 1.
Table 1: Salient Features of Deumai HEP To be inserted by Consultant
1.6 Present Investigation In order to fulfil the objectives and scope of work, the present studies were focused mainly on general and detailed geological mapping and subsurface explorations. The main activities performed during the present investigation include the following: Geological Mapping -General geological mapping of the project area in 1:4,000 scale -Detailed geological mapping of the headworks/powerhouse in 1:1,000 scale -Geological section of the headrace tunnel in 1:4,000 scale -Mapping of the mucking area and source of the construction materials in 1:50, 000 scale. Geotechnical Investigation -Rock mass classification (Q and RMR Values) of the rock mass of headwork site, tunnel alignment and powerhouse area for suggesting support system, -Construction material survey and laboratory testing, -Stereographic projection of major discontinuities of the rock of the project area. 1.7 Sub-surface Exploration In order to study the sub-surface geology of the area eight lines of the ERT covers about 1,500 m in the reservoir and intake area. Bedrocks are found at shallow depth in each line.
2. HIMALAYA IN GENERAL The Himalaya is the largest mountain range of the world, which extends for a total length of about 2,400 km. This lengthy mountain chain is geologically divided into five sections from west to east (Figure 2; Gansser, 1964). The brief descriptions are as follow: 2.1 Punjab Himalaya The Punjab Himalaya (about 550 km) lies between the Indus River in the west and Sutlej River in the east.
Figure 2: Physiographic Subdivision of the Himalayan Arc (after Gansser, 1964)
2.2 Kumaon Himalaya It borders the Sutlej River in the west and the Mahakali River in the east and extends about 320 km.
2.3 Nepal Himalaya The Nepal Himalaya (800 km) lies between the Mahakali River in the west and the Mechi River in the east. 2.4 Sikkim-Bhutan Himalaya It starts from the Mechi River and extends along Sikkim and Bhutan for a length of 400 km. 2.5 NEFA (North East Frontier Agency) Himalaya It stretches for 440 km from eastern boundary of Bhutan to the Tsangpo River in the east.
3. GEOLOGY OF THE NEPAL HIMALAYA The Nepal Himalaya is situated in the central part of the Himalayan arc and has covered about one third part. The Nepal Himalaya is located between Kumaon Himalaya in the west and the Sikkim-Bhutan Himalaya in the east. The Nepal Himalaya is subdivided into the following five major tectonic zones from south to north (Upreti and Le Fort, 1999; Figure 3). Indo-Gangetic Plain (Terai)
---- Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) --- Sub-Himalaya (Siwalik or Churia Group) ---- Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) --- Lesser Himalaya Higher Himalaya ---- Main Central Thrust (MCT) --- ---- South Tibetan Detachment System (STDS) -- Tibetan-Tethys Himalaya
3.1 Indo-Gangetic Plain (Terai) This zone represents the northern edge of the Indo-Gangetic Plain and forms the southernmost tectonic division, represents Pleistocene to Recent in age and has an average thickness of about 1,500 m. This zone lies in the southern part of the Himalaya, basically composed of the boulder to clay. The uppermost part of the IndoGangetic Plain is the Bhabar zone and it comprises of boulder to pebble. The Middle part (Marshy zone) is composed of sands whereas the clays are dominant in the southern Terai. 3.2 Sub-Himalaya (Siwaliks or Churia Group) The Sub-Himalaya (Siwaliks or Churia Group) is developed in the southern part of the country and is represented by low hills of the Churia Range. The Siwalik Group of Nepal is composed of 5-6 km thick fluvial sediments of the middle Miocene to early Pleistocene age. The sediments are generally layers of mudstone, sandstone and conglomerate. The Siwalik Group is divided into the Lower, Middle and Upper Siwaliks in ascending order based on the lithology and increasing grain size. The
Lower Siwalik is comprised of mudstone and sandstone, whereas the Middle Siwalik represented by thick-bedded, coarse-grained, "pepper and salt" appearance sandstone. The Upper Siwalik is identified with the presence of conglomerate. 3.3 Lesser Himalaya The Lesser Himalaya lies in between the Sub-Himalaya (Siwalik Group) in the south and Higher Himalaya in the north. Both the southern and northern limits of this zone are represented by thrusts, the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and the Main Central Thrust (MCT), respectively. Tectonically, the entire Lesser Himalaya consists of allochthonous and para-autochthonous rocks. Rock sequences have developed with nappes, klippes and tectonic windows, which have complicated the geology. The Lesser Himalaya is made up of mostly the unfossiliferous sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks, consisting of quartzite, phyllite, slate and limestone ranging in age from Pre-Cambrian to Miocene. 3.4 Higher Himalaya This zone is geologically as well as morphologically well defined, and consists of a huge pile of highly metamorphosed rocks. It is situated between the fossiliferous sedimentary zone (the Tibetan-Tethys Himalaya} in the north, separated by STDS and the Lesser Himalaya, separated by the MCT in the south. Paradoxically it is made up of the oldest rocks of Pre-Cambrian metamorphic and granitic gneiss. The north-south width of the unit varies from place to place. This zone consists of almost 10 km thick succession of the crystalline rocks also known as the Tibetan Slab (Le Fort, 1975). This sequence can be divided into four main units. From bottom to top these units are: Kyanite-Sillimanite gneiss (Formation I), Pyroxenes marble and gneiss banded gneiss (Formation II) and Augen gneiss (Formation III). 3.5 Tibetan-Tethys Himalaya Rocks of the Tibetan-Tethys Himalayan zone are made up of thick pile of richly fossiliferous sediments and their age ranges from early Paleozoic to Cretaceous. This zone is about 40 km wide and composed of sedimentary rocks such as shale, limestone and sandstone. In Nepal, these fossiliferous rocks of the Tibetan-Tethys Himalaya are well developed in the Thak Khola (Mustang), Manang and Dolpa.

80 84

88
30
MCT
Api
Simikot
30
MT MBT
Baitadi Jumla Tila Dhangadhi Jajarkot Kanjiroba
TIBET
Dhaulagiri Annapurna Manaslu MCT Piuthan MBT Bhairawa Pokhra Langtang Ri Gosainkund Kathmandu MT
Deumai HEP
Everest Kanchenjunga
Nepalganj
28
INDIA
28
Terai Duns & recent filling Siwaliks Lesser Himalayan zone LH crystalline nappe Higher Himalaya cryst. and crystalline nappe
HHSS Paleozoic LH Paleozoic HHSS Mesozoic HH leucogranite LH granite Thrust STDS

25 0 Sindhuli
Okhaldunga
Taplejung MCT MBT Biratnagar
Dhankuta Janakpur
25 50
75 100 km 26 88
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Figure 3: Geological Geological map ofMap of the Nepal Himalaya (after Upreti and Le Fort, Nepal (after Upreti and Le Fort, 1999). 1999)
The proposed Deumai Hydropower Project belongs to the rocks of the Lesser Himalaya, Eastern Nepal Himalaya.
4. REGIONAL GEOLOGY OF THE PROJECCT AREA The area around Deumai Khola area lies in the Lesser Himalaya and equivalent to the rocks of the Kathmandu Group (DMG, 1987) of Eastern Nepal and comprised of gneiss, schist and schistose gneiss (Figure 4). Structurally, the area lies north of the Main Central Thrust (MCT) and Main Boundary Thrust (MBT). The lithostratigraphy of the Lesser Himalaya of the eastern Nepal has been given in Figure 3 and Table 2.
Table 2: Lithostratigraphy of Eastern Nepal Himalaya Group Lithology HIMALAYAN FRONTAL THRUST (HFT) Upper Conglomerate/sands/muds Middle Sandstone/mudstone Lower Mudstone/sandstone MAIN BOUNDARY THRUST (MBT) Lakharpata Limestone, limestone, shale Syangja Quartzite, limestone, shale Sangram Shale, limestone, quartzite Galyang Slate, sandstones, calcareous slate Seti* Gritty phyllite, phyllite, quartzite Ulleri Augen gneiss Takure* Shale, schist, conglomerates Sarung Khola* Schist, gneiss, schistose gneiss Tawa Khola Schist, quartzite Maksana Schist Shiprin Khola* Schist, quartzite, metabasic rocks Udaipur Schist, marble, quartzite Formation Age
Siwalik
Neogene
Midland
Upper Pre-Cambrian -Late Paleozoic
Kathmandu
Upper Pre-Cambrian -Late Paleozoic
MAIN CENTRAL THRUST (MCT) HIGHER HIMALAYA * Rock exposed in the project area
4.1 Lesser Himalaya This Himalaya consists of high-grade metamorphic rocks like gneiss, schist as well as schistose gneiss. The rocks of the area are subdivided into the Kathmandu and Midland groups. The rocks of the Kathmandu Group are also comparable with the rocks of the Higher Himalaya. 4.1.1 Midland Group This group comprises five formations, which consist of phyllite, dolomite and metasedimentary rocks 4.1.1.1 Seti Formation is comprised of alteration of greenish-grey, crenulated phyllite and gritty phyllite and grey to greenish grey, fine-grained quartzite. This formation
attains more than 3 km thickness. This unit is exposed in the tunnel alignment. Around the area only the 500 m rocks are exposed. 4.1.1.2 Naudanda Quartzite is represented by presence of thick-bedded, white, coarse-grained quartzite with frequently developed rippled marks. Total thickness of the lithounit is about 400 m. 4.1.1.3 Galyang Formation is characterized by presence of dark grey to black phyllite and spotted white, fine-grained quartzite. Total thickness of the lithounit is about 1,000 m. 4.1.1.4 Syangja Formation has grey metasandstone intercalates with dark grey phyllite and dolomite. Total thickness of the lithounit is about 800 m. 4.1.1.5 Lakharpata Formation is represented by presence of bluish-grey dolomite. This formation attains 500 to 1,000 m thickness. 4.1.1.6 Takure Formation is represented by presence of black shale and schist with layers of the conglomerates. Rocks unit is exposed in the tunnel alignment. The area has attained about 650 m thick bedrock. 4.1.2 Kathmandu Group This group has high grade metamorphic rocks like schist, gneiss. The group has been subdivided into more than five lithounits. 4.1.1 Sarung Khola Formation is the youngest rock unit of the Kathmandu Group of the Lesser Himalaya and consists of grey, coarse-grained, garnetiferous schist intercalated with grey gneiss and schistose gneiss. The unit attains about 4,000 m thick but proposed are has more than 2,300 m in thickness. 4.1.2 Tawa Khola Formation is represented by presence of grey schist intercalate with quartzite. It has about 1,200 m thickness.
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4.1.3 Maksana Formation is characterized by presence of grey schist. The unit is about 800 m thick. 4.1.4 Shiprin Khola Formation is comprised of dark grey, garnetiferous schist and quartzite and meta basic rocks. The area has about 1250 m thick bedrock exposed. 4.1.5 Udaipur Formation is represented by presence of schist, marble and quartzite. 4.2 Siwalik Group The Siwalik Group is composed of sedimentary rock contains of mudstone, sandstone and conglomerates. Based on the rock types as well as grain size Siwalik is divisible into Lower, Middle and Upper Siwaliks. The Lower Siwalik is comprised of thick mudstone and sandstone. Mudstone is slightly greater than the sandstone. The Middle Siwalik is represented by tick beeded sandstone with mudstone and pebbly sandstone. The Upper Siwalik is characterised by presence of the conglomerates and lenses of muds and sands. The project area is geologically located partly in the rocks of the Sarung Khola Formation and partly in the rocks of the Shiprin Khola Formation of the Kathmandu Group and partly in the Seti and Takure formations of the Midland Group. The surge tanka and powerhouse lies in the rocks of the Lower Siwalik. Most part of the project area falls in the rocks of the Sarung Khola and Shiprin Khola formations which units are composed of mainly garnetiferous schist, gneiss and schistose gneiss. 4.2 Geolgical Structures In proposed area, the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and the Main Central Thrust (MCT) represents the large-scale geological structure (Figure 3). The foliation and fold area the example of small-scale structure.
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4.2.1 Main Central Thrust (MCT) The MCT strikes in E-W direction and separates the high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Higher Himalaya to the north and low-grade metamorphic rocks of the Lesser Himalaya to the south. This thrust is located less than 0.1 km (aerial distance) north of the proposed project area. This thrust separates the rocks of the Seti Formation in south and Shiprin Khola Formation in north. 4.2.1 Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) The MBT strikes in E-W direction and separates the low-grade metamorphic rocks of the Lesser Himalaya to the north and sedimentary rocks of the Siwalik Group to the south. This thrust is located 0.1 km (aerial distance) south of the proposed project area. The MBT separates the rocks of the Lower Siwalik in south and the Takure Formation of the Lesser Himalaya in the north. Thrust The thrust developed between the Takure Formation in the south and the Seti Formation in the north. 4.2.2 Foliation The trends of the foliation plane of the project area are northeast to southwest dipping towards north. The dip directions of rocks range from 0300 to 0400 and dipping towards south (500 to 750).
MCT
MBT
10 km
12
LS=Lower Siwalik, MS-Middle Siwalik, MCT-Main Central Thrust, MBT-Main Boundary Thrust
13
Figure 3: Geological Map of Ilam Area, Eastern Nepal (after DMG, 1987)
4.2.3 Fold A regional syncline fold is developed within the rocks of the Sarung Khola Formation and the fold can be seen south from the project area (Figure 3). The project area is located northern limb of the syncline fold. Proposed intake and reservoir area lies about 5 km north from the MCT and MBT area but the powerhouse and tailrace area is located in between the MCT and MBT
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zones. The tunnel alignment crosses the fold. The activities of the MBT and MCT and fold seem to be nominal.
Sarung Khola Formation
Shiprin Khola Formation
Seti Formation Takure Formation Formation Lower Siwalik
Middle Siwalik
Figure 4: Geological map of the Project area
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5. DETAIL GEOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE PROJECT AREA The project area lies partly in the rocks of the Sarung Khola Formation and Shiprin Khola Formation, Kathmandu Group and partly lies in the rocks of the Midland Group (e.g., the Seti and Takure formations) and powerhouse component is located geologically the rocks of the Siwalik Group. The units of the Lesser Hilamaya are comprised of gneiss, schistose gneiss and quartzite as well as metabasic rocks, slate and conglomerates whereas the units of the Siwalik is copmposed of sandstone and mudstone. The dip directions of rocks range from 0300 to 0500 and dips (600 to 750). The powerhouse and tailrace are located on the alluvial deposits and bedrocks of the Lower Siwalik Formation. Thickness of the alluvial deposit is expected to be about 5 m, and high possibility to meet the bedrocks at shallow depth at the powerhouse as well as in the weir axis area. The tunnel alignment passes through rocks of the Shiprin and Sarung Khola formations of the Kathmandu Group and rocks of the Takure and Seti formations whereas the weir axis and intake are located in the rocks of the Sarung Khola Formation. The surge tank, portal outlet and powerhouse as well as tailrace and penstock alignment lies in the rocks of the Lower Siwalik Formation. Colluvial deposits are sparsely found in the project area. Geologically, the area of powerhouse lies south of the MBT. The tunnel alignment crosses the MBT and MCT. The detailed geological map of the project area is shown in Figure 4 (1:50,000 scale). 5.1 Reservoir Area The proposed reservoir area is extended from weir axis to Gajurmukhi village. Geologically, the proposed basin area also lies in the Sarung Khola Formation (Figure 5). Around the proposed area, thick bedded gneiss and schistose gneiss can be seen on uphill side. Superficially, the proposed project is covered with shallow depth alluvial deposits on the bedrocks. The bedrocks are exposed along the both banks of the Deumai Khola around the reservoir area. Individual thickness of gneiss is more than 2 m. The proposed area at uphill side covered with bushes as well as dry and wet cultivated area and has gentle topography. The cross-sections of the reservoir are shown in Figure 6. The sections are taken 500 m interval to show the distribution of the soil and rocks. 5.2 Intake and Weir Axis Area
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The proposed weir axis area is located about 3.0 km downstream from the Gajurmukhidham. The intake area is lies about 100 m upstream from the proposed area of the weir axis area. Geologically, the area is located in the Sarung Khola Formation (Figure 7). Around the proposed intake area, thick bedded gneiss and and schistose are exposed on the both banks of the Deumai Khola. Superficially, thick alluvial deposits on the bedrocks of the Sarung Khola Formation can be seen along the riverbed. Individual thickness of gneiss is more than 2 m whereas schistose gneiss can be seen thickness range of 0.5 to 1 m. Presently, the sparsely forest and cultivated land at uphill can be found around the proposed structure. 5.3 Diversion Tunnel Alignment The proposed Diversion tunnel passes though the rocks of the Salung Formation. This unit has thick gneiss and schistose gneiss (Figure 7). Thickness of the beds range from 2 to 5 m. The proposed diversion tunnel follows the left bank of the Deumai Khola. 5.4 Tunnel Alignment Area The proposed tunnel alignment follows on the left bank of the Deumai Khola, also belongs to the rocks of the Sarung Khola Formation and rocks of the Shiprin Khola Formation (Figure 8). Intercalation of gneiss and schist as well as schistose gneiss and quartzite can be found along proposed tunnel alignment. Last portion of the tunnel alignment passes through the rocks of the Takure and Seti Formations. Thin layers (< 1 m thick) of colluvial deposits are found on the hill slope. Individual thickness of schistose gneiss is more than 3 m. The proposed alignment area is covered by bush and dry cultivated and the forest can be found around the proposed structure. The geological cross-section shows the detailed geological condition of the tunnel alignment (Figure 9). 5.5 Surge Tank and Penstock Alignment Area The proposed surge tank and penstock alignment area is located geologically in the rocks of the Takure Formation (Figures 10 and 11). Around the proposed surge tank area, thick gneiss can be observed. The beds of the schistose gneiss range from 1 to
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3 m. The proposed area has covered barren to forest. Geological cross-section is shown in Figure 11. 5.6 Powerhouse and Tailrace Area The powerhouse and tailrace lies on the left bank of the Deumai Khola about 1 km upstream from the confluence between the Deumai Khola and Mai Khola. Geologically, proposed area belongs to the Shirin Khola Formation (Figure 9). The rocks of the Shiprin Khola Formation at the powerhouse and tailrace area are exposed on hillside. The beds of schist and quartzite range from 1 to 3 m and 0.5 to 1 m, respectively. At the proposed location, the alluvial terrace is wide and deposited by the Deumai Khola. The ground surface of recent alluvial deposits of the Deumai Khola is almost flat. Uphill side has gentle topography and bedrocks are well exposed. Geologica cross-section is given in Figure 11. 5.7 Adit Area The proposed adit area is located in the rocks of the Shiprin Khola Formation. Around the proposed area thick schist can be observed. The tentative length of the proposed adit shall be less than 500 m. 5.8 Geomorphology The Deumai Khola is one of the major tributaries of the Mai Khola. The Deumai Khola originates from the northern of the Ilam within the Lesser Himalayan zone. The catchment area of the river is characterised by very rugged and steep to mild topography, which was resulted by the upliftment of the Himalayan Range. It is mainly composed of sharp crested ridges, steep to very steep slopes and very little spaces are left for gently sloping lowlands in the valley. The river valley has steep slope and rocky area. The slope of the both banks of the river valley range from 50 to 60 degrees and somewhere vertical topography can be seen. The proposed weir axis area has gentle topography. The tunnel alignment has gentle slope whereas the penstock alignment has also gentle slope. The Sawa Khola and Fawa Khola are two major tributaries of the Deumai Khola between the reservoir and intake area.
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6. ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE PROJECT AREA The project layout map also represents engineering geological map of the project area, has been prepared in 1:1,000 scale for the main project structure sites such as weir axis site, tunnel alignment (1:4,000 scale), surge tank and penstock alignment, powerhouse and tailrace area. The dip directions of rocks range from 0300 to 0400 and dips (300 to 750). The powerhouse and tailrace located superficially in the alluvial deposits which are expected to be less than 5 m in thickness. Colluvial deposits are sparsely found in hill slope in the project area. The exposed rocks on the riverbed as well as on the hill slope has two sets of the joints, are predominant in the rock mass. They are rough and stepped. The filling materials in the joints are silty sand. Details of discontinuities present in the rock mass were measured for the analysis of slope stability of the project area including stability of the tunnel alignment. 6.1 Quaternary Deposits The quaternary deposits are found around the project area. The deposits include the recent river and colluvial deposits. 6.1.1 Recent River Deposits The alluvial deposits are unconsolidated low-level recent flood plain deposits. These deposits consist of younger river deposits along the actual riverbed. Low-level terrace deposits consist of mainly pebble (40-50%) to boulder sized (50-60%), sub rounded gravels of quartzite and gneiss (90%), and other (10%) filled with loose to semi-consolidated coarse sand and very fine clay deposits. Thickness of deposits at powerhouse site is more than 5 m. Remarkable recent river deposits are found along the river valley of the Deumai Khola. 6.1.2 Colluvial Deposits Colluvial deposits consist of washed out debris from slope areas and landslide materials as well as disintegrated and weathered rock fragments. The accumulations of colluvial deposits are on the hill slope just above the alluvial deposits of the Deumai Khola.
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6.2 Description of the Rock Types 6.2.1 Gneiss The rock of the Sarung Khola Formation consists of gneiss as well as associated with schistose gneiss. They are massive in thickness, grey colour. Gneiss is exposed at powerhouse and tailrace area of the project area along the Deumai Khola project. 6.2.2 Schistose gneiss The schistose gneiss is intercalated with gneiss and exposed concordantly with gneiss. The proportion of schistose gneiss is less than and that of gneiss. Schist and quartzite bands are well exposed in the tunnel alignment area. These rocks are generally found in the Sarung Khola and Shiprin Khola Formation. 6.2.4 Slate Grey slate of the Seti Formation is well exposed on the tunnel alignment area. Thickness of the beds are range from 0.2 to 0.5 m. 6.2.5 Sandstone/mudstone Thick beaded, fine- to medium-grained sandstone and mudstone with calcareous sandstone can be seen in the Lower Siwalik Group around the surge tank and powerhouse area. 6.3 Description Structure wise 6.3.1 Reservoir Area The reservoir area is extended from weir axis to Gajurmukhi village. Geologically, the area is located in the Sarung Khola Formation. Around the proposed area, thick bedded gneiss and schistose gneiss is exposed on the both banks of the Deumai Khola very rare. Most of the area is covered by the alluvial deposits. The exposed rocks are fresh to moderately weathered in nature. Generally, two sets of the joints are observed in rock mass. Individual thickness of the bed varies from 1 to 4 m. The spacing along the foliation and joints are large (more than 2 m). Superficially, thick alluvial deposits can be seen along the riverbed. The Fawa Khola and the Sawa Khola are the main tributaries of the Deumai Khola between the location of the weir axis and the Gajurmukhi village. The area is covered with thick alluvial deposits
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because the Fawa Khola has brought thick debris and deposited on the riverbed along the Deumai Khola riverbed. The alluvial deposits are composed of boulders and gravels of the recent alluvial deposits are generally subangular to subrounded in shape exposed up and downstream from the proposed weir axis area. Majority of clasts along the riverbed is composed of gneiss and schistose gneiss. Thickness of deposits is expected more than 4 m along the reservoir area. Maximum diameter of the boulder is more than 2 m. Both banks, the topography are steep slope gentle slope but comparatively the left bank has steeper slope than the right bank. Detailed geological condition of the reservoir area is shown in Figures 5 and 6. 6.3.1.1 Findings
1.
The proposed reservoir area is covered thick alluvial deposits and
intermittently bedrock at riverbed and the bedrocks can be seen on both banks. So, the survey of the ERT has been recommended only in the Fawa Khola to know the structures.
2.
The proposed area has no unstable rock mass as well as the landslides and The irregular pattern of the ERT result shows some big boulders are along the
shows good stability.

3.
riverbed.
6.3.1.2 1.
Recommendations To know the condition geotechnical properties of the rock mass exposed along
the reservoir area, two boreholes have been recommended even the bedrocks area visually can be seen along the river section at proposed area. 2. Seismic refraction survey is required for determining of the overburden as well geological structures like the lineaments, faults. It helps to make safe from the reservoir leakage.
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Plate 1: Right bank of the reservoir area area
Plate 2: Left bank of the reservoir
Plate 3: Thick alluvial deposits along the Deumai Khola (reservoir area)
Plate 4: Bedrock at reservoir area
6.3.2 Intake and Weir Axis Area The weir axis area is located about 3 km downstream from the Gajurmukhi village. Geologically, the area is located in the Sarung Khola Formation. Around the proposed weir axis area, thick bedded gneiss schistose gneiss is exposed on the both banks of the Deumai Khola. The exposed rocks are fresh to moderately weathered in nature. Generally, two sets of the joints are observed in rock mass. Individual thickness of the bed varies from 1 to 4 m. The spacing along the foliation and joints are large (more than 2 m). Superficially, thick alluvial deposits can be seen along the riverbed. The alluvial deposits are composed of boulders and gravels of the recent alluvial deposits are generally sub angular to subrounded in shape exposed up and downstream from the proposed weir axis area. Majority of clasts along the riverbed is composed of gneiss and schistose gneiss. Thickness of deposits is expected less than 4 m at headworks site. Both banks, the topography is steep slope but comparatively the slope is more flat than the right bank. Maximum diameter of the boulder is more than 2 m. 6.3.2.1 Findings
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1.
The proposed intake and weir axis area is covered bedrock at riverbed and the
bedrocks can be seen on both banks. So, the survey of the ERT has been recommended.
2.
The proposed area shows good stability in rock. Recommendations To know the condition geotechnical properties of the rock mass exposed at the
6.3.2.2 1.
weir axis area of the subsurface bedrock, 9 boreholes have been recommended even the bedrocks area visually can be seen along the river section at proposed area.
Plate 5: Right bank of the weir axis area Plate 6: Bedrock at right bank of the Deumai at
weir axis area Plate 7: Bedrocks of left bank of Deumai Plate 8: Downstream from weir axis area Khola at weir axis area
2.
Two holes are recommended
in the intake area to know the subsurface geological condition 6.3.3 Tunnel Alignment Area The proposed tunnel alignment follows on the left bank of the Deumai Khola, also lies initially in the Sarung Khola Formation. Schist of the Sarung Khola Formation and schistose gneiss, quartzite intercalation can be found. Then, passes through the gneiss of the Shiprin Khola Formation. Last portion of the alignment also passes
23
through the rocks of the Seti and Takure formations. Thin to thick layers of colluvial deposits area found on the bedrocks. Thickness of the beds range from 2 to 4 m generally found in the gneiss and schist whereas the thickness of schistose gneiss varies from 0.5 to 1 m. Slates and schist of the of the Seti and Takure formations can be seen at last section of the tunnel. The orientation of the foliation plane of the exposed rock is directed toward northeast, which is nearly perpendicular to the tunnel alignment. Other characters of the exposed rock along the alignment are thickbedded, fresh in nature, containing one to two joint sets. The spacing of the discontinuities is large. Land use pattern at proposed area is barren to forest. The topography at proposed area has moderate steep slope. 6.3.3.1 Findings
1.
The whole alignment of the tunnel alignment lies in the bedrocks except some The orientation of the foliation plane of the rock is favorable for the tunnel
locations but at depth there shall be found the bedrocks.

2.
alignment direction, the angle between foliation plane and direction of tunnel alignment is more than 60 degrees.
3.
The alignment passes through the rocks of gneiss and schistose gneiss of the
Sarung Khola and Shiprin Khola formations. The exposed rock mass is slightly in weathering condition. 4. 5. 6. The slope stability is good due to characters of the rock mass with long Last portion tunnel alignment lies in the rocks of the Takure Foramtion The tunnel alignment crosses the MBT and MCT at the last portion. spacing joints.
6.3.3.2 Recommendations
1.
Almost all area covered with bedrocks, It should be better to do the 2D-
Electrical Resistivity Survey in some crossing area to know the groundwater potentiality.
2.
First option-It is better to determine the seismic activities of the thrust in the Second option- It is better to align the pipe on the surface to avoid the area of
DPR stage if the tunnel alignment passes through the MCT and MBT.
3.
the thrust.
24
4.
Between These options which one is better can be cleared during the DPR
phase of the project. 6.3.4 Surge Tank and Penstock Alignment Area The proposed surge tank and penstock alignment area belongs to geologically in the rocks of the Lower Siwalik Formation. Around the proposed surge tank area, thick bedded sandstone and mudstone can be observed. Thickness of the beds varies from 1 to 2 m generally found in the sandstone and mudstone. The rocks around the proposed structure area are slightly weathered. Two sets of the joints are visible in the rocks exposed. The spacing of the rock mass is moderate. The land use pattern is forest. 6.3.4.1 Findings 1.
2. 3. 4.
The bedrocks are clearly observed at the proposed area. The proposed penstock alignment shall follow gentle slope. Moderate space joints are seen in slightly weathered rock mass. No any colluvial deposits on the hill slope along the proposed penstock
alignment. 6.3.4.2 Recommendations

1.
At least two line of the 2D-Electrical Resistivity survey around the surge tank Based on the ERT report at least a core hole can be proposed. At least two pitholes are dug up along the penstock alignment to determine the
area has recommended.

2.
3.
bearing capacity.
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6.3.5 Powerhouse and Tailrace Area The proposed powerhouse and tailrace lies on the left bank of the Deumai Khola. Geologically, proposed area belongs to the Lower Siwalik Formation. The rocks of the Lower Siwalik Formation at the powerhouse and tailrace area are exposed on hillside. But, superficially, thick river deposits have covered the proposed area. At the proposed location, the alluvial terrace is wide. The ground surface of recent alluvial deposit of the Mai Khola is almost flat. It is assumed that thickness of alluvial deposits more than 5 m thick at the proposed powerhouse. The tailrace also lies on thick alluvial deposits and is more than 10 m from the riverbed. The riverbed of the Deumai Khola is composed of boulder (> 70%) and fine materials (< 30%). More than 70% of the boulders of gneiss as well as sandstone are found. The material found at the proposed sites is fine- to medium-grained, grey sand with rounded to sub rounded gravels. Thick-bedded, fresh to slightly weathered, greenish-grey to grey sandstones are exposed uphill side of the proposed powerhouse area. Two sets of the joints are prominent in the sandstone. The persistency of the rock mass of the discontinuities is moderate. 6.3.5.1 Findings
1.
Thickness of alluvial deposits at proposed powerhouse and tailrace area is
more than 5 m can be observed along the left bank of the Deumai Khola. These thick deposits need to excavate for the foundation of the powerhouse. 2. Uphill side topography has gentle slope.
6.3.5.2 Recommendations
1.
At least two lines of the ERT are required to know the basement rocks At least two core drilling for determination of the geochemical properties of The river deposits can be used as construction materials.
depth.
2.
the rocks at powerhouse is proposed.

3.
6.3.6 Adit Area The adit area is located on the left bank of the Deumai Khola and shall be about 200 m in length. The area is geologically located in the rocks of the Sarung Khola
26
Formation and almost on the central portion of the tunnel alignment. The topography of the area is gentle and the exposed rocks are composed of thick schist and quartzite.
7. GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTS OF PROJECT AREA
27
Rock mass classification was carried out based on the NGI Q and CSIR RMR system. Based on the computed Q and RMR values the rock mass could be classified into very good to excellent, good, good to fair, poor, very poor rock, extremely poor and exceptionally poor rock. Classified rock masses are given in Table 3. The calculated values can be used for rock support in the headrace tunnel alignment as well as the underground structures.
Table 3: Rock Mass Classification
RMR 9 ln Q + 44 (Bieniawaski, 1989); RMR = 15 log Q + 50 (Barton, 1995)

Descriptions Rock Class Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Class 6 Class 7 Quality descriptions Very good to excellent Good Fair to good Poor Very poor Extremely poor Exceptionally poor Range of Q-values Minimum 100 10 4 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 Maximum 1000 100 10 4 1 0.1 0.01 Range of RMR-values Minimum 85 65 56 44 35 20 5 Maximum 100 85 65 56 44 35 20
7.1 Reservoir Area The hill slope along the proposed section starts abruptly with an average slope of 30 degrees and increasing of up to 70 degrees in the high uphill slope at right bank and also in the left bank the natural slope is upto 40 degrees. The bedrock exposed at the site has foliation attitude (Dip Direction/Dip Amount) of 025/36. One major (330/66) and other three minor joint systems (162/29 and 256/75) are observed at the area in Table 4. 7.1.1 Rock Classification Geotechnical classification for jointed rock mass of the reservoir using CSIR classification was carried out based on the detailed surface discontinuity (Table 5). Most of the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) of the headwork area falls in the range 60 to 70 and it indicates that the rock mass of headwork site is categorized as a Class II-III type, which is defined as the fair to good rock (Table 5).
Table 4: Attitudes of Rock Mass (Dip Direction/Dip Amount) of Project Area Location Reservoir Area Left bank Natural Hill Slope 092/81 Foliation 025/36 28 Joint (J1) 330/66 Joint (J2) 256/75 Joint (J3) 162/29
Right bank Weir Axis Area Left bank Right bank
247/78 135/30
048/67 056/78 077/77 070/70 066/60 084/60 080/50 045/62 054/62 075/34 075/30
332/65 321/78 342/65 322/59 318/72 330/68 310/64 314/72 330/60 305/80 300/80
247/78 235/67 224/52 245/80 144/35 136/36 120/22 140/40 235/60 220/80 202/60
148/67
280/69 Diversion Tunnel Area Left Bank 280/69 Tunnel Alignment CH. 0+000 - CH. 0+725 CH. 0+725 - CH. 2+250 CH. 2+250 - CH. 4+125 CH. 4+125 - CH. 4+850 CH. 4+850 - CH. 5+178 Surge Tank/Penstock Alignment Powerhouse Area Source: Field data
150/38 165/32 248/78 158/60 141/78 224/74 110/50 115/75 072/48
Table 5: Geotechnical Parameters of the Rock Mass
7.1.2 Weathering and Strength Rock mass in the reservoir area is fresh to slightly weathered (Table 5). Generally, the rocks along riverbank are fresh rock and slightly weathered at higher hill slope. Gneiss is strong rock. The compressive strength of the augen gneiss range from 200 to 250 MPa. Because of presence of the high percentage of the feldspar, the weathering shall be quite quick when it reacts with water. 7.1.3 Slope Stability Slope stability assessment analysis of the both banks hill slope was carried out on the basis of aerial photos interpretation and geological observations. An analysis of foliations to determine the stability of the rock mass due to the presence and orientations of the foliations in the rock mass at the reservoir was done using Lower
29
Hemisphere Projection of the foliation planes in Schmidts equal area net. The wedges formed by the foliation planes and joints were then analyzed with respect to the hill slope surface. The dipping of the foliation plane is favorable to the natural hill slope and the relation between them is opposite to the hill slope so less possibility to occur failure. The wedge formed by the intersection of the joints (J1, J2 and J3) may occur stable because these wedges are developed opposite to the natural hill slope. The slope stability condition of the rock mass is presented in Figures 12 and 13. Similarly, the stability condition is more or less similar to the left bank (Figures 14 and 15).
Figure 12: Contour Density Map of the Rock Mass on Left Bank of the Reservoir Area
Figure 13: Stereographic Projection of the Rock Mass on Left Bank of the Reservoir Area
30
Figure 14: Stereographic Projection of the Rock Mass on Right Bank of Reservoir Area
Figure 15: Contour Density Map of the Rock Mass on Right Bank of the Reservoir Area
7.2 Intake and Weir Axis Area The intake and weir axis area along the Deumai is HEP is located on the left bank and in the bedrocks. The hill slope starts abruptly with an average slope of 52 degrees and increasing of up to 80 degrees in the high uphill slope at left bank. The natural slope is comparatively gentler than right bank. The bedrock exposed at the site has foliation attitude (Dip Direction/Dip Amount) of 056/78. One major (321/78) and other three minor joint systems (235/69) are observed at the area in Table 4.
Table 6: Rock Mass Rating of the Project Area
31
7.2.1 Rock Classification Geotechnical classification for jointed rock mass of the headwork using CSIR classification was carried out based on the detailed surface discontinuity. Most of the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) of the headwork area falls in the range 59 to 64 and it indicates that the rock mass of headwork site is categorized as a Class III type, which is defined as the fair to good rock (Table 6). 7.2.2 Weathering and Strength Rock mass in the headwork area is fresh to slightly weathered (Table 5). Generally, the rocks along riverbank are fresh rock and slightly weathered at higher hill slope. Gneiss is fairly strong rock. 7.2.3 Slope Stability Slope stability assessment analysis of the left bank hill slope was carried out on the basis of aerial photos interpretation and geological observations. An analysis of foliations to determine the stability of the rock mass due to the presence and orientations of the foliations in the rock mass at the intake site was done using Lower Hemisphere Projection of the foliation planes in Schmidts equal area net. The wedges formed by the planes were then analyzed with respect to the hill slope surface. The dipping of the foliation plane is favorable to the natural hill slope and the relation between them is opposite to oblique so very less possibility to occur failure. The wedge formed by the intersection of the joints (J1 and J2) may occur failure. The slope stability condition of rock mass is presented in Figures 16 and 17.
32
N
Orientations ID 1 2 3 4 Dip / Direction 30 / 135 69 / 235 78 / 321 78 / 056
2 1 W 2 3 4 E
1 3
Equal Angle Lower Hemis phere 54 P oles 54 Entries
Figure 16: Stereographic Projection of the Rock Mass on Left Bank of the Proposed Weir Axis Area
N
Orientations ID 1 2 3 Dip / Direction 38 / 150 77 / 077 69 / 280 65 / 342 52 / 224
1 4 W 2 3 2
4 5
E 3
5 1 4
Equal Angle Lower Hemis phere 11 P oles 11 Entries
Figure 17: Stereographic Projection of the Rock Mass on Right Bank of the Proposed Weir Axis Area
7.3 Diversion Tunnel Alignment Area The exposed rock beds are competent and are favourably dipping against slope face direction. The attitude of the rock bands are more or less same as the geotechnical characters of the rock exposed at proposed intake and weir axis area i.e., 070/70, 322/59, 245/80, 165/32 foliation, joint 1, joint 2 and joint 3, repetitively. The exposed rock is fresh to slightly weathered with average joint spacing 2 to 3 m. The joint surfaces are rough and have some silty sand fillings in the exposed areas. 7.3.1 Rock Classification Geotechnical classification for rock mass tunnel alignment using CSIR classification was carried out based on the detailed surface discontinuity measurements on
33
exposed rock outcrops in the tunnel alignment. The results of the geotechnical classification are presented in Table 5. NGI Tunneling Index Q was also carried out based on the detailed surface discontinuity measurements on exposed rock outcrops in the tunnel alignment in some location. The results of the geotechnical classification at the tunnel alignments are presented Table 6 which is more or less same as the initial section of the tunnel alignment from the intake area. 7.3.2 Weathering and Strength Rock mass in the headwork area is fresh to slightly weathered (Table 5). Generally, the rocks along riverbank are fresh rock and slightly weathered at higher hill slope. Gneiss is fairly strong rock. 7.3.3 Slope Stability Slope stability assessment analysis of the left bank hill slope was carried out on the basis of aerial photos interpretation and geological observations. An analysis of foliations to determine the stability of the rock mass due to the presence and orientations of the foliations in the rock mass at the intake site was done using Lower Hemisphere Projection of the foliation planes in Schmidts equal area net (Figures 18, 19). The internal friction angle has been adopted as 30 degrees for the stability calculation. The dipping of the foliation plane is favorable to the natural hill slope and the relation between them is opposite to oblique so very less possibility to occur failure. The wedge formed by the intersection of the joints (J1 and J2) may occur failure.
34
Figure 18: Contour Density Map of the Rock Mass along the Diversion Tunnel Alignment Area
Figure 19: Stereographic Projection of the Rock Mass along Diversion Tunnel Alignment Area
7. 4 Tunnel Alignment Area The conveyance of water is proposed to be done by tunnel. This has been proposed considering the following aspects: a) Morphological conditions of the alignment route, b) Surfacial slope stability conditions, c) Rock mass property observations and d) Economical aspects The slope along the proposed tunnel is generally favorable and stable. The foundation of the tunnel is on the bedrock. This most of the alignment is on gneiss and schistose gneiss bedrock of the Sarung, Shiprin Khola formations and is over moderate steep-to-steep hill slope. The hill slope starts abruptly with an average slope of 45 degrees. The attitude of foliation of the rock mass in the area is shown in chaingae wise in the sections (Table 10). The exposed has average joint spacing of 1 to more than 4 m (Table 5). The joint surfaces are rough and steeped; and have some silty clay fillings in the exposed areas. Measured discontinuities are given in Table 4. 7.4.1 Rock Classification
35
Geotechnical Classification for rock mass tunnel alignment using CSIR classification was carried out based on the detailed surface discontinuity measurements on exposed rock outcrops in the tunnel alignment. The results of the rock mass classification are presented in Table 6. Most of the alignment is covered with the good to good to fair rock are seen at the initial and last part of the tunnel but poor and very poor rock mass can be expected at the last section of the tunnel alignment because of the presence of some geological structures as well as the lithological variation. NGI Tunneling Index Q was also carried out based on the detailed surface discontinuity measurements on exposed rock outcrops in the tunnel alignment in some location. The results of the geotechnical classification at the tunnel alignments are presented Table 7. Most of the alignment is covered by the good rock and some of the locations are good rock are seen at the initial and middle part of the tunnel but poor and very poor rock mass can be expected at the last section of the tunnel alignment because of the presence of some geological structures as well as the lithology. 7.4.2 Weathering and Strength Rock mass in most of the tunnel alignment is fresh to slightly weathered, with some moderately weathered rock exposed. The rock at initial portion is competent and hard rock but last portion of the rocks are weak in nature due to presence of low grade metamorphic rock and sedimentary rocks.
Table 12: Rock Mass Classification Using NGI Tunneling Index Q Classification
Note:
Q = RQD/Jn x Jr/Ja x Jw/SRF
7.4.3 Slope Stability
36
An analysis of foliations to determine the stability of the rock mass due to the presence and orientations of the foliations in the rock mass along the tunnel was done using Lower Hemisphere Projection of the foliation planes in Schmidts equal area net. The internal friction angle has been adopted as 30 for the stability calculation. Analysis of slope stability has been given in Figures 20-27. Between the CH. 0+000 and 2+250 More or less stable in condition but wedge formed by intersection of F and J2 is some critical. But wedge formed by intersection of the F and J1 is more or less stable because of low angle wedge. But the size of the wedges is blocky. Three sets of the joints are seen and very tightly joint can be found. Mainly the rock of the gneiss and schist can be found with large persistency. Between the CH. 2+250 and 4+125 Stability is good but the intersection of the F and J1, J2 as well as J3 are danger and may occur failure. The section is partly covered with gneiss and schist. Large persistency is generally found in the rock mass. Between 4+125 and 4+850 More or less the stability condition is same as the chainage between 4+125 and 4+850. The section is covered with slate and schist. moderate persistency is found in the rock mass in general. Between 4+850 and 5+178 Stable in condition very less possibility to occur failure but the presence of the highly jointed rocks may create the problem. The area is influenced by the thrust and sedimentary as well as soft rocks.
Figure 20: Contour Density along the Tunnel Alignment Area CH. 0+000-0+725
37
Figure 21: Stereographic Projection of the Rock Mass along the Tunnel Alignment Area CH. 0+000-0+725
Figure 22: Contour density Map Mass along the Tunnel Alignment Area CH. 0+725-2+250
38
Figure 24: Contour Density Map along the Tunnel Alignment Area CH. 2+250-4+125
39
Figure 26: Contour Density along the Tunnel Alignment Area CH. 4+125-5+178
Figure 27: Stereographic Projection of the Rock Mass along the Tunnel Alignment Area CH. -4+125-5+178
Assessment of Initial Support Requirement For Tunnel Empirical Method Empirical assessment of rock enforcement requirement for the tunnel has been empirically assessed based on the rock mass classification and stability analysis carried out based on assumed/extrapolated data. Once the excavation begins, the parameters used to determine the rock mass quality must be re-evaluated continuously. These parameters include:
40
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Number of joints per unit volume and their orientations Joint conditions such as tightness, loose openings and in-fill materials Continuity of joints Joint surface conditions such as roughness, degree of weathering and Joint water conditions Presence and orientation of shear zones, clay seams or loose open joints The rock strength with ratio to the major principal rock stress expected at the
coatings.
crossing the tunnel excavation or the presence of squeezing of swelling rock tunnel periphery. Support requirement based on the Q value: A Chart of equivalent dimension De, plotted against the Q value, is used to define a number of support categories (Barton et al., 1974). De = Excavation span, diameter of height (m) / ESR (excavation support ratio) For headrace tunnels of Hydropower, ESR is taken to be 1.6, hence for an excavation of span of maximum 4m, De = 1.63. About 93 % of the whole tunnel length is expected to be in fair to good rock with Q= 5 to 11 and only about 07 % in poor to very poor rocks with some highly fracture zones. From the Chart, the 93% of the tunnel section falls in Category 1 showing unsupported span. However, such conditions will not be anticipated in real practice. For tunnel section with poor rock Q < 4, De = nearly 2.0, support category 4 is required by the chart. The Length of Rock bolt can be estimated from excavation width B and Excavation Support Ratio ESR, as follows L = (2 + 0.15B)/ESR Substituting, B = 4.0 m and ESR = 1.6, the minimum length of rock bolt comes to be 1.625 m (~ 2.0 m).
41
7.5 Estimated Rock Support Rock support in the tunnel and underground cavern is provided to improve the stability and to safeguard the opening with respect to safety of the working crew. The guiding principle of rock support design is that it is capable to response the actual ground conditions that is encountered in the tunnel and the safety requirement at the tunnel face is met. This requires provision of flexible rock support methods that can be quickly adjusted to meet continuously changing heterogeneous rock mass (Table 8). The best way to achieve such flexibility is the use of rock bolts, steel fiber shotcrete, pre-injection grouting, and the use of steel ribs.
Table 8: Designed Tunnel Rock Support Class and Respective Rock Support Rock Mass Quality Rock Description Good Rock Support (RS) Class RS II Fully grouted 25 mm diameter and 2 m long rock bolts spaced at 4.5 m circumferentially and 4.5 mnlongitudinally plus 100 mm thick shotcrete with single layer of wire mesh reinforcement (4 mm dia Fair to good rock mass RS III welded in mesh size 100 mm x 100 mm) or steel fibercrete. 25 mm diameter 2 m long systematic grouted rock bolts at a spacing of 1.5 m x 1.5 m and 10cm thick steel fiber shot crete in all tunnels and at settling basin cavern 25 mm diameter 4 m long systematic grouted rock bolts at a spacing of 1.5 m x 1.5 m 15 cm thick steel fiber Poor rock mass Very poor rock mass Extremely poor mass RS IV RS V shotcrete at the settling basin cavern. 25 mm diameter 2 m long systematic grouted rock bolts at a spacing of 1.3 m x 1.5 m and 15 cm thick steel fiber shot crete. 25 mm diameter 2 m long systematic grouted rock bolts at a spacing of 1.3 m x 1.3 m and 15 cm thick steel fiber shot crete. 25mm diameter 2 m long systematic grouted rock bolts at a spacing of 1.2 m x 1.2 m and 20 cm thick steel fiber shotcrete. Steel ribs at a spacing of 1 meter to control plastic deformation. Advance preExceptionally poor rock RS VII mass injection grouting is provisioned to control water inflow into the tunnel. 25 mm diameter 2 m long systematic grouted rock bolts at a spacing of 1.1 m x 1.1 m and 20 cm thick steel fiber shot crete. Steel ribs at a spacing of 1 meter to control plastic deformation. Assigned Tunnel Rock Support
rock RS VI
The headrace tunnel will be in hydrostatic condition during its operation. Since the designed rock support in the table is not water tight, the concept of pre-injection grouting should be applied at the required length of headrace tunnel to control possible water leakage during operation. The BOQ and respective drawings
42
illustrates the given rock support for all underground works. In Table 9 the rock support assigned for headrace tunnel has been presented since the ground condition changes at different tunnel segment.
Table 9: Assigned Rock Support in Respect with Rock Mass and Rock Support Class Rock Location Mass Class Rock Support Class 25 mm diameter 2 m long systematic grouted rock bolts at a Ch. 0+000Ch. 0+725 spacing of 1.5 m x 1.5 m and 10cm thick steel fiber shot crete in Class III RS III all tunnels and at settling basin cavern 25 mm diameter 4 m long systematic grouted rock bolts at a spacing of 1.5 m x 1.5 m 15 cm thick steel fiber shotcrete at the settling basin cavern. 25 mm diameter 2 m long systematic grouted rock bolts at a Ch. 0+725Ch. 2+250 spacing of 1.5 m x 1.5 m and 10cm thick steel fiber shot crete in Class III RS III all tunnels and at settling basin cavern 25 mm diameter 4 m long systematic grouted rock bolts at a spacing of 1.5 m x 1.5 m 15 cm thick steel fiber shotcrete at the settling basin cavern. Fully grouted 25 mm diameter and 2 m long rock bolts spaced at Ch. 2+250Ch. 4+125 4.5 m circumferentially and 4.5 mnlongitudinally plus 100 mm Class II RS II thick shotcrete with single layer of wire mesh reinforcement (4 mm dia welded in mesh size 100 mm x 100 mm) or steel fibercrete. 25 mm diameter 2 m long systematic grouted rock bolts at a Ch. 4+125Ch. 4+850 spacing of 1.5 m x 1.5 m and 10cm thick steel fiber shot crete in Class III RS III all tunnels and at settling basin cavern 25 mm diameter 4 m long systematic grouted rock bolts at a spacing of 1.5 m x 1.5 m 15 cm thick steel fiber shotcrete at the settling basin cavern. 25 mm diameter 2 m long systematic grouted rock bolts at a Ch. 4+850Ch. 5+178 spacing of 1.3 m x 1.5 m and 15 cm thick steel fiber shot crete. Class IV RS IV Steel ribs at a spacing of 1 meter to control plastic deformation. Advance pre-injection grouting is provisioned to control water inflow into the tunnel due to the very weak and fractured zone. Assigned rock support measures
The rock mass (Table 9) from Ch. 0+000 to Ch. 2+250 requires the III support type whereas of tunnel from Ch. 2+250 to Ch. 4+125 needs of II support types. Similarly, from Ch. 4 + 125 to Ch. 4+850 there is required of support III. From Ch. 4+850 to Ch. 5+178 (0.50 km) requires the IV support system. Details about the tunnel and supports are given in Table 10.
43
Out of 5178 m of the length, the alignment covers 4,850 m of the tunnel length which is equal to 93.86% of the total length of the tunnel alignment needs of the support II and III and remain of 6.14% (e.g., 328 m of the tunnel length) needs of support IV to V.
44
45
Table 10: Assigned Rock Support in Respect with Rock Mass and Rock Support Class
Description/Stru ctures Chainage Rock type Weathering Strike and Dip Dip Direction/Dip Amount RMR Value Rock Classification Definition Q values Rock Classification Definition Support system CH. 0+000- CH. 0+725 Gneiss/Schistose gneiss Fresh-slightly 242-062/38S CH. 0+725-CH. 2+250 Gneiss/Schistose gneiss Fresh-slightly 234-054/35S
Tunnel Alignment CH. 2+250-CH. CH. 4+1254+125 CH.4+850 Gneiss/Schist Fresh-slightly 226-046/36S Slate/Schist Fresh-slightly 030-210/22S
CH. 4+850-CH.5+178 Schist/sandstone/mudst one Fresh-moderately 050-230/40S
066/60
084/60
080/50
045/62
054/62
61 III Good-Fair 6.5 III Good-Fair III
65 II Good 10.88 II Good II
40-37 IV Poor to very poor rock 3.29 IV Poor to very poor rock IV-V
7. 6 Surge Tank/Penstock Alignment Area The hill slope of surge tank face is moderate. The exposed rock beds are less competent and are favourably dipping against slope face direction. The attitude of the bedrock is 075/34 (dip direction/dip). One major (345/70) and two other minor joint sets (228/70 and 172/79) are observed in the exposed area. The surge tank as well as the penstock alignment passes though sandstone of the Lower Siwalik Formation. The joint surfaces are slightly to altered with average joint spacing of 1 to 2 m. The joint surfaces are rough and have silty sand fillings in the exposed areas. The measured discontinuities are given in Table 4. 7.6.1 Rock Classification Geotechnical classification for rock mass of the alignment using CSIR classification was carried out based on the detailed surface discontinuity measurements on exposed rock outcrops in the alignment. The results of the geotechnical classification are presented in Tables 5 and 6. 7.6.2 Weathering and Strength Rock mass is fresh to slightly weathered, and has less competent rock. 7.6.3 Slope Stability The stability of surge tank/penstock has been analyzed on the basis of geotechnical and geological observations on the surface of the hill slopes. Analysis of all the observed bedding plane attitudes and their conditions at different locations has been presented in Figures 28 and 29. In general, the stability condition is good and some of the wedges formed by joints may unstable.
Figure 28: Stereographic Projection of Rock Mass at Surge Tank Area
Figure 29: Stereographic Projection of Rock Mass at Surge Tank Area
7.7 Powerhouse and Tailrace Area The powerhouse and tailrace area is situated in the rocks of the Lower Siwalik, is situated at the low land depressed valley. The powerhouse area is composed of superficially alluvial deposits and the bedrock is encountered at uphill side. 7.7.1 Rock Classification Geotechnical classification for rock mass powerhouse using CSIR classification was carried out based on the detailed surface discontinuity measurements on exposed rock outcrops around the powerhouse area. The results of the geotechnical classification are presented in Table 4 was also carried out based on the detailed surface discontinuity measurements on exposed rock outcrops. Generally poor rocks are exposed around the powerhouse area. 7.7.2 Slope Stability An analysis of foliations to determine the stability of the rock mass due to the presence and orientations of the foliations in the rock mass is done using Lower Hemisphere Projection of the bedding planes in Schmidts equal area net. Analysis of all the observed foliation plane attitudes and their conditions at different locations has been presented in Figures 30 and 31.
82
Figure 30: Contour Density map of the Powerhouse area
Figure 31: Stereographic Projection of Rock Mass at Powerhouse Area
8. SEISMICITY This chapter deals with the preliminary investigation of maximum credible earthquake and peak ground acceleration for an assessment of the proposed Deumai Khola Hydroelectric Project (Figures 36, 37 and 38). The analysis is basically made by deterministic evaluation of earthquake sources in the vicinity with the state of art consideration of attenuation for the Himalayan terrain. It should be acknowledged that the problems of seismo-tectonic events of Himalaya are not fully understood and the knowledge is increasing with more and more accumulation of research results and data analysis. The study has considered the latest results of seismo-tectonic study of
83
the Himalaya and the vicinity. For comparison purpose, both deterministic and probabilistic assessments of seismic hazards have been considered. 8.1 Seismo-tectonic Model The Himalaya seismicity, in general, owes its origin to the continued northward movement of Indian plate after the continental collision between Indian plate and Eurasian plate. The magnitude, recurrence and the mechanism of continental collision depend upon the geometry and plate velocity of Indian plate in relation to southern Tibet (Eurasian Plate). Recent results suggest that the convergence rate is about 20 mm/year and the Indian plate is sub-horizontal below the Sub-Himalaya and the Lesser Himalaya. The result of micro seismic investigation, geodetic monitoring and morphotectonic study of the Central Nepal has depicted that the more frequent medium sized earthquakes of 6 to 7 magnitude are confined either to flat decollment beneath the Lesser Himalayas or the upper part of the middle crustal ramp. The ramp is occurring at about 15 km depth below the foothills of the Higher Himalaya in the south of MCT surface exposures. Big events of magnitude greater than eight are nucleated near the ramp flat transition and rupture the whole ramp-flat system up to the blind thrust (MBT) of the Sub-Himalaya (Pandey et. al. 1995). This general model worked out for the Western Nepal can be applied to other parts of the Himalaya with the evaluation of further subsequent ramping towards more south in the Lesser Himalaya and the associated seismicity. This structural variation along Himalayan arc is responsible for the segmentation of potential ruptures along the arc i.e. along the longitudinal direction. For deterministic assessment of seismogenic sources, the local structural environment magnifying the general model near the project site is considered. 8.2 Deterministic Assessment Considering the above interpretation, the deterministic design earthquake can be taken as a sub- horizontal thrust of rupture extent of about 30 km occurring at a depth of 15 km within a plan distance of a few km, (e.g., 5 km) from the site. The width of
84
the rupture is proposed to be about 25 km. A magnitude of 7.0 is estimated from rupture area of 750 km2 with Ms = 4.15 + Log A (Wyss, 1979). Actually there has been an earthquake of M = 7 at a distance of about 15 km from the site in 27 May 1936. However the epicentre may be closed to the site considering the uncertainty of location. It should be noted that a similar environment exists in the Uttarkashi area of Garhawal Himalaya where an event of magnitude Mb 6.5, Ms 7.1 occurred in 19 October 1991. Its moment magnitude was Mw 6.8 with moment equal to (0.8- 1.8)* 10 E 19 N.m. and the mechanism was a low angle thrust. The rupture length is reported to be about 25 km with maximum slip of 2.5 m. The deterministic assessment of maximum credible earthquake can be considered to be the big earthquake rupturing the entire detachment of the Indian plate as discussed in the model and therefore considered to be of magnitude 8.3 -8.6 like other great earthquakes of the Himalaya. 8.3 Horizontal Acceleration Deterministic Approach Evaluation of peak ground acceleration is carried out by applying the mostly used formula of McGuire (1968), Katayama (1975), Oliveira (1984) and Kawashima (1984) for the above earthquakes concluded deterministically from seismo-tectonic models. Log A Log A Log A A R = 3.090 + 0.347 M -2 lag (R + 25) = 2.308 + 0.411 M- 1.637lag-(R + 30) = 2.674 +0.278 M 1.30 1 log (R + 25) = 1.006* 10E (0.216*M)*(R+30) E-l.218 = hypo central distance in kilometre (C. Oliveira) (T. Katayama) (R. K. McGuire) (Kawashima)
The recorded peak acceleration data in Uttarkashi earthquake of Ms = 7.1 of 1991 is 0.21 9 at a distance of about 28 km. from the epicentre. Katayama's relation gives an estimate of 0.20g; Kawashima's estimate is 0.23g while McGuire's relation estimates as 0.24g. Oliveira's relation underestimates the acceleration. 8.4 Probabilistic Approach Preliminary seismic hazard assessment of the country using Gumbel's third asymptotic extremes with the instrumental seismicity database of ISC is carried out by Bajracharya (1994) for different return periods 50, l00, 200 and 300 years,
85
Attenuation model with mean value of McGuire and Oliveira ". (see above) is used for horizontal acceleration. Return period (years) 50 100 200 300 8.5 Recurrence Period The best estimate of b value for the project area is 0.84 as shown by the analysis of micro seismic events. The 1991 event of Uttarkashi is considered by many investigators to be the repetition of 1833 event, which gives a basis for a recurrence of 158 years for 7.1 magnitude event in similar geological setting. Moreover the observed slip of about 2.5m in Uttarkashi earthquake also is consistent with 178 years of recurrence considering 70% contribution of 20 mm/year plate convergence rate to seismic strain. 8.6 Historical Seismic Activity The Nepal Himalaya has experienced several large earthquakes over the past centuries. The earthquakes of larger magnitudes that have occurred in Nepal Himalaya are summarized below in Table 11. Table 11: Larger Magnitude of Earthquake Occurred in Nepal Himalaya
S.N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Location of Earthquake Udayapur, Eastern Nepal Chainpur, Eastern Nepal Dolakha, Central Nepal Sindhupalchowk, Central Nepal Kaski, Western Nepal Myagdi, Western Nepal Bajhang, Far Western Nepal Dharchula, Far Western Nepal Dharchula, Far Western Nepal Year 1988 1934 1934 1833 1954 1936 1980 1966 1966 Magnitudes 6.6 8.3 8.0 8.0 6.4 7.0 6.5 6.1 6.3
Peak horizontal acceleration (g) 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
86
10
Dharchula, Far Western Nepal
1916
7.3
8.7 Earthquake Catalogue The National Building Code Development Project (BCDP, 1994) has developed an earthquake catalogue using earthquake data catalogues of the US Geological Survey, The National Earthquake Information Centre (NEIC), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and National Geological Data Centre (NGDC). The complete earthquake catalogue for the magnitudes M 4.5 and greater is given in Table 12.
Table 12: Instrumentally Recorded Earthquake S.N 1 2 3 4 Magnitudes M 6.0 and grater than M 6.0 M 5.5 and greater than M 5.5 M 5.9 and greater than M 5.9 M 4.5 and greater than M 4.5 Catalogue Year
Catalogue complete for the period 1911 to 1992 Catalogue complete for the period 1925 to 1992 Catalogue complete for the period early 1960 to 1992 Catalogue complete for the period late 1970 to 1980s
The largest event reported in the catalogue is the magnitude 8.3 BiharNepal earthquake (Chainpur), which appears to have occurred in1934.
Figure 36: Epicenter of the Earthquake in the Nepal Himalaya
Project Area
87

Project Area
Figure 37: Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment Map of the Nepal Himalaya
Project Area
Figure 38: Seismic Risk Zone of the Nepal Himalaya
88
For the minimum acceleration of 150 gal (Figure 37), reduction factor of 0.5 the calculated effective design seismic coefficient is approximately 0.09. For the maximum acceleration of 200 gal (Figure 37), reduction factor of 0.65 the calculated effective design seismic coefficient is approximately 0.13. Hence, the design horizontal seismic coefficient ranges from 0.09 to 0.13 (calculated values). Based on above results the design seismic coefficient for the project can be taken range of 0.09 to 0.13 which is more or less same value represent from the return period of the earthquake. The project area lies seismically in zone 2. 8.8 Seismic Zoning The Seismic Hazard Mapping and Risk Assessment component of the NBCDP carried out detailed analysis of the earth activity and the tectonic structure of Nepal, and had identified groups of earthquakes with major tectonic features leading to the identification of seismic zones of assumed uniform seismicity. The three seismic zones thus identified in Nepal are shown Figure 38. 8.9 Seismic Design Acceleration Coefficient On the basis of the MHSP studies on Seismic Hazard Assessment and the derivation of the basic design earthquake accelerations, and on the basis of the earthquake design coefficient used in other major hydroelectric projects in Nepal, e.g. the Kali Gandaki A Hydroelectric Project and the Arun-III Hydroelectric Project, the following earthquake coefficients were recommended and used in the design of major and minor structures of the LIVHEP are as given in Table 13.
Table 13: Design Earthquake Acceleration Coefficients S.N 1 2 Structure Major Structure Minor Structure Basic Horizontal Acceleration Coefficient (H) 0.25 0.20 Vertical Acceleration Coefficient (v) 67% of(H) 67% of(H)
9. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS SURVEY

89
A construction material investigation was conducted in the vicinity of the headworks and powerhouse site as well as along the Deumai HEP area. The investigation is focused on locating prospective borrow areas of non-cohesive and cohesive materials, which are to be used mainly as an ingredient of concrete as well as clay. The prospective borrow sites were identified as sources of coarse aggregates from either boulders of gneiss or bedrocks. So, the materials should be collected either from the Kankai Khola for the powerhouse area and the Deumai Khola for the intake and weir axis area. The area for the materials for the project is located entire the project area. The requisite quantities of construction material like boulders, cobble, gravel and sand are generally available in and around the project. Point bar and braided bar deposits of the Deumai Khola and Kankai Khola and excavated materials are the main source of construction material. These deposits predominantly consist of gneiss boulder, cobble and gravel including some gneiss and quartzite. The boulder, gravel and sand deposits in the point bars in and around the powerhouse site along the Kankai Khola and Deumai Khola can be used as construction materials. 9.1 Borrow Area At the intake site, construction material can be extracted from the alluvial bar deposit on the both banks as well as upstream of the river from the Kankai Khola. Material excavated during the construction period from Deumai Khola between Gajurmukhidham and Weir axis area. Similarly the red clay can be extracted from the area around Gajurmukhidham area and surrounding area whereas around the powerhouse area the construction materials can be extracted from either the Kankai Khola or the Deumai Khola. The location of the materials extraction is shown in the Figure 39. The excavated materials can be used as for the construction materials. Four samples of construction material including aggregates and sands from the project area have been collected and tested in the laboratory to determine the physico-mechanical properties. The location as well as the expected volume and composition of the materials are
90
presented in Table 13 and Figure 33. The materials for the core and filter for the dam is more than sufficient quantity.
Table 13: Location and Tentative Volume of the Construction Materials
Location S1 Weir axis and Gajurmukhidam Intake Area Aggregate and sands S2 Upstream from the Intake Area Unlimited Sands and aggregates S3 Kankai Khola just down from Unlimited tailrace Sands and aggregate S4 Iban and Jitpur as well as Unlimited Dhuseni area Red soil clay Total Volume Unlimited Stable Wet-dry 5km from Stable Stable Dry Dry Volume Unlimited Stability Stable Hydrology Distance Materials Dry Maximum 2 km from Aggregate Intake area of
gneiss, quartzite
2 km km from intake Riverbed area 0.3 km from intake materials Riverbed materials the Hill slope
headworks area
Three rock samples from the quarry sites to measure the point load test as well as the petrographic analysis. The following physic-mechnical properties of the collected samples shall be done:
9.2 Sampling of Construction Material
Sampling of aggregate for concrete including packing and marking of samples shall be undertaken following IS: 2430 1986. Coarse Aggregate The following tests shall be carried out to test the material for use as coarse aggregate: S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Name of Test Specific Gravity Water Absorption Aggregate Abrasion Value (Los-Angeles) Aggregate Crushing Value Aggregate Impact Value Soundness ( 5 cycles) (Sodium Sulphate) Flakiness Index Elongation Index Petrographic Examination Potential Alkali Reactivity of Aggregate (Chemical Method) 91 Reference Standard to be Followed IS: 2386 (Part 3)-1963 IS: 2386 (Part 3)-1963 IS: 2386 (Part 4)-1963 IS: 2386 (Part 4)-1963 IS: 2386 (Part 4)-1963 IS: 2386 (Part 5)-1963 IS: 2386 (Part 1)-1963 IS: 2386 (Part 1)-1963 IS: 2386 (Part 8)-1963 IS: 2386 (Part 7)-1963
S.No. 11
Name of Test Alkali Aggregate Reactivity by Mortar Bar Method (Accelerated Technique)
Reference Standard to be Followed ASTM Designation: C 1260-01
Fine Aggregate The following tests shall be carried out to test the material for use as fine aggregate: S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Name of Test Gradation and Fineness Modulus Silt and Clay Content Specific Gravity Organic Impurities Mortar making properties (7 & 28 days) Soundness (5 cycles) (Sodium Sulphate) Petrographic Examination (for natural river sand samples only) Potential Alkali Reactivity (Chemical Method) Alkali Aggregate Reactivity by Mortar Bar Method (Accelerated Technique) Water absorption Clay lump (%) Soundness ( 5 cycles) Reference Standard to be Followed IS: 2386 (Part 1)-1963 IS: 2386 (Part 2)-1963 IS: 2386 (Part 3)-1963 IS: 2386 (Part 2)-1963 IS: 2386 (Part 6)-1963 IS: 2386 (Part 5)-1963 IS: 2386 (Part 8)-1963 IS: 2386 (Part 7)-1963 ASTM Designation: C 1260-01 IS 2386 ( Part 3) 1963 IS 2386 (Part 2) 1963 IS: 2386 (Part 5) 1963
Table 14: Laboratory tests on the soil, aggregate/rock samples Sample Location Aggregate/ sands Weir S1
Gajurmukhidam Intake Area
Rock Type
axis and Aggregate/Sands
Test ACV, PTG, LAA, SSS, AIV, AAR, SPG, UWT
S2 S3
Intake Area Sands
Aggregate/Sands
GAC, SPG/ABS, ABL, SST, NMC, OIM, DDT, CT ACV, PTG, LAA, SSS, AIV, AAR, SPG, UWT
Kankai Khola just down from Aggregate/Sands tailrace
S4
Hill
slope
around
the Red clay
GAC, SPG/ABS, ABL, SST, NMC, OIM, DDT, CT
Reservoir area
Rock Samples RX-1 Intake RX-2 Tunnel, RX-3 Powerhouse
Gneiss Schist Sandstone
Point Load Test (PLT) Point Load Test (PLT) Point Load Test (PLT)
GAC-Grain Size Analysis, SPG/ABS-Specific Gravity/Absorption, ABL-Atterberg Limit Test, NMC-Natural Moisture Content, OIM-Organic Impurities, DDT-Dry Density Test, CT-Compact Test, ACV-Aggregate Crushing Value, PTG-
92
Petrographic Test, LAA-Los Angeles Abrasion Test, SSS-Sulphate Soundness Test, AIV-Aggregate Impact Value, AAR, SPG-Specific Gravity, UWT-Unit Weight Test, PLT-Point Load Test, ART-Alkali Reactivity Test
9.3 Laboratory Test All laboratory tests were carried out at well-equipped Vishwa drilling Geotechnical laboratory in Kathmandu. Sieve Analysis The grain size analysis (gradation test) was carried out according to AASHTO T 27 82 standard procedures by receiving the sample through a stack of sieve from 75mm to 0.075mm in diameter. The mass of material retained in each individual sieve was determined and the cumulative percentage was calculated. The grain size curve was plotted on the basis of obtained data. Atterberg Limits The Atterberg Limits namely, the liquid limit and plastic limit were determined according to the standard procedure outlined in BS 1377: 1975, Test 2(A) and Test 3. Plasticity Index was obtained after the test. However, depending the nature of the materials Indian Standard (IS) was also adopted for the test. Specific Gravity and Absorption Test The specific gravity and absorption test were carried out for fine and coarse aggregate in accordance to BS 812: Part 2: 1975 standard. The absorption value is also in the range of 1%. Usually aggregate with absorption value of greater than 2% are considered as unsuitable for construction material. Specific gravity of the materials has range of 2.64 and 2.69. Los Angeles Abrasion Test The Los Angeles Abrasion test was carried out according to the standard procedures outlined by AASHTO T 96 77 (1982). The percentage of abrasion was calculated on the basis of the tests. Samples collected for construction material were subjected to the Los Angeles Abrasion Test. The Los Angeles Abrasion tests were performed in the samples for coarse aggregates S1 and S2 the abrasion values are 31.0% and
93
35.0% respectively. Usually for ordinary concrete, the LAA value of aggregate should not exceed 45%. Sulphate Soundness Test The soundness test was carried out on the construction material to determine the durability of aggregates against physical weathering. The test was done as per the standard procedures of determining the sulphate soundness of aggregates as recommended by AASHTO T 104 77 (1982). The sulphate soundness tests were performed on the samples S1 and S2 and the sulphate soundness values are 2.1% and 2.7%, respectively. The test results indicate that the value obtained does not exceed the limiting value of 10%.
Loose Density Determination The loose density determination test was carried out on foundation materials as per the standard procedures outlined by the AASHTO T 19 80. Compaction Test The Compaction test namely, the moisture/density relationship were determined according to the standard procedure outlined in IS 2720 (part VIII 1983). Point Load Test The point load test was carried out on the core sample collected from the bore hole according to the suggested method for determining load strength by point load tester model PIL 5 of rock test. Aggregate Crushing Value Test The aggregate crushing test was carried out according to British Standard of BS 812: Part 110: 1990. The test was performed on the samples S1 and S2 and the aggregate crushing values are 14.9% and 16.9%, respectively.
Table 14 Summary of the Pithole
Test Pit S1 Location Deumai Khola Material Depth Remarks Aggregate/ Sand > 2 m Construction
94
S2 S3 S4
Deumai Khola Kankai Khola Headwork area
Aggregate/ Sand > 2 m Aggregate/ Sand > 2 m Red clay >2m
material Construction material Construction material Cohesive material
The test pit S1 and S2 were excavated from Deumai Khola near Gajurmukhidham whereas the S3 and S4 were also excavated from the Kankai Khola near the powerhouse area of the proposed Deumai HEP and Iban village area. The samples are collected for both fine and coarse aggregates as well as the red soil for laboratory testing. 9.4 Results of the Laboratory Tests The results laboratory test and summary of the results of the construction materials are given in Table 15. Distribution of the construction materials are shown in Figure 15. Details results of the laboratory is shown in Annex A.
95
S1/S2
Feasibility Report of Deumai Khola HEP Geological and Geotechnical Studies
Table 15: Summary of Results of the Construction Materials

Samp Specific le S1 gravity 2.69 Absorp Crushing tion value 18.54 Sulphate Soundness Los Aggregate Unit weight 1.75 Density 1.86 Elongation Index 10.59 Moisture content 0.74 Grain size Mediu m S2 S3 2.67 2.59 0.41 1.98 20.21 19.60 0.74 0.34 36.6 30.74 38.43 39.37 1.54 34.67 1.64 17.5 6.99 7.95 4.35 1.87 sand 8.97 8.83 0.52 Mediu m 0.45 S4 RX1 RX2 RX3 sand 34.36 Gneiss Sandstone 0.26 19.27 17.56 Organic matter 0.21 Point Load Flakiness Index 20.12 Plastic Limit Petrograph y Angeles Reactivity 34.2
S1/S2
Figure 39: Location Map of the Construction Materials
S4
S3
10. DISPOSAL AREA The excavated materials from the tunnel cannot be disposed on the both banks of the Deumai Khola and Kankai Khola because of the wide valley and available wide space. The proposed disposal area at Mahaguna and Dumre villages. The proposed area is presently used as the barren land. The tentative area available for the disposal of the excavated materials is shown in Table 15 and Figure 40. The proposed area for mucking has sufficient space and easy to connect access road to proposed area.
Table 15: Location of the Disposal Area Location Area (m2) MD1 Just downstream 600x100 from the weir axis area MD2 Below Besi 500x30 village along the Khola 1000x100 Flat River valley Barren Stable Deumai Khola MD3 Kankai Geomorphology Flat, River valley Flat, River valley Land use cultivated/barren cultivated/barren Stability Seems to be stable Seems to be stable
near Dumre village Total Area 175000
82
MD1
MD2
MD3
Figure 40: Location Map of the Muck Disposal area
83
10. GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY 10.1 2D-Electrical Resistivity Eight lines of the 2D-Electrical Resistivity Tomogram covers 1,500 m has been conducted in the reservoir and the intake as well as the weir axis area. Details of the data is given in Annex B.
Lines L1, Weir axis-2 L2, Weir axis-2 L3, weir axis-2 L4, Weir axis-1 L5, Weir axis-1 L6, Weir axis-1 L7, Reservoir area Phawa Khola L8, Reservoir area Phawa Khola Total
Length (m) 300 240 135 165 165 120 135 225 1485
Summary of Results Thin layer of overburden, irregular pattern of the resistivity below the overburden Right bank of the Deumai Khola, bedrocks can be found at shallow depth Left bank of the Deumai Khola, bedrocks are met at shallow depth Left bank of the Deumai Khola, 90% fresh rocks at shallow depth Thin layer of overburden with slightly weathered rocks, weak zones are not seen Right bank, thin layers of overburden and fresh rocks Left bank of Phawa Khola irregular pattern of distribution of the rocks Right bank of Phawa Khola, thick overburden materials
The results of the 2D-Electrical resistivity Survey shows that geologically the best option for the weir axis is suitable is weir -1 (lines 4, 5 and 6). Fresh and thick bedrocks can be met at shallow depth but the option weir-2 has the irregular pattern of the overburden distribution. However, the option weir-1 shall be better than the option weir-2. The area for the diversion tunnel alignment, bedrocks exposed on both banks and narrow width are the best way to choose the location for the weir axis. The reservoir area where only two ERT lines have been conducted at the both banks of the Phawa Khola. The results show that irregular distribution of the overburden. The main causes for finding the irregular pattern is presence of the big boulders along with the alluvial deposits.
10.2 Core Drillings Based on the ERT report the core drilling at the weir axis shall be conducted.
Location Weir axis Left bank of the weir axis at proposed location Left bank of weir axis 50 m upstream from the proposed weir axis
Depth (m) 20 m Vertical 25 m Vertical
Required tests Lugeon test, permeability test, Petrography, Uniaxial Compressive strength test, hydraulic strength test Lugeon test, permeability test, Petrography, Uniaxial Compressive strength test, hydraulic strength test Lugeon test, permeability test, Petrography, Uniaxial Compressive strength test, hydraulic strength test Lugeon test, permeability test, Petrography, Uniaxial Compressive strength test, hydraulic strength test Lugeon test, permeability test, Petrography, Uniaxial Compressive strength test, hydraulic strength test Lugeon test, permeability test, Petrography, Uniaxial Compressive strength test, hydraulic strength test Lugeon test, permeability test, Petrography, Uniaxial Compressive strength test, hydraulic strength test Lugeon test, permeability test, Petrography, Uniaxial Compressive strength test, hydraulic strength test Lugeon test, permeability test, Petrography, Uniaxial Compressive strength test, hydraulic strength test Lugeon test, permeability test, Petrography, Uniaxial Compressive strength test, hydraulic strength test Lugeon test, permeability test, Petrography, Uniaxial Compressive strength test, hydraulic strength test Lugeon test, permeability test, Petrography, Uniaxial Compressive strength test, hydraulic strength test Lugeon test, permeability test, Petrography, Uniaxial Compressive strength test, hydraulic strength test
Left bank of weir axis 50 m downstream from the 25 m proposed weir axis Vertical Right bank of the weir axis at proposed location Right bank of weir axis 50 m upstream from the proposed weir axis Right bank of weir axis 50 m downstream from the proposed weir axis Central part of the weir axis at proposed location Central part of weir axis 50 m upstream from the proposed weir axis Central part of weir axis 50 m downstream from the proposed weir axis Intake area Central part of intake area Surge Tank and Powerhouse area Surge tank area Powerhouse area Powerhouse area Total depth Seismic Refraction Reservoir area left bank Reservoir area, right bank Drifting On right bank of the weir axis On left bank of the weir axis On the intake Surge tank Total 20 m Vertical 25 m Vertical 25 m Vertical 20 m Vertical 30 m Vertical 30 m Vertical 30 m 45 degree inclined 30 m Vertical 30 m Vertical 30 m Vertical 340 m 1 km 1 km 2 km 20 m 20 m 30 m 30 m 100 m
11. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENNDATIONS 11. 1 Conclusions
1.
Geologically, the project lies in partly in the gneiss and schistose gneiss of the
Sarung Khola Formation and Shiprin Formation, Kathmandu Group Seti Formation and Takure Formation of the Midland Group (93%), of the Lesser Himalaya, Eastern Nepal and 7% of lies in the rocks of the Siwailk Group. 2. Headworks is located the rocks of Sarung Khola Formation, tunnel alignment
passes on the rocks of the Sarung Khola, Shiprin Khola, Seti and Takure formations and powerhouse component is located in the rocks of the Lower Siwalik. Headwoksarea comprises gneiss and tunnel alignment composes the gneiss and slate, schist. The powerhouse is comprised of sandstone and mudstone. 3. Structurally, the project is located south of the MCT and MBT. The foliation and
bedding plane of the rocks extends northeast. The tunnel alignment crosses the MBT and MCT zones. 4. The alluvial deposits are found around the powerhouse and weir area.
Thickness of the alluvial deposits is more than 5 m. Thin layers of colluvial deposits are found along the tunnel alignment. 5. The slope stability of the project area is good. The dipping of the foliation and
bedding plane is opposite to oblique to the natural hill slope and thick bedded so favorable condition for the tunneling. Stability condition of the reservoir area and powerhouse are more or less fair 6. The RMR and Q values of the rock mass exposed along the tunnel alignment
range from 37 to 65 whereas the Q values 3 to 10. 7. types. 8. Only one adit is recommended which has the length about 500 m and situated The tunnel alignment has fair to good rock mass and last portion of the tunnel
has poor to very poor rock mass. The support system of the tunnel varies from III to V
at central part of the tunnel alignment.
9.
The exposed rocks mainly gneiss and schist are fresh to slightly weathered
condition and the spacing of the discontinuities range from 1 to 3 m whereas the sandstone has low to moderate spacing in the rock mass. 10. Sufficient quantity of the construction materials are found along the Deumai
Khola and Kankai Khola riverbed and the excavated materials can be used as materials. 11. The disposal areas for the excavated materials from the tunnel are located
along the both banks of the Deumai Khola as well as in the Kankai Khola. 11.2 Recommendations 1. Detailed geotechnical studies of the underground structures should be carried out during the preparation of the DPR. 2. Stability condition of the reservoir area is more or less fair but there should be
controlled the influx of the sediments from the Phawa Khola and Sawa Khola. 3. Based on the results of the ERT along the Deumai Khola at the weir axis area 9
core drill holes recommended and two holes in the intake area. At least one hole in the surge tank and two holes in the powerhouse area. Total 340 m core drill is recommended. 4. At least two pitholes and sampling for the calculation of the bearing capacity of
the soil along the penstock alignment is suggested. 5. At least two km of the Seismic Refraction survey is proposed for along the
reservoir area to determine the some geological disturbance like fault and lineaments. 6. At least 6 holes in weir axis and 2 holes in 2 holes in the powerhouse area
should be done to clarify the geotechnical properties of the rocks. 7. The following parameter should be done in the core samples: Point Load Test,
Uniaxial Compression Strength, Petrography, Bulk Density, Porosity, Slack Durability,
Specific gravity, Direct Shear Strength Test, Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson Ratio, Void Index, Water content saturation 8. Drifting is proposed at the weir axis as well as surge tank area.

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Geological and Geotechnical Studies

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Figure 1: Location Map of Project Area

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Table 1: Salient Features of Deumai HEP To be inserted by Consultant

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Figure 2: Physiographic Subdivision of the Himalayan Arc (after Gansser, 1964)

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Baitadi Jumla Tila Dhangadhi Jajarkot Kanjiroba

HHSS Paleozoic LH Paleozoic HHSS Mesozoic HH leucogranite LH granite Thrust STDS

Taplejung MCT MBT Biratnagar

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Upper Pre-Cambrian -Late Paleozoic

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Feasibility Report of Deumai Khola HEP

Geological and Geotechnical Studies

Research and Development Group

Dolakha Nirman Company (P) Ltd., Biratnagar

Feasibility Report of Deumai Khola HEP

Geological and Geotechnical Studies

Research and Development Group

Dolakha Nirman Company (P) Ltd., Biratnagar