Performance Factors 1 Power. (a) Indicated Power (IP) : Power obtained at the cylinder.

Obtained from the indicator diagram. Given by: IP = Pi LANn/60x in Watts where Pi is the indicated mean effective pressure, in N/m2, L is the stroke length, in m A is the area of cross section of the piston, m2, N is the engine speed in rev/min and n is the number of cylinders. x is 1 for 2 stroke and 2 for 4 stroke Brake Power (BP) : Power obtained at the shaft. Obtained from the engine dynamometer. Given by: BP = 2NT/60 in Watts where T is the brake torque, in Nm, given by T = W.l where W is the load applied on the shaft by the dynamometer, in N and L is the length of the arm where the load is applied, in m N is the engine speed, in rev/min (c) Friction Power (FP) : Power dissipated as friction. Obtained by various methods like Morse test for multi-cylinder engine, Willans line method for a diesel engine, and Retardation test and Motoring test for all types of engines. Given in terms of IP and BP by: FP = IP BP in Watts 2. Mean Effective Pressure. (a) Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (IMEP). This is also denoted by Pi and is given by Pi = (Net work of cycle)/Swept Volume in N/m2 The net work of cycle is the area under the P-V diagram. (b) Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP). This is also denoted by Pb and is given by Pb = 60.BPx/(LANn) N/m2

(b)

This is also the brake power per unit swept volume of the engine. (c) Friction Mean Effective Pressure (FMEP). This is also denoted by Pf and is given by Pf = Pi - Pb N/m2 3. Efficiencies. (a) Indicated Thermal Efficiency (I) given by I = IP/(mf . Qcv) where mf is the mass of fuel taken into the engine in kg/s and Qcv is the calorific value of the fuel in J/kg (b) Brake Thermal Efficiency (b) given by b = BP/(mf . Qcv) (c) Indicated Relative Efficiency (I,r) given by I,r = i/ASE where ASE is the efficiency of the corresponding air standard cycle (d) Brake Relative Efficiency (b,r) given by b,r = b/ASE (e) Mechanical Efficiency (m) given by m = BP/IP = Pb/Pi = b/I = b,r/I,r (f) Volumetric Efficiency (v) is defined for a four stroke engine and is given by v = 2.mi/N.Vs I where mi is the mass of fresh mixture drawn in kg per minute, Vs is the engine swept volume, in m3 and I is the inlet density, in kg/m3 Volumetric Efficiency is also given by v = 4.ma/a.Ap.s

where ma is the mass of dry air in kg/min, a is the density of air in kg/m3, given by a = 29pa/R0Ti pa is the partial pressure of the dry air in the intake, R0 is the universal gas constant, Ti is the inlet charge temperature which is also the temperature of the inlet air Ap is the piston area, in m2 and s is the mean piston speed, given by s = 2LN a is also given by a = (29pi/R0Ti)(1/{1 + F(29/Mf) + 1.6h}

where F is the fuel-air ratio by mass and h is the mass of water vapor associated with unit mass of dry air. Mf is the molecular weight of the fuel used. Volumetric Efficiency is also given by v ma/{(29pi/R0Ti)(Ap.s/4)} 4. Specific Fuel Consumption (sfc or SFC). This is the fuel consumed per unit power. a. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (bsfc). This is given by bsfc = mf/BP kg/J if BP is in W and mf is in kg/s bsfc is usually quoted in kg/kWh. This is possible if BP is in kW and mf is in kg/h. b. Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption (isfc). This is given by isfc = mf/IP kg/J if IP is in W and mf is in kg/s isfc is also usually quoted in kg/kWh. This is possible if IP is in kW and mf is in kg/h. Mechanical Efficiency in terms of the sfc values is given by m = isfc/bsfc 5. Specific Energy Consumption (sec or SEC). This is the energy consumed per unit power. Brake Specific Energy Consumption (bsec). This is given by bsec = bsfc.Qcv We can similarly define indicated specific energy consumption (isec) and based on the two quantities we can define mechanical efficiency also.