Full TOEFL Grammar 6467

TOEFL GRAMMAR
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1.
Ch ng (subject). 7
1.1 Danh t m c v khng m c. 1.2 Qun t a (an) v the 1.3 Cch s dng Other v another. 1.4 Cch s dng litter/ a litter, few/ a few 1.5 S hu cch 1.6 Some, any
2.
2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3
ng t ( verb)
2.1 Hi n ti (present)
Hi nti n gin (simple present) Hi n ti ti p di n (present progressive) Present perfect ( hi n ti ho n th nh) Hi n ti ho n th nh ti p di n ( preset perfect progressive)
2.2 Qu kh ( Past)
Qu kh n gin (simple past) Qu kh ti p di n (Past progresive). Qu kh ho n th nh (past perfect).
2.2.4 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3
Qu kh ho n th nh ti p di n (past perfect progressive).
2.3 Tng lai

Tng lai n gin (simple future) Tng lai ti p di n ( future progressive) Tng lai ho n th nh (future perfect)
3.
S ho h gia ch ng v ng t. p
3.1 Ch ng ng tch khi ng t. 3.2 Cc danh t lun i hi ng t v i t s it. 3.3 Cch s dng none, no 3.4 Cch s dng c u trc either ... or v neither ... nor. 3.5 Cc danh t t p th 3.6 Cch s dng A number of/ the number of 3.7 Cc danh t lun dng s nhi u. 3.8 Cch dng cc th nh ng There is, there are
4.
i t
4.1 i t nh n xng ch ng (Subject pronoun) 4.2 i t nh n xng t n ng 4.3 T nh t s hu 4.4 i t s hu 4.5 i t phn th n (reflexive pronoun)
5.
ng t d l m t n ng ng
5.1 ng t nguyn th l m t n ng 5.2 Ving dng l m t n ng 5.3 3 ng t c bi t
5.4 Cc ng t ng ng sau gii t 5.5 V n i t i trc ng t nguyn th ho c Ving l m t n ng.
6.
Cch s dng ng t bn khi m khuy t need v dare
6.1 need 6.2 Dare
7. 8.
Cch d ng t to be + infinitive ng C u hi
8.1 C u hi yes v no 8.2 C u hi thng bo 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.2.3

who v what l m ch ng. Whom v what l t n ng ca c u hi C u hi d nh cho cc b ng (when, where, why, how)
8.3 C u hi gin ti p (embedded questions) 8.4 C u hi c ui
9.
Li ni ph ho kh ng nh v ph nh.
9.1 Li ni ph ho kh ng nh. 9.2 Li ni ph ho ph nh
10.
C u ph nh M nh l nh th c M nh l nh th c trc ti p. M nh l nh th c gin ti p. ng t khi m khuy t. Di n t thi tng lai. Di n t c u i u ki n.
11.
11.1 11.2
12.
12.1 12.2
12.2.1 12.2.2 12.2.3 12.2.4

if
i u ki n c th thc hi n thi hi n ti. c i u ki n khng th thc hi n thi hi n ti. c i u ki n khng th thc hi n thi qu kh . c Cc cch d c bi t ca Will, would v sould trong cc m nh ng Cch s dng th nh ng as if, as though. Thi hi n ti. Thi qu kh . Cch s dng ng t To hope v to wish. Thi tng lai. Thi hi n ti Thi qu kh .
13.
13.1 13.2
14.
14.1 14.2 14.3 15.1 15.2 16.1 16.2
15. Cch s dng th nh ng used to v get/be used to

used to. get / be used to.
16. Cch s dng th nh ng Would rather

Loi c u c mt ch ng. Loi c u c 2 ch ng
17. Cch s dng Would Like 18. Cch s dng cc ng t khi m khuy t
hi n ti. di n t cc trng thi
18.1 18.2 18.3
Could/may/might. Should Must
19. Cch s dng cc ng t khi m khuy t di n t cc trng thi thi qu kh . 20. t nh t v ph t (adjective and adverb). 21. ng t ni. 22. So snh ca t nh t v danh t
22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7
So snh b ng. So snh hn, k m So snh h l p Cc dng so snh c bi t So snh a b So snh k p (c ng ....th c ng) No sooner ... than (va m ... th ; ch ng bao l u ... th ) i
23. Dng nguyn, so snh hn v so snh hn nh t. 24. Cc danh t l m ch c nng t nh t 25. Enough vi t nh t, ph t v danh t 26. Cc t ni ch
26.1 26.2 26.3
nguyn nh n Because/ because of Mc ch v k t qu (so that- ) Cause and effect
27. Mt s t ni mang t nh i u ki n 28. C u b

29.1 29.2
ng
29. ng t g y nguyn nh n
Have/ get / make Let
29.3
Help c bi t thay th
30. Ba ng t
31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 31.7 31.8
31. C u trc ph c hp v i t quan h
That v Which l m ch ng ca c u ph That v wich l m t n ng ca c u ph Who l m ch ng ca c u ph Whom l m t n ng ca c u ph M nh ph b t buc v m nh ph khng b t buc T m quan trng ca d u ph y trong m nh ph Cch s dng All / both/ several / most ... + of + whom / which What v whose ph c bi t
32. Cch loi b cc m nh
33. Cch s dng ph n t 1 trong mt s trng hp 34. Cch s dng nguyn m u ho n th nh 35. Nhng cch s dng khc ca that
35.1 35.2 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5
That v t cch ca mt lin t (r ng) i M nh c that
36. C u gi nh
C u gi nh d would rather that ng C u gi nh d v ng t trong bng. ng i C u gi nh d v t nh t ng i D v mt s trng h khc ng i p C u gi nh d v it is time ng i
37. Li ni bao h m
37.1 37.2 37.3
Not only ... but also (khng nhng ... m c n) As well as (cng nh, cng nh l ) Both ... and ( c ... l n )
38. Cch s dng to know v to know how 39. M nh

39.1 39.2
nh b ng Despite / in spite of (m c d ) although, even though, though g y nh m l n c bi t khc. Ph n I I
40. Nhng ng t d 41. Mt s ng t
Ting Anh vit

I. Cc li thng g p trong ti ng anh vi t
42. 43. 44. 45. 46.

46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4
tng ng
S ho h ca thi ng t p Cch s dng to say, to tell T i tr gi thi u c i i t nh n xng one v you Cch s dng ph n t m u cho m nh ph V+ing m u m nh ph Ph n t 2 m u m nh ph ch b ng ng t nguyn th ch mc ch m u cho m nh ph Ng danh t ho c ng gi t m u m nh ph ch s i Ph n t d l m t nh t ng D ph n t 1 l m t nh t ng
47.
47.1
47.2
D ph n t 2 l m t nh t ng Tha (redundancy) C u trc c u song song Thng tin trc ti p v thng tin gin ti p C u trc ti p v c u gin ti p Phng php chuy n i t c u trc ti p sang c u gin ti p ng t v t n ng trc ti p v t n ng gin ti p i Ph t o ln u c u Cch chn nhng c u tr li ng Nhng t d g y nh m l n Cch s dng gi t i During - trong sut (h nh ng xy ra trong mt qung thi gian) From (t) >< to ( n) Out of (ra khi) >< into (di v o) by In ( trong, ti) - ngh a xc nh hn at on at - ti (thng l bn ngo i, khng xc nh b ng in) Ng ng t S k t h ca cc danh t, ng t v t nh t v cc gi t p i i
48. 49. 50.

50.1 50.2 50.3
51. 52. 53.
54.
54.1 54.2 54.3 54.4 54.5 54.6 54.7
55. 56.
GRAMMAR REVIEW
Cu trc cu ting Anh Subject + Verb as predicate + Complement + Modifier.
Ch ng ng t v ng t n ng b ng
1. Ch ng (subject) ng u c u l m ch ng v quy t nh vi c chia ng t. Ch ng c th l 1 cm t, 1 ng t nguyn th (c to), 1 V+ing, song nhi u nh t v n l 1 danh t v 1 danh t c lin quan t nhng v n sau: i
1.1 Danh t m c v khng m c.

- Danh t m c th d v s m do c h nh thi s t, s nhi u. N c th c c ng i d d v a (an) v the. ng c ng i - Danh t khng m khng d v s m do n khng c h nh thi s nhi u. Do c ng c i , n khng d v a (an). ng c i - Mt s cc danh t m c h nh thi s nhi u c bi t v d: c person - people mouse - mice tooth - teeth woman women foot feet man - men.
-Sau y l mt s danh t khng m m ta c n bi t. c Sand News measles food soap mumps information economics physics Air Meat advertising* mathematics politics homework money
* M c dadvertising l danh t khng m nhng advertisement li l danh t m c, c. V d: There are too many advertisements during television shows. There is too much advertising during television shows. - Mt s danh t khng m nh food, meat, money, sand, water, i lc d nh cc c c ng danh t m ch cc dng khc nhau ca loi danh t . c V d: This is one of the foods that my doctor has forbidden me to eat. (ch ra mt loi th c n c bi t n o ) He studies meats ( ch ng hn pork, beef, lamb. vv...)
Bng sau l cc nh ng d c v danh t m c v khng m c. ng i Danh t m (with count noun) c a (an), the, some, any this, that, these, those, none,one,two,three,... many a lot of plenty of a large number of a great number of, a great many of. (a) few few ... than more ... than Danh t khng m (with non-count noun) c the, some, any this, that non much (thng d trong c u ph nh ho c c u hi ng a lot of a large amount of a great deal of (a) little less ... than more ... than
- Danh t time n u d v ngh a thi gian l khng m nhng n u d v ngh a s l n ng i c ng i ho c thi i li l danh t m c. V d: We have spent too much time on this homework. She has been late for class six times this semester.
1.2 Qun t a (an) v the

1- a v an an - c d ng: - tr 1 danh t s t m b t u b ng 4 nguyn m (vowel) a, e, i, o c c - hai bn nguyn m u, y - cc danh t b t u b ng h c m. v d: u : an uncle. h : an hour - ho c tr cc danh t vi t t t c nh 1 nguyn m. c c V d: an L-plate, an SOS, an MP a : c d ng: - tr 1 danh t b t u b ng ph m (consonant). c - d tr mt danh t b t u b ng uni. ng c a university, a uniform, a universal, a union. - tr 1 danh t s t m tr 1 danh t khng xc nh c th v m t c c c, c i m, t nh ch t, v tr ho c nh c n l n u trong c u. c - d trong cc th nh ng ch s l nh t nh. c ng ng V d : a lot of, a couple, a dozen, a great many, a great deal of. - d tr nhng s m nh t nh, c bi t l ch h ng trm, h ng ng n. ng c V d: a hundred, a thousand.
- tr half khi n theo sau 1 n v nguyn v n. c V d: a kilo and a half v cng c th c l one and a half kilos. Ch : 1 /2 kg = half a kilo ( khng c a tr half). c - d tr half khi n i v 1 danh t khc to th nh t gh p. ng c i V d : a half-holiday na k ngh , a half-share : na c ph n. - d tr cc t s nh 1/3, 1 /4, 1/5, = a third, a quarter, a fifth hay one third, one fourth, one ng c fifth . - D trong cc th nh ng ch gi c, tc , t l . ng V d: five dolars a kilo; four times a day. - D trong cc th nh ng tr cc danh t s t m d trong c u cm thn. ng c c, ng V d: Such a long queue! What a pretty girl! Nhng: such long queues! What pretty girls. - a c th t tr Mr/Mrs/Miss + tn h (surname): c c V d: a Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith. a Mr Smith ngh a l ngi n ng gi l Smith v ng l ng ta l ngi l i c v ngi ni. C n n u khng c a t c l ngi ni bi t ng Smith. i 2- The - s dng khi danh t xc nh c th v t nh ch t, c i m, v tr ho c c c c nh c n l n th 2 trong c u. - The + noun + preposition + noun. V d : the girl in blue; the man with a banner; the gulf of Mexico; the United States of America. - The + danh t + i t quan h + m nh ph V d: the boy whom I met; the place where I met him. - Tr 1 danh t ng ch mt v t ring bi t. c V d: She is in the garden. - The + t nh t so snh b c nh t ho c s t th t ho c only way. V d : The first week; the only way. - The + dt s t t trng cho mt nhm th v t ho c v t th c th b the v i danh t ng sang s nhi u. V d: The whale = Whales, the shark = sharks, the deep-freeze = deep - freezes. Nhng i v danh t man (ch lo i ngi) th khng c qun t (a, the) ng tr i c. V d: if oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on the horse. - The + danh t s t ch th nh vin ca mt nhm ngi nh t nh. V d: the small shopkeeper is finding life increasingly difficult. - The + adj i di n cho 1 l ngi, n khng c h nh thi s nhi u nhng coi l 1 danh t s p c nhi u v ng t sau n phi chia ngi th 3 s nhi u. c V d: the old = ngi gi ni chung; The disabled = nhng ngi t n t t; The unemployed = nhng ngi th t nghi p. - D tr tn cc khu vc, v n i ti ng v m t a l ho c l ch s. ng c ng V d: The Shahara. The Netherlands. The Atlantic. - The + East / West/ South/ North + noun.
V d: the East/ West end. The North / South Pole. Nhng khng d the tr cc t ch phng h n y, n u n i km v tn ca mt khu c ng c ng i vc a l. V d: South Africal, North Americal, West Germany. - The + tn cc h x ng, cc dn nhc c i n, cc ban nhc ph thng. p V d: the Bach choir, the Philadenphia Orchestra, the Beatles. - The + tn cc t bo l cc con t u bi n/ khinh kh c u. n/ V d: The Titanic, the Time, the Great Britain. - The + tn h s nhi u c ngh a l gia nh h nh ... V d: the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and their children) hay c n gi l gia nh nh Smith. - The + Tn s t + cm t/ m nh c th s dng ph n bi t ngi n y v ngi c i khc c tn. ng V d: We have two Mr Smiths. Which do you want? I want the Mr Smith who signed this letter. - Khng d the tr 1 s danh t nh Home, church, bed, court, hospital, prison, school, college, ng c university khi n i v ng t v gi t ch chuy n ng (ch i t l m mc ch i i i ch nh). V d: He is at home. I arrived home before dark. I sent him home. to bed ( ng) to church ( c u nguy n) to court ( ki n tng) to hospital (cha b nh) to prison ( i t ) to school / college/ university ( hc) in bed at church in court in hospital at school/ college/ university
We go
Tng t We can be
We can be / get back (ho c be/ get home) from school/ college/university. We can leave school leave hospital be released from prison.
V mc ch khc th phi d the. i ng V d: I went to the church to see the stained glass. He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures. Student go to the university for a class party.
Sea Go to sea (thy th i bi n) to be at the sea (h nh khch/ thu th i trn bi n) Go to the sea / be at the sea = to go to/ be at the seaside : i t m bi n, ngh mt. We can live by / near the sea. Work and office. Work (ni l m vi c) s dng khng c the tr c c. Go to work. nhng office li phi c the. Go to the office. V d: He is at / in the office. N u to be in office (khng c the) ngh a l ang gi ch c. To be out of office - thi gi ch c. Town The c th b i khi ni v th tr n ca ngi ni ho c ca ch th . V d: We go to town sometimes to buy clothes. We were in town last Monday. Go to town / to be in town - V mc ch ch nh l i mua h ng. i Bng d the v khng d the trong mt s tr ng ng ng h c bi t. p D the ng Tr cc i dng, sng ng i, bi n, v nh c v cc h s nhi u. V d: The Red sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gulf, the Great Lackes. Tr tn cc dy ni. c V d: The Rockey Moutains. Tr tn 1 v t th duy nh t trn th gi c i ho c v tr. V d: The earth, the moon, the Great Wall Tr School/college/university + of + noun c V d: The University of Florida. The college of Arts and Sciences. Tr cc s th t + noun. c V d: The first world war. The third chapter. Kh ng d the ng Tr tn 1 h (hay cc h s t). c V d: Lake Geneva, Lake Erie
Tr tn 1 ngn ni c V d: Mount Mckinley Tr tn cc h nh tinh ho c cc ch sao c m V d: Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion. Tr tn cc trng n y khi tr n l 1 tn c c ring. V d: Coopers Art school, Stetson University. Tr cc danh t m sau n l 1 s m. c
V d: World war one chapter three.
Tr cc cuc chi n tranh khu vc v i u c i ki n tn cc khu vc phi t nh t c ho. V d: The Korean war. Tr tn cc n c t 2 t tr ln. Ngoi tr c c Great Britain.
Khng nn d tr tn cc cuc chi n tranh ng c khu vc n u tn khu vc nguyn.
Tr tn cc n c 1 t nh : Sweden, Venec c zuela v cc n ng tr bi new c c c ho c t nh t ch phng h ng.
V d: V d: New Zealand, South Africa. The United States, the United Kingdom, the Central Africal Republic. Tr tn cc n coi l 1 qu n o. c c c Tr tn cc lc a, ti u bang, t nh, th nh c V d: The Philipin. ph, qu n, huy n. V d: Europe, California. Tr cc t i li u ho c s ki n mang t nh Tr tn b t c mn th thao n o. c c l ch s. V d: V d: The constitution, the Magna Carta. Base ball, basket ball. Tr tn cc nhm d n tc thi u s. c Tr tn cc danh t mang t nh tru t tr c ng V d: nhng trng h c bi t. p The Indians, the Aztecs. V d: Freedom, happiness. Nn d tr tn cc nhc c. ng c Tr tn cc mn hc chung. c V d: V d: To play the piano. Mathematics, Sociology. Tr tn cc mn hc c th . c Tr tn cc ng y l , t t. c V d: V d: The applied Math. Christmas, thanksgiving. The theoretical Physics.
1.3 Cch s dng Other v another.

Hai t n y tuy ging nhau v m t ng ngh a nhng khc nhau v m t ng php. D v danh t m ng i c another + dt 2 s it = 1 ci na, 1 ci khc, 1 ngi na, 1 ngi khc. V d: another pencil other + dt 2 s nhi u = m y ci na, m y ci khc, m y ngi na, m y ngi khc. V d: other pencils = some more. the other + dt 2 s nhi u = nhng ci cui c nhng ngi cui c c n li. ng, ng V d: the other pencils = all remaining pencils D vi danh t khng m ng c ng, the other + dt 2s t = ngi cui c ci cui c ca 1 b, 1 nhm. ng other + dt khng 2 = 1 cht na. V d: other water = some more water. other beer = some more beer. the other + dt khng 2 = ch c n st li. V d: The other beer = the remaining beer. (ch bia c n li)
- Another v other l khng xc nh trong khi the other l xc nh. N u danh t ho c ch ng trn hi u ho c nh c n, ch c n d another v other nh 1 i t l . c c ng V d:
I dont want this book. Please give me another. - N u danh t thay th l s nhi u th other s dng theo 1 trong 2 cch (other + nouns c c ho c others) m khng bao gi s dng (others + DTSN). c - C th d i t thay th one ho c ones cho danh t sau another, the other v other. ng Lu r ng this v that c th d v i t one nhng these v those tuy t i khng d v ones. ng i ng i
1.4 Cch s dng litter/ a litter, few/ a few

- Little + dt khng m c : r t t, h u nh khng. V d: There is little water in the bottle. I have little money, not enough to buy groceries. - A little + dt khng m c: c 1 cht, d ng. V d: I have a little money, enough to buy a ticket. - few + dt m c s nhi u : c r t t, khng . V d: She has few books, not enough for references. - a few + dt m c s nhi u : c mt t, . V d: She has a few books, enough to read. - N u danh t trn nh c n th d ch c n d (a) few v (a) little nh 1 i t l c i ng . V d: Are you ready in money? Yes, a little. - quite a few = quite a lot = quite a bit = kh nhi u. - only a few = only a little = c r t t ( nh n mnh).
1.5 S hu cch
The + nouns + noun. - Ch d trong cc danh t ch ngi ho c ng v t, khng d cho b t ng v t. c ng ng V d: The students book. The cats legs. - N u c 2 danh t c ng s hu cch th danh t n o ng g n danh t b s hu nh t s ng mang d u s hu. V d: Tom and Marks house. - i v nhng danh t s nhi u c s th ch c n t d u l . i V d: The students books.
- Nhng i v nhng danh t c s nhi u c bi t khng c s ti ui v n phi d nguyn d u i ng s hu. V d: The childrens toys. - N d cho thi gian (nm thng, th k, thin nin k.) c ng V d: The 1980 events. The 21 st centurys prospect. - N d cho cc m trong nm ngoi tr m Xu n v m Thu. N u d s hu cch cho m c ng a a a ng a Xu n v m Thu t c l ta ang nh n cch ho m . a a V d: The summers hot days. The winters cold days. The springs coming back = N ng Xu n ang tr v . The autunms leaving = s ra i ca N ng Thu. Trng h n y hi n nay t d i v mt s danh t b t ng v t ch d trong 1 s trng h p ng. i ng p th t c bi t khi danh t n m trong cc th nh ng. V d: A stones throw. - i khi i v nhng danh t ch ni chn ho c a i m ch c n d s hu cch cho danh i ng t m khng c n danh t theo sau. V d: At the hairdressers At the butchers
1.6 Some, any

some v any ngh a l 1 s ho c 1 l nh t nh. Chng s dng v (ho c thay th ) cc ng c i danh t s nhi u ho c danh t khng m c. + Some l dng s nhi u ca a/an v one: V d: Have a biscuit/some biscuits. I ate a date/ some dates. + some, any of + the/ this/ these/ those/ i t ring/ i t s h u. V d: Some of the staff can speak Japaneses. Did any of your photos come out well? + some s dng v : c i - Cc ng t th kh ng nh. V d: They bought some honey. - Trong cc c u hi m c c u tr li l yes. V d: Did some of you sleep on the floor? ( Ngi ni ch c u tr li l yes) i - Trong cc c u ngh v yu c u:
V d: Would you like some wine? Could you do some typing for me? + any s dng: c - V ng t th ph nh i V d: I havent any matches. - V hardly, barely, scarely ( cc ph t n y u mang ngh a ph nh) i V d: I have hardly any spare time. - V without khi without any ... = with no ... i V d: He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/ with no difficulty. - V cc c u hi i Have you got any fish? Did he catch any fish? - Sau if/ whether cc th nh ng mang t nh nghi ng. V d: If you need any more money, please let me know. I dont think there is any petrol in the tank.
2. ng t ( verb)
ng t trong ti ng Anh chia l m 3 thi ch nh: - Qu kh . - Hi n ti. - Tng lai. Mi thi ch nh li chia ra l m nhi u thi nh xc nh ch nh xc thi gian ca h nh ng.
2.1 Hi n ti (present) 2.1.1 Hi nti n gin (simple present)

Khi chia ng t ngi th 3 s t, phi c s ui v v n phi c ln. c V d: John walks to school everyday. - N d di n t 1 h nh ng xy ra thi i m hi n ti, khng xc nh c th v m t ng thi gian v h nh ng l p i l p li c t nh quy lu t. - N thng d v 1 s ph t nh: now, present day, nowadays. c bi t l 1 s ph t ch t n ng i su t hot ng: often, sometimes, always, frequently. V d: They understand the problem now. Henry always swims in the evening. (thi quen)
We want to leave now. Your cough sounds bad.
2.1.2 Hi n ti ti p di n (present progressive)

am is are
Subject +
+ [verb +ing ]...
- N d di n t 1 h nh ng ang xy ra thi hi n ti. Thi gian xc nh c th ng c b ng cc ph t nh now, right now, presently. - N d thay th cho thi tng lai g n. ng V d: He is learning in the US. L : ph n bi t tng lai g n v h nh ng ang xy ra c n cn c v o ph t trong c u) u V d: The committee members are examining the material now. ( hi n ti ang ki m tra) George is leaving for France tomorrow. (tng lai g n - s ri t Php v o ng y mai) i
2.1.3 Present perfect ( hi n ti ho n th nh)

Have + P2 - D di n t 1 h nh ng xy ra trong 1 qu kh k o d i v ch m d t hi n ti. Thi ng gian trong c u ho n to n khng xc nh. - Ch 1 h nh ng xy ra nhi u l n trong qu kh k o d i t hi n ti. i - D v 2 gi t for v since + thi gian. ng i i - D v already trong c u kh ng nh, already c th ng i ng cui c u. have Subject + has V d: We have already written our reports. I have already read the entire book. Sam has already recorded the results of the experiment. - D v yet trong c u ph nh v c u nghi v n ph nh, yet thng xuyn ng cui c u, ng i cng th c sau: have Subject + has V d: John hasnt written his report yet. not + P2 ...+ yet ... + already + P2 ng sau have nhng n cng c th
The president hasnt decided what to do yet. We havent called on our teacher yet. - Trong 1 s trng h yet c th o ln ng sau to have v ng php c thay i. Not m t i p v ph n t 2 tr v dng nguyn th c to. have Subject + has + yet + [verb in simple form] ...
V d: John has yet to learn the material. = John hasnt learned the material yet. We have yet to decide what to do with the money. = We havent decided what to do with the money yet. i Ch : C n th n s dng yet trong m u c u ko nh m v yet trong m u c u c yet l m t ni mang ngh a nhng V d: I dont have the money, yet I really need the computer. My neighbors never have the time, yet they always want to do something on Saturday nights.
2.1.4 Hi n ti ho n th nh ti p di n ( preset perfect progressive)

Have been + verbing. - D ging h t nh present perfect nhng h nh ng khng ch m d t hi n ti m v n ang ng ti p tc xy ra. N thng xuyn d v 2 gi t for, since + time. c ng i i V d: John has been living in the same house for ten years. = John has live in the same house for ten years.
Mt s th d Jorge has already walked to school. (thi gian khng xc nh) He has been to California three times. (hn 1 l n) Mary has seen this movie before. (thi gian khng xc nh) They have been at home all day. We havent gone to the store yet. (thi gian khng xc nh). John has worked in Washington for three years. Ho c John has been working in Washington for three years. (v n cha k t thc - John v n ang l m vi c Washington).
Phn bit cch dng gia 2 thi Present perfect Present perfect progressive
H nh ng ch m d t hi n ti, do c H nh ng v n ti p tc ti p di n hi n k t qu r r t. ti do v y khng c k t qu r r t. V d: V d: I have waited for you for half an hour (now I I have been waiting for you for half an hour. stop waiting) (and continue waiting hoping that you will come)
2.2 Qu kh ( Past) 2.2.1 Qu kh n gin (simple past)

Verb + ed - Mt s ng t trong ti ng Anh c qu kh c bi t v ng thi cng c ph n t 2 c bi t. - Mt s cc ng t c c 2 dng: V d: Light - lighted - lighted lit - lit Ngi Anh a d qu kh thng khi chia ng t v ph n t 2 c bi t. ng V d: He lighted the candle on his birthday cake. N th p ngn n n trn chi c bnh sinh nh t Nhng I can see the lit house from a distance. Ti c th nh n th y t xa ngi nh sng nh i n. N d di n t 1 h nh ng xy ra d t i m trong qu kh , khng lin quan g t ng i hi n ti. Thi gian h nh ng trong c u l r t r r ng, n thng d v mt s ph t ch thi gian ng i nh: yesterday, at that moment, last + thi gian nh:
night month week vv... ng Lu : N u thi gian trong c u l khng r r ng th phi d present perfect. V d: John went to Spain last year. Bob bought a new bicycle yesterday. Maria did her homework last night.
Last
Mark washed the dishes after dinner. We drove to grocery store this afternoon. George cooked dinner for his family Saturday night.
2.2.2 Qu kh ti p di n (Past progresive).

Was / were + Ving - N d di n t 1 h nh ng ang xy ra v o 1 thi i m nh t nh trong qu kh c ng khng lin h g t hi n ti. Thi i m trong c u xc nh b ng cc ph t ch thi gian i c nh: At + thi gian qu kh . V d: He was eating dinner at 7 P.M Last night. - N d k t h v 1 simple past thng qua 2 lin t When v while ch 1 h nh ng c ng p i ang xy ra trong qu kh th 1 h nh ng khc t ngt xen v o (tng ng v c u Ti ng i Vi t Khi ang ... th bng). * Subject1 + simple past + while + subject 2 + past progressive. V d: Somebody hit him on the head while he was going to his car. Subject1 + past progressive + when + subject 2 + simple past. V d: He was going to his car when someone hit him on the head. Lu : M nh c when v while c th ng b t k ni n o trong c u nhng sau when nh t thi t phi l 1 simple past v sau while nh t thi t phi l 1 past progressive. - D di n t 2 h nh ng song song c 1 lc, ni v nhau b ng lin t while. ng ng i Subject1 + past progressive + while + subject 2 + past progressive. V d: He was reading newspaper while his wife was preparing the dinner in the kitchen. ( M nh khng c while c th chuy n sang simple past nhng hi m khi v s nh m l n v c i *) V d: Jose was writing a letter to his family when his pencil broke. While Joan was writing the report, Henry was looking for more information.
When Mark arrived, the Johnsons was having dinner, but they stopped in order to talk to him.
2.2.3 Qu kh ho n th nh (past perfect).

Had + P2 - D di n t 1 h nh ng xy ra tr 1 h nh ng khc trong qu kh . (trong c u bao gi ng c cng c 2 h nh ng: 1 tr v 1 sau. c - D k t h v 1 simple past thng qua 2 gi t ch thi gian before v after. ng p i i Subject + past perfect + before + subject + past simple V d: I had gone to the store before I went home. The professor had reviewed the material before he gave the quiz. Before Ali went to sleep, he had called his family. George had worked at the university for forty-five years before he retired. The doctor had examined the patient thoroughly before he prescribed the medication.
Subject + past simple + after + subject + past perfect
V d: John went home after he had gone to the store. After the committee members had considered the consequences, they voted on the proposal. - M nh c before v after c th ng u ho c cui c u nhng sau before nh t thi t phi l 1 simple past v sau after nh t thi t phi l 1 past perfect. - Before v after c th thay b ng when m khng s b nh m l n v trong c u bao gi cng c c 2 h nh ng: 1 tr v 1 sau. c V d: The police cars came to the scene when the robbers had gone away. ( trong c u n y when c ngh a l after v sau when l past perfect.)
2.2.4 Qu kh ho n th nh ti p di n (past perfect progressive).

Subject + had + been + [Verb + ing]...
N d ging h t nh past perfect nhng h nh ng khng dng li m ti p tc ti p di n cho c ng n thi i m simple past. N thng k t h v 1 simple past thng qua ph t before. Trong c p i c u thng c since ho c for + thi gian. - Thi n y hi n nay t d v thay th b ng past perfect. ng c V d: Henry had been living in New York for ten years before he moved to California. George had been working at the university for forty-five years before he retired.
2.3 T ng lai 2.3.1 Tng lai n gin (simple future)

Will / shall + [ Verb in simple form ] Can / may. - Ng y nay ng php hi n i, c bi t l M d will cho t t c cc ngi c n shall ch ng c d trong cc trng h sau: ng p Mi mc ngi khc 1 cch l ch s. V d: Shall we go out for lunch? Shall I take your coat? ngh gip ngi khc 1 cch l ch s. V d: Shall I give you a hand with these packages. D ng gi khi mua bn, m c c. ng V d: Shall we say : fifteen dollars? - N d di n t 1 h nh ng s xy ra v o thi i m nh t nh trong tng lai. Thi ng i m n y khng xc nh r r t. Cc ph t thng d l tomorrow, next + thi gian, in the c ng future. Near future. (tng lai g n) To be going to do smth - s p l m g . - D di n t 1 h nh ng s xy ra trong 1 tng lai g n, thi gian s di n t b ng 1 ng c s ph t nh : in a moment (lt na), tomorrow. V d: We are going to have a meeting in a moment. We are going to get to the airport at 9 am this morning. - Ng y nay, c bi t l trong vn ni ngi ta thng d Present progressive thay th . ng
- D di n t 1 s vi c ch c ch n s xy ra d r ng khng phi l tng lai g n. ng V d: Next year we are going to take a TOEFL test for the score that enables us to learn in the US.
2.3.2 Tng lai ti p di n ( future progressive)

Will / shall + be + [ verb + ing ] Can / may. - N di n t 1 h nh ng s ang xy ra 1 thi i m nh t nh ca tng lai. Thi i m n y xc nh c th b ng ng y, gi. c V d: I will be doing a test on Monday morning next week. - N d k t h v 1 present progressive di n t 2 h nh ng song song xy ra, 1 c ng p i hi n ti, 1 tng lai. V d: Now we are learning English here but by the time tomorrow we will be working at the office.
2.3.3 Tng lai ho n th nh (future perfect)

Will have + P2 - N d di n t 1 h nh ng s phi ho n t t 1 thi i m n o trong tng c ng c lai. Thi i m n y thng di n t b ng : by the end of, by tomorrow. c V d: We will have taken a TOEFL test by the end of this year. i Lu : Thi n y phi c l do c bi t m s dng.
3. S ho h gi a ch ng v ng t. p
Thng thng th ng t ng li n ngay v ch ng v phi chia theo ngi ch ng. Song c i nhng trng h khng phi nh v y. p
3.1 Ch ng ng tch khi ng t.

- ng xen v o gia ch ng v ng t l 1 ng gi t ( 1 gi t m u k t h v cc danh t i i p i theo sau). Ng gi t n y khng quy t nh g n vi c chia ng t. ng t phi chia theo ch i ng ch nh. Subject + [ng gi t] + verb i V d: The study of languages is very interesting.
Singular subject singular verb
Several theories on this subject have been proposed.
Plural subject plural verb
The view of these disciplines varies from time to time.

The danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly.

The effects of that crime are likely to be devastating.

Plural subject plural verb
The fear of rape and robbery has caused many people to flee the cities.
- Cc th nh ng trong bng d y c v cc danh t i ng sau n to nn hi n t ng ch i ng i ng ng. Cm ng ch ng n y phi ng tch bi t ra khi ch ng ch nh v ng t b ng 2 d u ph y v khng c nh hng g t vi c chia ng t. i Together with accompanied by along with as well as
V d: The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.
Mr. Robbins, accompanied by his wife and children, is arriving tonight.

L : - N u 2 ng ch ng ni v nhau b ng lin t and th ng t l p t c phi chia ngi th u i 3 s nhi u (they). V d: The actress and her manager are going to a party tonight. - nhng n u 2 ng ch ng ni v nhau b ng lin t or th ng t s phi chia theo danh i t ng sau or. N u l danh t s t th phi chia ngi th 3 s t v ng li. c V d: The actress or her manager is going to a party tonight.
3.2 Cc danh t lun i hi ng t v i t s it.

l cc ng t trong bng sau: any + danh t s t anybody anyone anything every + danh t s it everybody everyone everything either* neither* no + danh t s t nobody no one nothing Some + danh t s t somebody someone something each + danh t s t
* Either v neither l s t n u n khng s dng v or v nor. c i Lu : - either (1 trong 2) ch d cho 2 ngi, 2 v t. N u 3 ngi, 3 v t tr ln phi d any. ng ng V d: If either of you takes a vacation now, we wont be able to finish this work. If any of students in this class is absent, he or she must have the permission of the instructor. - Neither (khng 1 trong 2) ch d cho 2 ngi, 2 v t. N u 3 ngi, 3 v t tr ln phi d not ng ng any). V d: Neither of two his classes gets an c Not any of those pairs of shoes fits me.
3.3 Cch s dng none, no

none of the : s dng t theo danh t ng ng sau n. c y - n u danh t l khng m th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t. c None + of the + non-count noun + singular verb V d: None of the counterfeit money has been found. - n u sau none of the l 1 danh t m s nhi u th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhi u. c None + of the + plural noun + plural verb V d: None of the students have finished the exam yet. No s dng cng tu theo danh t ng sau n. c - n u sau no l danh t s t ho c khng m th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t. c Singular noun No + non-count noun V d: No example is relevant to this case. - nhng n u sau no l 1 danh t m s nhi u th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhi u. c + singular verb
No + plural noun + plural verb
V d: No examples are relevant to this case.
3.4 Cch s dng c u trc either ... or v neither ... nor.

i u c n lu nh t khi s dng c p th nh ng n y l ng t sau phi chia theo danh t sau or ho c nor. N u danh t l s t th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t v ng li. c Neither + noun either V d: Neither John nor Bill
Singular noun
nor + singular noun + singular verb or
is going to the beach today.

singular verb
Either John or Bill

Singular noun
is going to the beach today.

singular verb
Neither + noun either
nor + plural noun + plural verb or
V d: Neither Maria nor her friends are going to class today.

Plural plural
Lu : Khi ch ng l 1 verbing th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t. 3.5 Cc danh t t p th

l nhng danh t trong bng d y d ch mt nhm ngi ho c 1 t ch c. Cho d i ng v y, chng v n xem l danh t s t v do , cc ng t v i t i c v chng phi c ng i ngi th 3 s t. congress organization government family team jury group army majority* committee club minority class crowd public
- N u ng t ng sau nhng danh t n y chia ngi th 3 s nhi u th n m ch cc th nh vin ca t ch c ho c nhm ang hot ng ring r. V d: The congress votes for the bill. The congress are discussing the bill (some agree but some dont). (TOEFL khng b t li n y) * Majority Danh t n y d tu theo danh t i ng sau n. c ng The majority + singular verb
The majority of the plural noun + plural verb. V d: The majority believes that we are in no danger. The majority of the students believe him to be innocent. L : Danh t police lun coi l danh t ngi th 3 s nhi u do v y ng t ng sau n phi u c chia ngi th 3 s nhi u. V d: The police come to the crime scene at good time and arrested a suspect. Mt s th d: The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal. The family was elated by the news. The crowd was wild with excitement. Congress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation. The organization has lost many members this year. Our team is going to win the game. Cc cm t trong bng d y ch mt nhm gia sc ng v t cho d danh t ng sau gi t of i i c s nhi u th ng t sau v n phi chia ngi th 3 s t. flock of birds, sheep herd of cattle pack of dogs school of fish pride of lions
V d: The flock of birds is circling overhead. The herd of cattle is breaking away. A school of fish is being attacked by sharks. L : T t c cc danh t t p h ch thi gian, ti n bc, s o u i hi cc ng t - i t u p b ng i c n phi ngi s t. ng (TOEFL b t li n y). V d: He has contributed $50 and now he wants to contribute another fifty. Twenty-five dollars is too much to pay for that shirt. Fifty minutes isnt enough time to finish this test. Twenty dollars is all I can afford to pay for that recorder. Two miles is too much to run in one day.
3.6 Cch s dng A number of/ the number of
a number of + danh t s nhi u + ng t s nhi u - a number of : mt s l l nh ng... . i v danh t s nhi u v ng t phi chia ngi th 3 ng n i s nhi u. - the number of : mt s.... i vi danh t s nhi u nhng ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t. the number of + danh t s nhi u + ng t s t V d: A number of applicants have already been interviewed. The number of residents who have been questioned on this matter is quite small
3.7 Cc danh t lun d s nhi u. ng

Cc danh t sau y lun phi d dng s nhi u. ng Trousers shorts Jeans eyeglasses scissors- ci k o pants- qu n tongs - ci k p tweezers- ci nh p pliers - ci k m
V d: The pants are in the drawer. A pair of pants is in the drawer. Cc danh t trn thng xuyn dng s nhi u v chng bao gm 2 thc th , do v y cc ng t v i t i c chng phi ngi th 3 s nhi u. ng V d: The pliers are on the table. These scissors are dull. - N u mun bi n chng th nh s t d a pair of ... v lc ng t v i t i c v chng ng ng i phi ngi th 3 s t. V d: This pair of scissors is dull. The pair of pliers is on the table.
3.8 Cch d cc thnh ng There is, there are ng

Th nh ng n y ch s tn ti ca ngi ho c v t ti 1 ni n o . Phi ph n bi t chng v ng i t to have. There is There are ch s tn ti (existance)
To have ch s s hu (possession)
To possess (get, hold instinctively). - Ch ng th t ca th nh ng n y i ng sau ng t to be. N u danh t l s nhi u th ng t chia s nhi u v ng li. c - Mi bi n i v thi v th u nh m v o ng t to be c n ph n t 2 th da v o tr ng t to have/ has been. there is there was there has been there are there were there have been V d: There is a storm approaching.
singular singular
+ singular subject ... ( ho c non-count)
+ singular subject ... ( ho c non-count)
There have been a number of telephone calls today.

Plural plural
There was an accident last night.

singular singular
There were too many people at the party.

Plural plural
There has been an increase in the importation of foreign cars.

Plural plural
There was water on the floor where he fell.

Plural non-count
4. i t
i t trong ti ng Anh chia 5 loi c cc ch c nng ring bi t.
4.1 i t nh n x ch ng (Subject pronoun) ng

Gm : I you he she it Ch c nng: - ng u c u l m ch ng trong c u v quy t nh vi c chia ng t. - ng ng sau ng t to be. V d: The teachers who were invited to the party were George, Batty. - ng ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than, as. Tuy t i khng d i t nh n xng t n c ng ng trong trng h n y. p c ng V d: He is taller than I (am) - khng d me. She is as beautiful as my girlfriend. we you they
- i v cc i t nh n xng ch ng nh we, you v i t nh n xng t n ng nh us c th d 1 i ng danh t s nhi u ngay sau . V d: We students, you teachers, us workers. Cc i t nh all, both c th d theo li n y v cc ngi s nhi u. c ng i we you all/ both they V d: I am going to the store. We have lived here for twenty years. It was she who called you. (sau ng t be) George and I would like to leave now. We students are going to have a party.
4.2 i t nh n x t n ng ng
me you him her it us you them
- n ng ngay sau ng t ho c cc gi t l m nhi m v ca mt t n ng. i - i v cc ngi i t nh n xng t n ng s nhi u c th d all ho c both ngay sau . i ng us you all / both them V d: They called us on the phone.
complement
The teacher gave him a bad grade.

complement
John told her a story.

complement
The policeman was looking for him.

sau gi t i
To us, it seems like a good bargain

sau gi t i
L : Nn nh r ng nhi u gi t c th c ch c nng nh cc th nh ph n khc trong c u, ch ng u i hn nh ph t ho c lin t. V v y, ta c n phi xc nh cc xem chng ng vai tr g - c n da v o ng cnh ch khng phi da v o s hi u bi t b nh thng v ch c nng ca chng. V d: Janet will make her presentation after him.
preposition complement pronoun
Janet will make her presentation after
he finishes his speech.
conjunction subject pronoun
clause
( mt m nh (clause) gm 1 ch ng v 1 ng t. Trong m nh trn, he l ch ng v finishes l ng t).
4.3 T nh t s hu
my your his her its our your their
- N ng ngay tr danh t v ch s s hu ca ngi ho c v t i v danh t ng ng sau. c i V d: John is eating his dinner. This is not my book. The cat has injured its foot. The boy broke his arm yesterday.. She forgot her homework this morning. My food is cold. L : Its khc v Its. Its c ngh a l it is ho c it has. u i
4.4 i t s hu
mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
- D thay th cho t nh t s hu v danh t nh c n trn. ng c possessive pronoun + possessive adjective + noun
- N c th ng l m ch ng trong c u. c - ng ng sau ng t to be. - N c th l m t n ng khi i sau 1 ng t ho c sau 1 gi t. i Do you remember to take your money? - ng ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than, as. Your book is as good as mine.
Mt s th d:
This is my book = This is mine. Your teacher is the same as his teacher = Yours is as the same as his. Her dress is green and my dress is red = Hers is green is green and mine is red. Our books are heavy = Ours are heavy. Their coasts are too small. Theirs are too small. I forgot my homework = I forgot mine.
4.5 i t phn th n (reflexive pronoun)

myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves
L : cc ngi s nhi u, ui - self bi n th nh - selves. u Chc nng: - Ch ch ng l m vi c g cho ch nh m nh. Trong trng h n y n ng ngay sau ng t p ho c ng cui c u sau gi t for ho c to. i V d: He sent the letter to himself. You can see the differences for yourselves. - Ch ch ng t th n l m l y 1 vi c g . Trong trng h n y n ng ng sau ch ng ho c p cui c u khi ni. V d: I myself believe that the proposal is good. He himself set out to break the long distance flying record. She prepared the nine-course meal herself. The students themselves decorated the room. You yourself must do this homework. John himself bought this gifts. By + one-self = alone. V d: John washed the dishes by himself = John washed the dishes alone.
5. ng t d l m t n ng ng
- Khng phi b t c ng t n o trong ti ng Anh cng i hi 1 danh t ho c i t theo sau n l m t n ng. C mt s ng t li yu c u t n ng sau n phi l mt ng t khc. Chng chia l m 2 loi sau:
5.1 ng t nguyn th lm t n ng
Bng sau l nhng ng t i hi t n ng sau n phi l mt ng t khc. Chng tu n theo m u c u nh sau: agree to do something. desire to do something. decide to do something. agree desire hope plan strive attempt expect intend prepare tend claim fail learn pretend want decide forget need refuse wish demand hesitate offer seem
V d: John expects to begin studying law next semester. Mary learned to swim when she was very young. The budget committee decided to postpone this meeting. The president will attempt to reduce inflation in the next your years. The soldiers are preparing to attack a village. Cynthia has agreed to act as a liaison between the two countries.
5.2 Ving d lm t n ng ng
- Bng sau l 1 s cc ng t i hi t n ng sau n l 1 Ving theo cc m u c u sau: admit doing something (th nh n l m g ) V d: He admitted having done wrong. Enjoy doing something (th ch th khi l m i u g )
admit delay miss report suggest
appreciate deny postpone resent avoid
enjoy practice resist cant help finish
quit resume consider mind recall risk
L : Trong bng trn c m u ng t: u cant help + (against) doing smth : khng th dng khng th nh n ... c, c cant resist V d: With such good oranges, we cant help (resist) buying 2 kilos at a time. L : N u mun t ph nh cho cc trng h n y t not tr nguyn th b to ho c Ving. u p c Tuy t i khng c u to dng ph nh ca ng t ch nh. c V d: John decided not to by the car.
We regretted not going to the party last night. Mt s th d: John admitted stealing the jewels. We enjoy seeing them again after so many years. You shouldnt risk entering that building in its present condition. Michael was considering buying a new car until the price went up. The Coast Guard reported seeing another ship in the Florida Straits. Would you mind not smoking in this office? * Cc ng t bng sau l nhng ng t m t n ng ca chng c th l ng t nguyn th hay Ving m ng ngh a ca chng khng thay i. V d: begin to do smth = begin doing smth. begin hate regret cant stand like start continue love try dread prefer
L : Trong bng trn c m u ng t : u to do smth cant stand ( Khng th ch u ng khi phi l m g ) c doing smth V d: waiting such a long time. I cant stand to wait such a long time. I hate to ride her bicycle to school = I hate riding her bicycle to school.
5.3 3 ng t c bi t
l cc ng t m ng ngh a ca chng thay i khi t n ng sau n l 1 nguyn th ho c 1 Ving. Stop to do smth : dng li l m g . V d: He stops to get gasoline. Stop doing smth : dng vi c g ang l m li. V d: He stops writing and goes out. Remember to do smth : nhs phi l m g . V d: I remember to send a letter at the post office. Remember doing smth : nh l m g . V d: I remember locking the door before leaving but I cant find the key.
Forget to do smth : qun s phi l m g . V d: He forgets to call his friend this afternoon. Forget doing smth : qun l m g . V d: I forget doing the homework yesterday. L : ng t forget trong m u c u mang ngh a ph nh. u I forget getting to the airport to meet my girl-friend this morning.
5.4 Cc ng t ng ng sau gi t i
- T t c cc ng t ng ng sau gi t u phi dng Ving. i verb adj. + preposition + Ving noun ng t + gi t + Ving i Bng sau gm cc ng t + gi t. i approve of: tn th nh give up: t b rely on: ph thuc v o worry about: lo l ng v be better off: insist on: n i n succeed in: th nh cng trong count on = rely on keep on = continue think about think of depend on put off: tr hon
Danh t + gi t + Ving (bng sau) i possibility of choice of method of intention of method for excuse for reason for
V d: George has no excuse for dropping out of school. There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price. There is no reason for leaving this early. Connie has developed a method for evaluating this problem. T nh t + gi t + Ving (bng sau) i accustomed to intent on afraid of interested in capable of successful in fond of tired of
V d: Mitch is afraid of getting married now. We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekends.
Jean is not capable of understanding the predicament. Alvaro is intent on finishing school next year. Craig is fond of dancing. We are interested in seeing this film. - Khng phi b t c t nh t n o trong ti ng Anh cng i hi ng sau n phi l 1 gi t, c i mt s t nh t li i hi ng sau n l mt ng t nguyn th (xem bng sau). anxious eager: ho h c pleased usual boring easy prepared common dangerous good ready difficult hard strange able*
eager to do smth: ho h c l m g . hard to do smth : kh l m g . * able : able capable unable to do smth = incapable of doing smth V d: These students are not yet able to handle such difficult problems. These students are not yet capable of handling such difficult problems. Mt s th d: Mohammad is eager to see his family. It is dangerous to drive in this weather We are ready to leave now. It is difficult to pass this test. It is uncommon to find such good crops in this section of the country. Ritsuko was pleased to be admitted to the college. L : u - Mt s cc ng t ti ng Anh thng c gi t i km ph a sau. Khng nh m l n gi t i c i v to ca ng t nguyn th . Ch ng hn mt s ng t trong bng sau: i object to: phn i look forward to : mong i confess to : th nh n l m g
V d: John gave up smoking because of his doctors advice. Mary insisted on taking the bus instead of the plane. Fred confessed to stealing the jewels. We are not looking forward to going back to school. Henry is thinking of going to France in August. You would be better off leaving now instead of tomorrow.
5.5 V n i t i tr c ng t nguyn th ho c Ving lm t n ng.

- ng tr 1 ng t nguyn th l m t n ng th dng ca i t phi l t n ng. c
Pronoun Subject + verb + complement form noun + [ to + verb] ...
Sau y l bng cc ng t i hi i t (hay danh t ) i sau n phi dng t n ng. allow invite remind ask order urge beg permit want convince persuade expect instruct prepare promise
V d: Joe asked Mary to call him when he woke up. We ordered him to appear in court. I urge you to consider your decision. They were trying to persuade him to change his mind. The teacher permitted them to turn their assignments in late. You should prepare your son to take this examination. Tuy nhin, ng tr 1 Ving l m t n ng th dng ca danh t ho c i t phi dng s hu. c
dng s hu ca danh t Ch ng + ng t + t nh t s hu + [verb + ing] ...
V d: We understand your not being able to stay longer. He regrets her leaving. We are looking forward to their coming next year. We dont approve of Johns buying this house. We resent the teachers not announcing the test sooner. We object to their calling at this hour.
6. Cch s dng ng t bn khi m khuy t need v dare

6.1 need
ng t n y s dng ra sao c n ph thuc v o danh t ng ng sau n l ng v t hay b t c ng v t. - khi ch ng l ng v t (living thing) Subject as a living thing + need + to + verb (c n phi l m g )
V d: I need to clean my house. John and his brother need to paint the house. My friend needs to learn Spanish. He will need to drive alone tonight.
-Tuy nhin khi ch ng l mt b t ng v t (unliving thing) th ng t sau need s i khc. Subject as unliving thing + need + [Verb + ing] to be + P2
V d: The grass needs to be cut. Ho c The grass needs cutting. The television needs repairing. Ho c The television need to be repaired. The composition needs rewriting. Ho c The composition needs to be rewritten. L : u
need = to be in need of + noun to be in need of + noun c th thay th cho c 2 cng th c trn. V d: Jill is in need of money = Jill needs money. The roof is in need of repair = The roof needs to be repaired. The organization was in need of volunteers = The organization needed volunteers.
6.2 Dare
- Dare khng d nhi u kh ng nh. N ch d ph nh v nghi v n. ng t c ng c ng sau n theo l thuy t l c to nhng trn thc t thng b to. N c th d v tr ng t to do ng i ho c d trc ti p. ng He doesnt dare (to) say anything = He dares not (to) say anything. Does he dare (to) say anything = Dares he (to) say anything. - Dare khng d th kh ng nh tr trng h - I dare say mang 2 ngh a: c ng p - Ti cho l. V d: I dare say there will be a restaurant car at the end of the train. - Ti cng nh n l. V d: I dare say you are right. Ti tha nh n l anh ng. - How dare (dared) + subject ... (sao dm). V d:
How dare you open my letter? Sao c u dm bc th ca ti ra th ? - Dare c n d nh 1 ngoi ng t mang ngh a dm, thch theo m u c u sau: c ng To dare smb to do smth (thch ai l m g ) They dare the boy to swim across the river in the cold weather.
7. Cch d ng t to be + infinitive ng
BE + INFINITIVE - N d truy n t nhng m nh l nh ho c nhng ch d n tt ngi th nh t qua ngi c ng th 2 t ngi th 3. i V d: No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police. (khng ai ph p ri to nh n y m khng ph p ca cnh st). c c He is to stay here until we return. (n phi li y cho t khi bn tao quay li). i - D v m nh if mang t nh b t buc ho c m nh l nh. ng i V d: Something must be done quickly if extinct birds are to be saved He said if he fall asleep at the wheel, we were to wake him up. - truy n t mt d nh. V d: She is to be married next month. (c y s c v o thng t i i) The expedition is to start in a weeks time. C u trc n y r t thng dng trong bo ch v n u n l ta bo th ngi ta b be i ti t ki m ch. V d: The Prime Minister is to make a statement tomorrow. = The Prime Minister to make a statement tomorrow. - Was/ were + infinitive di n t 1 tng v s m nh. V d: They said good bye without knowing that they were never to meet again. (h chia tay nhau m khng bi t r ng s ch ng bao gi h g p li nhau) - To be about to + verb = near future = to be in the point of Ving.
8. C u hi
8.1 C u hi yes v no
S d gi l nh v y v trong c u tr li c th d yes ho c no u c u. Nn nh r ng: ng Yes + positive verb No + negative verb. Khng nh m l n dng c u tr li ti ng vi t. c
auxiliary be do, does, did
+ subject + verb ...
Is Mary going to school today? Was Mary sick yesterday? Have you seen this movie before? Will the committee decide on the proposal today? Do you want to use the telephone? Does George like peanut butter? Did you go to class yesterday?
8.2 C u hi thng bo
L loi c u hi m trong c u tr li ngo i yes ho c no ra c n phi thm mt s cc thng tin khc. Cc c u hi n y d v mt s cc i t nghi v n. ng i
8.2.1 who v what l m ch ng.

Who + verb + (complement) + (modifier) what Who opened the door? (someone opened the door) What happened last night? (something happened last night.) Ch : Khng ng khi ni : Who did open the door? What did happen last night?
8.2.2 Whom v what l t n ng ca c u hi

whom + what Ch : do, does, did auxiliary + subject + verb + ( modifier)
M c d trong vn ni, nhi u ngi s dng who thay cho whom trong loi c u hi n y nhng tuy t i khng d nh v y trong vn vi t (li c bn) c ng V d: Whom does Ahmad know from Venezuela? ( Ahmad know someone from Venezuela) What did George buy at the store? ( George bought something at the store)
8.2.3 C u hi d nh cho cc b ng (when, where, why, how)

when where why how Auxiliary be do, does, did
+ subject + verb + (complement) + (modifier)
When did John move to Jacksonville? Where does Mohamad live ? Why did George leave so early? How did Maria get to school today? Where has Henry gone? When will Bertha go back to Mexico?
8.3 C u hi gin ti p (embedded questions)

L loi c u hi c cc c i m sau: - C u c 2 th nh ph n ni v nhau b ng 1 i t nghi v n. i - ng t m nh 2 phi ng xui sau ch ng khng c u to c u hi th nh ph n th c 2. - i t nghi v n khng ch bao gm 1 t m nhi u khi c th l 2 ho c 3 t ch ng hn: whose + noun, how many, how much, how long, how often, what time, v what kind. Subject + verb ( phrase) + question word + subject + verb V d: C u hi : Where will the meeting take place? C u hi gin ti p: We havent ascertained where the meeting will take place.
Q word subject verb phrase
C u hi: Why did the plane land at the wrong airport? C u hi gin ti p : The authorities cannot figure out why the plane landed at the wrong airport.
Q word subject phrase
auxiliary + subject + verb + question word + subject + verb
Do you know where he went? Could you tell me what time it is?
Mt s th d: The professor didnt know how many students would be in her afternoon class. I have no idea how long the interview will take. Do they know how often the bus runs at night? Can you tell me how far the museum is from the college? Ill tell you what kind of ice cream tastes best. The teacher asked us whose book was on his desk. 8.4 C u hi c ui
Khi s dng loi c u hi n y nn nh r ng n khng nh m mc ch hi m nh m kh ng nh li ki n ca bn th n m nh bi t. - C u chia l m 2 th nh ph n tch bi t nhau bi d u ph y. - N u ng t ph n ch nh th kh ng nh th ph n ui l ph nh v ng li. c - ng t to be d trc ti p, cc ng t thng d tr ng t to do, cc ng t thi c ng ng k p: future, perfect, progressive d v ch nh tr ng t ca thi . ng i - Cc th nh ng there is, there are v it is d li ph n ui. ng - ng t to have trong ti ng Anh ca ngi M l ng t thng do n s d v tr ng t to ng i do. V d: There are only twenty-eight days in February, arent there? Its raining now, isnt it? It isnt raining now, is it? The boys dont have class tomorrow, do they? You and I talked with the professor yesterday, didnt we? You wont be leaving for another hour, will you? Jill and Joe have been to Mexico, havent they? You have two children, dont you? (Trong ti ng Anh, th s d havent you?) ng L : u Trong cc b i thi TOEFL n u ng t ch nh l have th ng sau phi d tr ng t do. ng V d: She has an exam tomorrow, doesnt she?
9. Li ni ph ho kh ng nh v ph nh.
9.1 Li ni ph ho kh ng nh.
- D ph ho li kh ng nh ca mt ngi khc tng ng v c u ti ng vi t cng th ng i v ngi ta s d so v too trong c u trc n y. ng - ng t to be ph p d trc ti p, cc ng t thng d v tr ng t to do, cc ng t c ng ng i thi k p (future, perfect, progressive) d v ch nh ng t ca n. ng i - Khi be s dng trong m nh ch nh th thi ca ng t be s dng trong c u ph ho c cng phi c thi v be m nh ch nh. ng i
Subject + verb(be) + too Affirmative statement (be) + and + So + verb(be) + subject V d: I am happy, and you are too. I am happy, and so are you. - Khi mt ng t th k p (auxilary + verb), v d, will go, should do, has done, have written, must examine, vv... xu t hi n trong m nh ch nh th tr ng t ca m nh ch nh s c dng dng kh ng nh, v ch ng v ng t phi ho h p. Subject + auxiliary only + too Affirmative statement + and + ( ng t th k p) subject V d: They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too. They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you. Subject +do, does, or did + too. Affirmative statement + and + ( ng t n tr be) ject V d: Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too. Jane goes to that school, and so does my sister. John went to the mountains on his vacation, and we did too. John went to the mountains on his vacation, and so did we. I will be in New Mexico in August, and they will too. I will be in New Mexico in August, and so will they. He has seen her plays, and the girls have too. He has seen her plays, and so have the girls. We are going to the movies tonight, and Suzy is too. We are going to the movies tonight, and so is Suzy. She will wear a costume to the party, and we will too. She will wear a costume to the party, and so will we. So + do, does, or did + subSo + auxiliary only +
9.2 Li ni ph ho ph nh
- D ph ho li ph nh ca ngi khc, tng ng v c u ti ng vi t cng khng. ng i
- C u trc d cho loi c u n y l either v neither. ng Nn nh r ng: Not ... either / Neither ... positive verb. Cc trng h d ging h t cng th c kh ng nh. p ng Subject + negative auxiliary or be + either . Negative statement + and + Neither + positive auxiliary or be + subject.
V d: I didnt see Mary this morning. John didnt see Mary this morning. I didnt see Mary this morning, and John didnt either. I didnt see Mary this morning, and neither did John. She wont be going to the conference. Her colleagues wont be going to the conference. She wont be going to the conference, and her colleagues wont either. She wont be going to the conference, and neither will her colleagues. John hasnt seen the new movie yet. I havent seen the new movie yet. John hasnt seen the new movie yet, and I havent ether. John hasnt seen the new movie yet, and neither have I.
10. C u ph nh
th nh l p c u ph nh ngi ta t not v o sau ng t to be, tr ng t to do ca ng t thng, v cc tr ng t ca ng t thi k p. - t any ng tr danh t nh n mnh cho ph nh. c - Trong mt s trng h nh n mnh cho danh t ng sau b ph nh, ngi ta ng t p nguyn th v t no tr danh t. ( no = not at all). c Nagative + nagative = Positive V d: Its really unbelievable that he has no money. Nagative + comparative = Superlative V d: Professor Baker couldnt be more helpful = Pr. Baker was the most helpful. We couldnt have gone to the beach on a better day. T c l : Today is the best day to go to the beach. Nagative ..., much less + noun. (khng m li c ng khng)
V d: He didnt like to read novels, much less text books. Its really unbelievable how he could have survived, after such a free fall, much less live to tell about it on TV. Mt s ph t trong ti ng Anh mang ngh a ph nh, khi d n trong c u tuy t i khng ng d ph nh ca ng t na. c ng
V d: Hardly Scarcely Barely Hardly ever Rarely Seldom
H u nh khng ( Almost no)
H u nh khng bao gi ( almost never).
Cng th c d v cc ph t trn. ng i
Subject + nagative + adverb + positive verb
Lu : Barely v scarcely i khi mang ngh a va , va son (just enough). Phi cn c theo ng cnh ca c u ho c cc c u tr li d ph n nghe t m ra ngh a ng. i V d: He scarcely has money for the tuition fee and not any coins left. (N va ti n tr hc ph v khng c n xu n o c.)
11. M nh l nh thc
Chia l m 2 loi trc ti p v gin ti p.
11.1 M nh l nh thc trc ti p.

M nh l nh th c trc ti p l c u m mt ngi ra l nh cho mt ngi khc l m vi c g . N c th c please i tr Ch ng hi u l you. S dng dng n gin ca ng t (Nguyn th c. c b to). V d: Close the door. Open the window. Leave the room. Pay your rent. Please turn off the light. Be quiet. Dng m nh l nh th c ph nh th nh l p nh cng thm dont tr ng t. c c Dont close the door.
Please dont turn off the light. Dont open the window, please. ( Please c th ng u ho c cui c u m nh l nh th c l m cho c u tr nn l ch s hn).
11.2 M nh l nh thc gin ti p.

Thng d v 4 ng t sau: ng i to order to ask to do something. smb not to do something to tell to say V d: John told Mary to close the door. Jack asked Jill to turn off the light. The teacher told Christopher to open the window. Please tell Jaime to leave the room. John ordered Bill to close his book. The policeman ordered the suspect to be quiet. Lu : ui ca Lets ...., shall we. V d: Lets go out for lunch, shall we? Khc v let us trong c u m nh l nh th c. i V d: Lets go now (chng ta i thi) khc v Let us go, please. ( xin hy cho chng ti i) i
12. ng t khi m khuy t.

S d gi l nh v y v ng t n y mang nhng c t nh nh sau: - Khng c ti u t to ng tr c. - ng t n o i sau n cng phi b to. - Khng bao gi 2 ng t khi m khuy t i c v nhau, n u c th b t buc ng t th 2 phi ng i chuy n sang mt dng khc. V d: Will have to
must
Will be able to
can
Will be allowed to
may
ng t khi m khuy t s dng v cc ch c nng sau: c i
12.1 Di n t thi t ng lai. 12.2 Di n t c u i u ki n. 12.2.1 i u ki n c th thc hi n thi hi n ti. c

Will/shall If + Subject + simple present + subject + can/ may + [verb in simple form]
V d: If I have the money, I will buy a new car. If you try more, you will improve your English. We will have plenty of time to finish the project before dinner if it is only ten oclock now.
If + subject + simple present tense + subject + ... + simple present tense M u c u n y c n d di n t mt thi quen. c ng V d: If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients in the hospital in the afternoon (khng c ng t khuy t thi u.) John usually walks to school if he has enough time.
If + Subject + simple present tense ... + command form* ... * Nn nh r ng m nh l nh th c dng n gin ca ng t. ( simple form) M u c u trn c ngh a l nh ai, ra l nh cho ai l m g . V d: If you go to the Post Office, please mail this letter for me. Please call me if you hear from Jane.
12.2.2 i u ki n khng th thc hi n thi hi n ti. c

Would/should If + Subject + simple past + subject + could/ might + verb in simple form
V d: If I had enough money now, I would buy this house ( but now I dont have enough money.)
If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend. (but I dont have the time.) ( Im not going to the beach with you.) He would tell you about it if he were here. ( he wont tell you about it.) ( He is not here). If he didnt speak so quickly, you could understand him. (He speaks very quickly.) (You cant understand him.) Lu : ng t to be sau if m u c u n y phi chia l m were t t c cc ngi. I... they were. V d: If I were you, I wouldnt do such a thing. (but Im not you.)
12.2.3 i u ki n khng th thc hi n thi qu kh . c

Would/should If + Subject + past perfect + subject + could / might + have + P2
V d: If we hadnt lost the way we could have been here in time. (but in fact we lost the way, so we were late.) If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter. (We didnt know that you were there.) ( we didnt write you a letter.) She would have sold the house if she had found the right buyer. (She didnt sell the house.) (She didnt find the right buyer.) If we hadnt lost the way, we would have arrived sooner. (We lost our way.) (we didnt arrive early.) C u i u ki n khng phi lc no cng tu n theo ng cng th c trn, trong mt s trng h 1 p v ca c u i u ki n qu kh c n mt v li hi n ti do thi gian ca tng m nh quy nh. V d: If she had caught the flight she would be here by now. Lu : Trong mt s trng h c u i u ki n khng th thc hi n thi qu kh , ngi ta p c b if i v o had ln u c u nhng ngh a v n gi nguyn.
Had + subject + [verb in past participle ]... V d: Had we known you were there, we would have written you a letter.
Had she found the right buyer, she would have sold the house. Hadnt we lost the way, we would have arrived sooner.
12.2.4 Cc cch d c bi t ca Will, would v sould trong cc m nh if ng

Thng thng nhng ng t n y khng d ng sau if nhng n u d n s mang c ng c ng ngh a sau: If you will /would. Thng d trong cc yu c u l ch s ( Would l ch s hn) c ng V d: If you would wait a moment, I will see if Mr John is here. (N u c vui l ng ch mt cht, ti s xem li u ng John c y khng.) I would be very grateful if you will/ would make an arrangement for me. If you could + verb in simple form. N u ng vui l ng - Ng i ni cho r ng ngi kia s ng nh mt l t t nhin V d: If you could fill in this form. If you could open your books. If + subject + will / would. N u ... ch u - Di n t t nguy n V d: If he will (would) listen to me, I can help him. N u n ch u nghe theo li ti th ti c th gip n. If + subject + will. Di n t s ngoan c. V d: If you will learn English this way, a failure for TOFEL test is sure awaiting you. N u c u m c hc ti ng Anh theo cch n y th tr k thi TOFEL ch c ch n ang ch n t c u. If + subject +should.
Di n t mt h nh ng d r t c th song kh nng r t t v khi ni ngi ni khng tin l c s vi c li c th xy ra. V d: If you shouldnt know how to use this TV set, please call me up this number. N u anh khng bi t cch s dng chi c tivi n y, hy gi i n cho ti s my n y. (Ni v y nhng ngi ni khng cho r ng l anh ta li khng bi t s dng chi c tivi .) If you should have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me. (Ngi th y khng cho r ng c u hc sinh li khng l m nhng b i t p - v chng r t d c ho c c u hc tr r t thng minh) - Trong mt s trng h ngi ta b if i v o should ln u c u m ng ngh a khng thay p i. V d: Should you have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me. Should it be cloudy and gray, the groundhog will supposedly wander around for food - a sign that spring is near. N u tri c nhi u m y v b u tri xm x t th ngi ta cho l con sc t s i lang thang ki m n - l d u hi u ca m Xu n ang t g n. Thc ra, khi s dng c u trc n y th tc gi cho a i r ng khi con sc t chui ra th r t hi m khi tri li c nhi u m y v b u tri li xm li - c th l do k t qu thng k.
13. Cch s dng th nh ng as if, as though.

(C ngh a l : dng nh l , nh th l ) - M nh ng sau 2 th nh ng n y thng hay dng i u ki n khng th thc hi n v c chia l m 2 thi:
13.1 Thi hi n ti
N u ng t m nh tr chia simple present th ng t m nh sau phi chia simc ple past, ng t to be s phi chia l were t t c cc ngi.
as if Subject + verb (simple present) + as though + subject + verb (simple past)
V d: The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer.

Hi n ti qu kh
(It is not winter.) Angelique walks as though she studied modelling.

Hi n ti qu kh
(She didnt study modelling) He acts as though he were rich.

Hi n ti qu kh
(He is not rich)
13.2 Thi qu kh.

N u ng t m nh tr chia simple past th ng t m nh 2 phi chia past perc fect.
as if Subject + verb (simple past) + as though + subject + verb (past perfect)
V d: Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize.
Past simple past perfect
(She didnt win the grand prize.) Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost.
(She didnt see a ghost.)

He looked as though he had run ten miles.
(He didnt run ten miles.)
C 2 dng chia sau as if u di n t i u ki n khng th thc hi n c.
L : u Trong mt s trng h n u i u ki n l c th t th 2 cng th c trn khng tu n theo. ng p c t li tr v dng b nh thng theo di n bi n ca c u. V d: He looks as if he has finish the test.
14. Cch s dng ng t To hope v to wish.

Hai ng t n y tuy ng ngh a nhng khc nhau v m t ng php. + ng sau ng t to hope l mt c u di n bi n b nh thng. V d: I hope that they will come. ( I dont know if they are coming.) ( Ti hy vng l h s t i.) We hope that they came yesterday. ( We dont know if they came.) + Nhng ng t to wish li i hi ng sau n phi l mt i u ki n khng th thc hi n c. i u ki n n y chia l m 3 thi.
14.1 Thi t ng lai.

ng t m nh sau s phi l Would / could + verb ho c were + Ving.
Could + verb would + verb
Subject + wish + (that) + Subject* +
+ ...
were + Ving
Subject* : c th l c ho c khc ch ng v ch ng trong m nh ch nh. ng i V d: We wish that you could come to the party tonight. (You cant come.) I wish that you would stop saying that. (You probably wont stop.) She wish that she were coming with us. ( She is not coming with us.)
14.2 Thi hi n ti
ng t m nh 2 s chia simple past. ng t to be phi chia l m were t t c cc ngi.
Subject + wish + (that) + Subject* + verb in simple past ...
V d: I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework. ( I dont have enough time.) We wish that he were old enough to come with us. ( He is not old enough.) They wish that they didnt have to go to class today. ( They have to go to class.)
14.3 Thi qu kh.

ng t m nh sau s phi chia Past perfect ho c Could have + P2
Past perfect Subject + wish + (that) + Subject + Could have + P2
V d: I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday. ( I didnt wash the clothes yesterday.) She wish that she could have been there. ( She couldnt be there.) We wish that we had had more time last night. ( We didnt have more time.) L : u ng t wish ch c th nh hng n m nh ng sau n b ng cch buc m nh phi i u ki n khng th thc hi n Nhng i u ki n thi n o li do thi c. gian ca m nh quy t nh khng h ph thuc v o thi ca ng t to wish. V d: He wished that he could come to the party next week.
Qu kh i u ki n tng lai Phh v thi p Tng lai
The photographer wished that we stood closer together than we are standing now.
Qu kh i u ki n hi n ti Ph h v thi p hi n ti
- Phi ph n bi t v to wish dng c u n y v ngh a g , mong g v to wish trong m u i i c i c u sau: To wish somebody something V d: I wish you a happy birthday.
15. Cch s dng th nh ng used to v get/be used to

15.1 used to. (*)
Used to + [Verb in simple form]... ( Thng hay, tng)
Ch mt thi quen, h nh ng thng xuyn xy ra l p i l p li trong qu kh . V d: When David was young, he used to swim once a day. ( Thi quen trong qu kh ) Chuy n sang c u nghi v n:
Did + Subject + use to + Verb = Used + Subject + to + verb.
V d: When David was young, did he use to swim once a day? used he to swim once a day? C u ph nh:
Subject + didnt + use to + Verb = Subject + used not to + verb.
V d: When David was young, he didnt use to swim once a day. he used not to swim once a day.
15.2 get / be used to.

BE / GET USED TO + VING ( tr nn quen v i) (noun)
Lu : Trong cng th c (*) c th thay used to = Would nhng d nh m l n.
16. Cch s dng th nh ng Would rather

Would rather ... than = Prefer ... to (Th ch ... hn l ; th ... hn l ) ng sau would rather phi l mt ng t nguyn th b to (bare infinitive) nhng ng sau prefer phi l mt verb+ing. John would rather drink Coca-Cola than orange juice. John prefer drinking Coca-Cola to drinking orange juice. L : u Vi c s dng th nh ng n y c n tu thuc v o s ch ng v ngh a ca c u
V d:
16.1 Loi c u c mt ch ng.

loi c u n y ch d Would rather (khng c than) v chia l m 2 thi : ng 1. Thi hi n ti. ng t sau Would rather l nguyn th b to. N u mun d ph nh t not tr ng t ng c nguyn th b to ( cng th c 1)
Subject + Would rather + (not) bare infinitive
(1)
V d: Jim would rather go to class tomorrow Trong c u n y ngi ni mun ni Jim th ch n l v o ng y mai (ch hm nay Jim khng mun) p
2.
Thi qu kh.
thi qu kh sau would rather l have + past participle (hay c n gi l ph n t 2 - P2) - Cng th c 2.
Subject + would rather + have + (P2) V d:
(2)
John would rather have gone to class yesterday than today ( John th ch i hc v o ng y hm qua hn ng y hm nay).
16.2 Loi c u c 2 ch ng
loi c u n y th nh ng s dng s l Would rather that ( g , mong g ) v chia l m c c nhng m u c u nh sau: 1. C u gi nh L loi c u di n t ngi th nh t mun ngi th 2 l m mt vi c g , nhng l m hay khng c n tu thuc v o v o ph a ngi th 2. Do v y c u trc ng t sau ch ng 2 phi l nguyn th b to - Cng th c 1.
Subject1 + Would rather that + Subject2 + bare infinitive
(1)
V d: I would rather that Jones call me tomorrow ( Ti mun Johnes gi i n cho ti v o ng y mai - Nhng Jones c gi i n cho ngi ni hay khng c n tu v o Jones). We would rather that he take this train. (p chuy n t u hay khng c n tu v o anh y - H ch mun v y). 2. i u ki n khng thc hi n c hi n ti (ngh a ca c u tri v thc t ). i ng t sau ch ng 2 s chia Simple past, ng t to be s phi chia th nh Were t t c cc c ngi - Cng th c 2 Subject1 + would rather that + Subject2 + Simple past... V d: Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does (In fact his girlfriend doesnt work in the same department.) Jane would rather that it were winter now. (It is not winter now.) Nh n x t: - Trong cc c u trn ngh a ca v th 2 lun tri v thc t thi i m hi n ti. i Did not + verb - N u mun th nh l p th ph nh d ng Were not + verb 3. i u ki n khng th thc hi n c trong qu kh ( Ngh a ca c u l tri v thc t .) i Trong loi c u n y ng t m nh th 2 s phi chia Past perfect - Cng th c 1. c Subject1 + would rather that + Subject2 + Past perfect V d:
(2)
(1)
Jim would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday. (nhng trong thc t th Jill khng t l ng y hm qua v ngi ni ch l y l m ti c l Jill i p khng t l v o ng y hm qua.) i p Nh n x t: Trn thc t ngh a ca to wish v would rather that (v ngh a mong mun) trong i c, trng h trn l ging nhau nhng Wish s dng trong ti ng Anh b nh d n (h ng ng y). C n p c Would rather that mang k ch t nh nhi u hn.
17. Cch s dng Would Like

Th nh ng n y d mi mc ngi khc mt cch l ch s ho c di n t mong mun ng ca m nh mt cch nh nh n sau phi l ng t nguyn th c to (infinitive). Subject + would like + [to + verb] ...
V d: Would you like to dance with me? I would like to visit Hongkong. We would like to order now, please. The president would like to be re-elected. They would like to study at the university. Would you like to see a movie tonight?
L : u - N u h nh ng xc nh c th v m t thi gian ho c thi gian l hi n ti th c d ng t nguyn th sau like. ng - Nhng n u thi gian l khng xc nh th phi d Verb+ing. ng
V d: Would you like a lemonade now? (thi gian l hi n ti now) She likes watching TV every night. (thi gian l khng xc nh - ch s th ch hobby) Ho c I would like eating a steak and salad.
18. Cch s dng cc ng t khi m khuy t di n t cc trng thi hi n ti.

18.1 Could/may/might.
Could/may/might + [Verb in simple form] C th /c l. Ch mt kh nng c th xy ra hi n ti song ngi ni khng ch c. C 3 ng t c gi tr nh nhau. V d:
It might rain tomorrow It may rain tomorrow It could rain tomorrow
It will possibly rain tomorrow OR Maybe it will rain tomorrow
Ch : Maybe l s k t h ca may v be, nhng n l mt t v khng phi l tr ng t. N ng p ngh a v perhaps. i Mt s v d v Could, may, v might: The president said that there might be a strike next month. I dont know what Im doing tomorrow. I may go to the beach or I may stay home. (Lu l ngi Anh thng ni l stay at home nhng ngi M li ni l stay home.) It might be warmer tomorrow. I may not be able to go with you tonight. I dont know where Jaime is. He could be at home.
18.2 Should
Should + [Verb in simple form] Ngh a l : - Nn ( di n t mt li khuyn, ngh ho c b t buc nhng khng mnh l m) - C khi - d di n t mong mun i u g xy ra. ng V d: It should rain tomorrow ( I expect it to rain tomorrow) My check should arrive next week. ( I expect it to arrive next week). L : u - Had better, ought to, be supposed to ni chung l ng ngh a v should v i u ki n l ng t i i to be phi chia thi hi n ti. - be supposed to ngo i ngh a tng ng v should c n mang ngh a quy nh phi, b t buc i phi. V d: We are supposed to have a math test this afternoon, but it was postponed because the Professor had to attend a science conference. ( Theo quy nh l ....)
18.3 Must
Must + [verb in simple form] Ngh a l : - Phi - b t buc r t mnh (ngi b b t buc khng c s la chn n o khc)
V d: One must endorse a check before one cashes it. (ngi ta phi k sau t m s c tr khi rt c ti n). George must call his insurance agent today. A pharmacist must keep a record of the prescriptions that are filled. An automobile must have gasoline to run. An attorney must pass an examination before practising law. This freezer must be kept at -200. - H n l - di n t mt s suy lu n c logic da trn nhng hi n t c th t hi n ti. ng V d: Johns lights are out. He must be asleep. (We assume that John is asleep because the lights are out.) The grass is wet. It must be raining. (We assume that it is raining because the grass is wet.) Must thay th b ng have to trong nhng trng h sau y c p - ng sau Will thi tng lai. V d: We will have to take a TOEFL test at the end of this year. - Had to thay cho must qu kh . V d: The teacher had to attend a science conference yesterday. thi hi n ti have to thay th cho must khi: c Hi xem m nh c b buc phi l m i u g khng ho c di n t s b t buc do khch quan mang li l m gim nh t nh b t buc ca must. V d: Q : Do I have to leave a deposit? A : No, you neednt but you have to sign in this register, Im sorry but thats the rule.
19. Cch s dng cc ng t khi m khuy t di n t cc trng thi thi qu kh.

Could/ May/ might + have +P2 (c l ) Ch mt kh nng qu kh song ngi ni khng dm ch c. V d: It might have rained last night, but Im not sure. (C l m qua tri ma) The cause of death could have been bacteria. (Nguyn nh n ca ci ch t c l l do vi tr ng)
John might have gone to the movies yesterday. (C l John t rp chi u bng ng y hm qua) i Could + have +P2 (c l c th - nhng thc t th khng) V d: We could have solved this problem at that time (But we couldnt in fact) (L ra lc chng ti c th gii quy t v n n y.) c
SHOULD + HAVE + P2 (l ra phi, l ra nn - nhng thc t th khng) Th nh ng n y tng ng v Was / were / Supposed to. i
MUST HAVE P2 - H n l (Ch s suy lu n logic da trn nhng hi n t c th t trong qu kh ) ng
V d: Paul did so well in his speech today that he could have rehearsed it many times this past week. (Hm nay Paul c li pht bi u r t hay, h n l tu n qua n di n t p r t nhi u l n ).
MIGHT HAVE BEEN VERB+ ING - c l lc y ang (Ch s suy lu n logic da trn nhng hi n t c th t trong qu kh ) ng
V d: I didnt hear the telephone ring, I might have been sleeping at that time. I didnt watch that scene on television, I might have been paying attention to the argument.
MUST HAVE BEEN VERB+ ING - ch c h n lc y ang (Ch s suy lu n logic da trn nhng hi n t c th t trong qu kh ) ng
V d: I didnt hear you knock, I must have been sleeping at that time. I didnt see him this morning, he must have been working in the office.
20. t nh t v ph t (adjective and adverb).

Mt t nh t bao gi cng b ngh a cho mt danh t v ch danh t. N ng ngay tr danh t . Trong ti ng Anh ch c mt danh t duy nh t ng sau danh t m c n b ngh a l : galore ( nhi u, phong ph, di d o).
V d:
There are errors galore in the final exam. - Mt ph t bao gi cng b ngh a cho: + Mt ng t - mt t nh t - v mt ph t khc. V d: He runs very fast.
verb adv adv
She is terribly beautiful.

Adv adj
- Adj + ly = adv nhng phi c n th n v khng phi b t c t n o c ui ly u l ph t. Mt s cc t nh t cng c t n c l ly. ng V d: Lovely, friendly, lonely. - Mt s cc cm t m u b ng gi t ch a i m, thi gian, phng ti n h nh ng, i t nh hung h nh ng cng coi l ph t. V d: in the office. c - Mt s cc ph t c c u to c bi t nh soon, very, almost. - V tr cc ph t trong ti ng Anh tng i thoi mi nhng cng c nhng ph c tp. C mt s quy lu t nh sau: + Cc ph t b ng s thng xuyn ng cui c u theo th t u tin: ch phng th c h nh ng ( ui ly), ch a i m (here, there, at school...), ch thi gian, ch phng ti n h nh ng, ch t nh hung h nh ng. + Mt ph t khng bao gi ng xen v o gia ng t v t n ng. c V d: I have terribly a headache. (c u sai v ph t ng xen gia ng t v t n ng ) + N u trong c u ch c ph t ch thi gian th n th ng ln u c u. V d: In 1975 I graduated but I didnt find a job. + Cc ph t ch t n s (always, sometimes...) thng bao gi cng ng tr ng t c ch nh khi n l ng t h nh ng, nhng bao gi cng ng sau ng t to be. V d: - They have often visited me recently. - He always comes in time. Nhng: The president is always in time.
21. ng t ni.
l cc ng t trong bng sau.
be become remain stay
appear seem sound
feel look smell taste
Cc ng t trn c nhng c t nh sau: Khng di n t h nh ng m di n t bn ch t ca s v t, s vi c, nh m u s c, m v ... i ng sau chng phi l mt t nh t khng l mt ph t. c
Lu : cc c p ng t appear seem = to happen to chance ( Dng nh)
- To appear c th thay th cho to seem v ng li nhng khng th thay th cho to happen v to c chance. - 3 ng t to be, to become, to remain c nhng trng h c mt danh t ho c mt ng danh t p theo sau, lc chng m t i ch c nng ng t ni. - 4 ng t to feel, to look, to smell v to taste trong mt s trng h i hi sau n l danh t l m p t n ng v tr th nh mt ngoi ng t. Lc n y chng m t i ch c nng ca mt ng t ni v tr th nh mt ng t di n t h nh ng v c quy n i hi 1 ph t i b tr (chng thay i v m t ng ngh a). - To feel = s, n n, khm x t. - to look at : nh n - to smeel : ngi. - to taste : n m.
22. So snh ca t nh t v danh t

22.1 So snh bng.
So snh b ng ch ra 2 thc th ch nh xc ging nhau (b ng nhau ho c nh nhau) v ng li n u c c u trc so snh dng ph nh. C u trc As ... as
adj S + verb + as + adv + as + pronoun noun
N u l c u trc ph nh as th nh t c th thay b ng so.
V d: He is not so tall as his father. L : u Ta c n phi nh r ng i t sau as lun dng ch ng.
Peter is as tall as I. You are as old as she. Mt s th d v so snh bng. My book is as interesting as your.
T nh t
His car runs as fast as a race car.

Ph t
John sings as well as his sister.

Ph t
Their house is as big as that one.

T nh t
His job is not as difficult as mine. Ho c His job is not so difficult as mine.
T nh t T nh t
They are as lucky as we

T nh t
Danh t cng c th d so snh cho c u trc n y nhng tr khi so snh phi xc nh ng c ch c ch n r ng danh t c nhng t nh t tng ng nh trong bng sau: T nh t heavy, light wide, narrow deep, shallow long, short big, small Danh t weight width depth length size
C u trc d cho loi n y s l the same ... as. ng

noun Subject + verb + the same + (noun) + as pronoun
V d: My house is as high as his My house is the same height as his.

L : u - Do t nh ch t ph c tp ca loi cng th c n y nn vi c s dng b h p v o trong bng trn. - The same as >< different from. My nationality is different from hers. Our climate is different from Canadas. - Trong ti ng Anh ca ngi M c th d different than n u sau l c mt c u ho n ch nh ng (khng ph bi n). V d: His appearance is different from what I have expected. = His appearance is different than I have expected. - From c th thay th b ng to.
Mt s th d v the same v different from: These trees are the same as those. He speaks the same language as she. Her address is the same as Ritas. Their teacher is different from ours. My typewriter types the same as yours. She takes the same courses as her husband. 22.2 So snh hn, k m
- Trong loi so snh n y, ngi ta ph n ra l m 2 loi ph t, t nh t ng n v ph t, t nh t d i. - i v cc ph t v t nh t ng n, ta ch c n cng thm ui ER v o t n c i ng. - i v nhng t nh t ng n c 1 nguyn m k p gia 2 ph m, ta phi g p i ph m cui i khng phi thay i cch c. V d: big - bigger. red - redder hot - hotter - Nhng t nh t c t n c b ng bn nguyn m phi i th nh ier (y -ier) ng V d: happy - happier friendly - friendlier (ho c more friendly than) - Trng h ngoi l : strong - stronger. p - i v t t c cc ph t v t nh t d i d more (n u hn) v d less ( n u k m). i ng ng V d: more beautiful, more important, more believable.
adj + er adv + er* more + adj/ adv less + adj
Subject + verb +
+ than +
noun pronoun
* c th thm er v o t n c ca mt s ph t nh: faster, quicker, sooner, v later. ng L : u - ng sau ph t so snh nh than v as phi l i t nh n xng ch ng, khng ph p l i c t nh n xng t n ng ( li c bn). V d: Johns grades are higher than his sisters. Today is hotter than yesterday. This chair is more comfortable than the other. He speaks Spanish more fluently than I . He visits his family less frequently than she does. This years exhibit is less impressive than last years.
- nh n mnh cho t nh t v ph t so snh ngi ta d far ho c much tr so snh. ng c

far Subject + verb + much + adj adv +er + than + pronoun noun
far Subject + verb + much +
more + less
adj + than adv +
noun pronoun
- Mt s th nh ng nh n mnh : much too much

adv adv adj
V d: Harrys watch is far more expensive than mine. That movie we saw last night was much less interesting than the one on television. A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon. She dances much more artistically than her predecessor. He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish. His car is far better than yours. Danh t cng c th d so snh trong cc c u trc b ng ho c hn, k m. c ng - Trong c u trc so snh b ng ch c n xc nh xem danh t l m hay khng m c v tr chng c mt s nh ng d v 2 loi danh t . c c ng i - Trong c u trc so snh hn k m cng c n phi xc nh xem danh t l m hay khng c m v ng tr chng c d fewer (cho m less (khng m v more d c c ng c), c) ng chung cho c 2 (cng th c d y). Do c u trc n y khng ph c tp nn d rng ri hn so i c ng v c u trc so snh b ng. i
many much little few
Subject + verb + as +
+ noun + as +
noun pronoun
ho c
more fewer less noun pronoun
Subject + verb +
+ noun + than +
V d: I have more books than she. February has fewer days than March. He earns as much money as his brother. They have as few class as we. Their job allows them less freedom than ours does.
Before pay-day, I have as little money as my brother.
22.3 So snh h l p
Khi so snh nn nh r ng cc mc t d so snh phi tng ng v nhau v bn ch t ng ng i php ( ngi v ngi, v t v v t). Do v y 3 mc so snh h l s l : i i p s hu cch that of (cho s t) those of (cho s nhi u)
C u sai: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor (c u n y so snh drawings v instructor) i C u ng : His drawings are as perfect as his instructors (instructors = instructors drawings) C u sai: The salary of a professor is higher than a secretary. (c u n y so snh gia lng ca 1 ng gio s v mt c th k) i C u ng: The salary of a professor is higher than that of a secretary. ( that of = that salary of) C u sai : The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than a teacher. (c u n y so snh gia duties v teacher) i C u ng: The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than those of a teacher. (those of = those duties of). Mt s th d v so snh h l . p Johns car runs better than Marys. (Marys = Marys car) The climate in Florida is as mild as that of California. (that of = that climate of ) Classes in the university are more difficult than those in the college. (those in = the classes in ) The basketball games at the university are better than those of the high school. (those of = the games of) Your accent is not as strong as my mothers. (my mothers = my mothers accent) My sewing machine is better than Janes. (Janes = Janes sewing machine).
22.4 Cc dng so snh c bi t

Bng d y l mt s dng so snh c bi t ca t nh t v ph t. Trong lu r ng farther i d cho khong cch, further d cho thng tin v nhng v n tru t khc. ng ng ng T nh t v ph t far little much many so snh hn k m farther further less more so snh nh t farthest furthest least most
good well bad badly
better worse
best worst
I feel much better today than I did last week. The university is farther than the mall. He has less time now than he had before. Marjorie has more books than Sue. This magazine is better than that one. He acts worse now than ever before. + further = more. V d: The distance from your house to school is farther than that of mine. He will come to the US for further education next year.
22.5 So snh a b
L loi so snh g p r g p i, g p 3. Nn nh r ng trong c u trc n y khng d so snh i, c ng hn k m m phi d so snh b ng. ng
much Subject + verb + bi s + as + many + noun + as + pronoun noun
V d: This encyclopedia costs twice as much as the other one. At the clambake last week, Fred ate three times as many oysters as Barney. Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year. L : u - Khi d so snh loi n y phi xc nh r danh t l m hay khng m v ng c c ng tr chng c much v many. c - Cc c u trc twice that much ... many (g p i s ) ch d trong vn ni, tuy t i khng d trong vn vi t. c ng c ng V d: We had expected eighty people at the rally, but twice that many showed up. (vn ni) We had expected eighty people at the rally, but twice as many as that number showed up. (vn vi t)
22.6 So snh k p (cng ....th cng)

Nhng c u n y b t u b ng mt c u trc so snh hn, v do m nh th 2 cng phi b t u b ng mt c u trc so snh hn.
The + comparative + subject + verb + the comparative + subject + verb
V d: The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel. The higher we flew, the worse Edna felt. The bigger they are, the harder they fall. The sooner you take your medicine, the better you will feel. The sooner you leave, the earlier you will arrive at your destination.
The more + subject +verb + the + comparative + subject + verb
The more you study, the smarter you will become. The more he rowed the boat, the farther away he got. The more he slept, the more irritable he became.
22.7 No sooner ... than (va m ... th ; ch ng bao l u ... th ) i

N u th nh ng no sooner xu t hi n u c u th than phi u cho m nh 2. Lu r ng tr ng t phi ng tr ch ng theo cng th c sau: c
No sooner + auxiliary + subject + verb + than + subject + verb
V d: No sooner had they started out for California than it started to rain. No sooner will he arrived than he will want to leave. No sooner had she entered the building than she felt the presence of somebody else. L : u No longer ngh a l not any more (khng c n... na). Khng bao gi s dng not longer trong c c u m ngh a ca n nh v y. John no longer studies at the university. (John doesnt study at the university any more). Cynthia may no longer use the library because her card has expired. (Cynthia may not use the library any more)
23. Dng nguyn, so snh h n v so snh h n nh t.

Ph n l cc t nh t di n t (trng thi, t nh cch, v p...) u c 3 dng: dng nguyn (happy), n dng so snh hn (happier) v so snh hn nh t (happiest). Dng nguyn hot interesting so snh hotter more interesting so snh nh t hottest most interesting
sick colorful
sicker more colorful
sickest most colorful
- Dng nguyn khng ch s so snh. N ch m t ph m ch t n thu n ca 1 ngi, 1 v t, hay mt nhm (ngi ho c v t). V d: The house is big. The flowers are fragrant. - Dng so snh hn ch ra m c mnh hn hay y u hn v s khc nhau gia 2 ngi (2 v t). V d: My dog is smarter than yours. Bob is more atheletic than Richard. Spinach is less appealing than carrots. * Ta cng c th so snh 2 thc th (ngi ho c v t) m khng s dng than. Trong trng h n y p th nh ng of the two s s dng trong c u (n c th ng u c u v sau danh t phi c c d u ph y, ho c ng cui - Xem 2 cng th c d y). i
Subject + verb + the + comparative + of the two + (noun)
ho c
of the two + (noun), + Subject + verb + the + comparative
Harvey is the smarter of the two boys. Of the two shirts, this one is the prettier. Please give me the smaller of the two pieces of cake. Of the two landscapes that you have shown me, this one is the more picturesque. Of the two books, this one is the more interesting. Ghi nh :
2 thc th - so snh hn 3 thc th tr ln - so snh hn nh t
- c p so snh hn nh t, 3 thc th tr ln so snh v nhau, mt trong chng tri c i hn ho c k m hn so v cc thc th c n li. i

Subject + verb + the + adj+ est most + adj least + adj + In + dt 2 s t of + dt 2 s nhi u
John is the tallest boy in the family. Deana is the shortest of the three sisters. These shoes are the least expensive of all.
Of the three shirts, this one is the prettiest. L : u - Sau th nh ng one of the + superlative, danh t phi dng s nhi u v ng t chia ngi s t. V d: One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Bjon Borg. Kuwait is one of the biggest oil producers in the world. Cc ph t khng i km bi -er ho c -est. M thay v , khi d trong c u so snh c c ng chng i c more ho c less i v c p so snh hn, v v most ho c least th nh l p nn ng i i dng so snh hn nh t.
Dng nguyn carefully cautiously
So snh hn more carefully less carefully more cautiously less cautiously
So snh hn nh t most carefully least carefully most cautiously least cautiously
V d: Sal drove more cautiously than Bob. Joe dances more gracefully than his partner. That child behaves the most carelessly of all. Irene plays the most recklessly of all.
24. Cc danh t l m chc nng t nh t

Trong ti ng Anh, r t nhi u danh t c th l m ch c nng t nh t khi chng ng tr cc danh t c khc (a wool coat, a gold watch, a history teacher). Danh t ng u ca s k t h ng vai tr p mt t nh t, m t danh t th 2 ( ng vai tr danh t). T t c cc danh t v ch c nng t nh t i lun dng s t cho d danh t m n b ngh a c s nhi u. S k t h s - danh t lun phi p c d u gch ngang -. V d: We took a tour that lasted five weeks. (Weeks l m ch c nng danh t trong c u n y). We took a five-week tour.
Adj noun
His subscription to that magazine is for two years. (years : danh t) He has a two-year subscription to that magazine.
Adj noun
That student wrote a report that was ten pages long. (pages : danh t) That student wrote a ten-page report.
Adj noun
These shoes cost twenty dollars. These are twenty-dollar shoes.

Adj noun
25. Enough v t nh t, ph t v danh t i

S thay i v tr ca enough tu thuc v o vi c n b ngh a cho 1 danh t, 1 t nh t, hay 1 ph t. Khi b ngh a cho 1 t nh t hay 1 ph t, enough ng ng sau: adj + enough adv Are those French fries crisp enough for you?
Adj
She speaks Spanish well enough to be an interpreter.

Adv
It is not cold enough to wear a heavy jacket.

Adj
Khi b ngh a cho mt danh t enough ng ng tr c.
enough + noun
Do you have enough sugar for the cake?

noun
Jake bought enough red paint to finish the barn.

noun
He does not have enough money to attend the concert.

noun
L : u Danh t m enough b ngh a i khi khng c n thi t c m t trong c u m khng l m thay i ngh a ca c u. I forgot my money. Do you have enough? (ta hi u r ng ng ca ngi ni l enough money)
26. Cc t ni ch nguyn nh n
Ph n n y s tr nh b y cch s dng mt v i cng c ng php ch nguyn nh n.
26.1 Because/ because of

Because ( khng c of) i hi ng sau n l mt c u ho n ch nh (phi c ch ng v ng t). Because of i hi ng sau n l mt danh t ho c 1 ng danh t ( khng ph p c ng t c lin h p). Subject + verb
... because + there + verb + subject ... because of + danh t ( ho c cm danh t)
L : u
Because of c th thay th cho th nh ng due to. Jan was worried because it had started to rain.
Subject verb
Jan was worried because of the rain.

noun
The students arrived late because there was a traffic jam.

verb subject
The students arrived late because of the traffic jam.

noun phrase
We have to cut down on our driving because there is an oil shortage.

verb subject
We have to cut down on our driving because of the oil shortage.

noun phrase
26.2 Mc ch v k t qu (so that- )

Cc m nh ch mc ch i c v lin t so that. Sau so that l mt m nh k t qu c ng i gm ch ng v ng t. Thi gian ca m nh k t qu phi tng lai trong mi quan h v i thi gian ca m nh ch mc ch. Subject + verb + so that + subject + verb
L : u
M c d trong vn ni c th ch p nh n khng c that nhng trong vn vi t buc phi c that. He studied very hard so that he could pass the test. (n hc r t chm ch c th qua k thi) c She is sending the package early so that it will arrive in time for her sisters birthday. Damien is practicing the guitar so that he can play for the dance. I am learning German so that I will be able to speak it when I go to Austria next summer. Susan drove to Miami instead of flying so that she could save money. Will you let me know about the party so that I can make plans to attend?
26.3 Cause and effect

Nhng c u trc sau y s dng ch mi quan h nh n qu. c Subject + verb + so + adjective adverb + that + subject + verb
L : Khng s dng mt danh t sau so. C n mun d danh t th xem cc c u trc d y. u ng i
The soprano sang so well that she received a standing ovation. Terry ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record. Judy worked so diligently that she received an increase in salary. The soup tastes so good that every one will ask for more. The little boy looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for him. The students had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class. Cc c u trc cha cc b ng c ng :
Subject + verb + so +
many few
+ dt 2 s nhi u + that + subject + verb
The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team. I had so few job offers that it wasnt difficult to select one.
Subject + verb + so +
much little
+ dt khng 2 + that + subject + verb
He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now. The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat. Subject + verb + such + a + adjective + dt 2 s t + that ... ho c Subject + verb + so + adjective + a + dt 2 s t + that ... L : u Such + a + adjective thng d nhi u hn trong 2 c u trc trn. c ng It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. Ho c It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors. It was such an interesting book that he couldnt put it down. Ho c It was so interesting a book that he couldnt put it down.
Subject + verb + such + adjective +
dt 2 s nhi u + that + subject + verb dt khng 2
She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.

dt m s nhi u c
They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
dt m s nhi u c
Perry has had such bad luck that hes decided not to gamble.
dt khng m c
This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.

dt khng m c
L : Ta khng th s dng so trong c u trc trn. u Ph n t ch ngh a ca cc c u trc trn. v d: It has been such a long time since Ive seen him that Im not sure if I will remember him ( Ti khng bi t li u ti c nh n ra n khng v l u l m ri ti khng g p n.) c Nguyn nh n: It has been a long time. K t qu : Im not sure if I will remember him. He has so heavy a work load that it is difficult for him to travel. ( Th t l kh i v anh ta trong chuy n i du l ch bi v anh ta c nhi u cng vi c phi l m.) i Nguyn nh n: He has a very heavy work load. K t qu : It is difficult for him to travel. Peter has such long fingers that he should play the piano. (Peter nn chi n Piano bi v n c nhng ngn tay d i.) Nguyn nh n: Peter has such long fingers. K t qu : He should play the piano. Professor Sands gives such interesting lectures that his classes are never boring. (cc gi hc ca gio s Sands ch ng bao gi bun t bi v ng y thng a ra nhng b i ging h t s c th v .) Nguyn nh n: Professor Sands gives very interesting lectures. K t qu : His classes are never boring. This is such tasty ice cream that Ill have another helping. (Ti s gi mt su t kem na v n r t ngon.) Nguyn nh n: The ice cream is very tasty. K t qu : Ill have another helping.
27. Mt s t ni mang t nh i u ki n
even if + nagative verb (cho d ...) You must go tomorrow even if you arent ready.
Whether or not + positive verb (d c ... hay khng) He likes watching TV whether or not the show is god. unless + positive verb = if ... not (tr phi, n u ... khng) If you dont start at once, you will be late. = You will be late unless you start at once. But for that + unreal condition (n u khng th ....) Her father pays her fees, but for that she wouldnt be here ( but she is here)
present i u ki n khng thc hi n ti
My car broke down, but for that I could have come in time.
qu kh i u ki n khng thc qu kh
otherwise
+ conditional sentence
ko, n u khng th ....
- i u ki n c th thc hi n c. We must be back before midnight, otherwise I will be locked out. - i u ki n khng thc hi n c. Her father pays her fees, otherwise she couldnt be here.
present i u ki n khng thc hi n ti
I used a computer, otherwise it would have taken longer.

qu kh i u ki n khng thc qu kh
Nh n x t. Trong ti ng Anh h ng ng y, ngi ta d or... else thay th cho otherwise. ng Provided/providing (that) (v i u ki n l , mi n l ) i You can camp here provided (that) you leave no mess. Suppose/ supposing ? = what ... if ...? (gi s v sao, n u v sao) Suppose the plane is late? = what will happen if the plane is late? - T ni n y c n s dng em ra li g . c i Suppose you ask him = why dont you ask him?
What if Im- tao th th sao n o
a ra s thch th c
If only +
Simple present = hope that will + verb
Hy vng l ... If only he comes in time (hy vng anh y n ng gi) If only he will head your advice.
If only +
Simple past = wish that past perfect
Gi m - tri v thc t . i If only he didnt smoke. (but he doesnt) If only she had come in time. (but she didnt) if only + would verb - sao, mong sao c - d di n t mt mun hi n ti ng c If only he would drive more slowly (but he drive so fast) ho c mt mun v vng tng lai. c If only it would stop raining. Mong sao tri ng ma na - nhng thc t th tri ang ma r t to.
28. C u b ng
C u b ng s dng nh m nh n mnh v o h nh ng ca t n ng ch khng nh n c mnh v o h nh ng ca ch ng trong c u ch ng. be + P2 Ph ng php chuy n i t c u ch ng sang c u b ng. - a t n ng ca c u ch ng ln l m ch ng. Trong trng h n u c 2 t n ng ( 1 trc ti p, 1 p gin ti p), mun nh n mnh v o t n ng n o th ngi ta a n ln l m ch ng ( nhng th ng l t n ng gin ti p l m ch ng). V d: I gave him a book. hay I gave a book to him.
Trong c u n y book l t n ng trc ti p, him l t n ng gin ti p, ta i: He was given a book by me. - Thi ca ng t c u b ng phi tu n theo thi ca ng t c u ch ng. - t by + t n ng m ng sau t t c cc t n ng khc. i - to be made, to be made of l m b ng - ch mt v t l m b ng 1 th nguyn v t li u. c c This table is made of wood. - to be made from: l m b ng - ch mt v t l m b ng 2 th nguyn v t li u tr ln. c c - to be made out of: l m b ng ( d cho thc ph m) c ng This cake is made out of flour, egg, butter and sugar. - Mi bi n i v thi v th u nh m v o ng t to be, c n ph n t 2 gi nguyn (xem cc cng th c d y.) i
Simple present hay simple past am is are was were
+ [verb in past participle]
Ch ng : Hurricanes destroy a great deal of property each year.

Subject present complement
B ng : A great deal of property is destroyed by hurricanes each year.

singular subject be past participle
Ch ng : The tornado destroyed thirty houses.

Subject past complement
Bi ng : Thirty houses were destroyed by the tornado.

plural subject be past participle
present progressive hay Past progressive am is are was were Ch ng : The committee is considering several new proposals.
Subject present progressive complement
+ being + [verb in past participle]
B ng : Several new proposals are being considered by the committee.
plural subject auxiliary be past participle
Ch ng : The committee was considering several new proposals.

Subject past progressive complement
B ng : Several new proposals were being considered by the committee.

plural subject auxiliary be past participle
present perfect hay Past perfect has have had + been + [verb in past participle]
Ch ng: The company has ordered some new equipment.

subject present perfect complement
B ng : Some new equipment has been ordered by the company.

Singular subject auxiliary be past participle
Ch ng : The company had ordered some new equipment before the strike began.
subject past perfect complement
B ng : Some new equipment had been ordered by the company before the strike began.
Singular subject auxiliary be past participle
ng t khi m khuy t (modal) modal + be + [ verb in past participle] Ch ng : The manager should sign these contracts today.
Subject modal + verb complement
B ng : These contracts should be signed by the manager today.

Subject modal be past participle
modal + perfect modal + have + been + [ verb in past participle]
Ch ng: Somebody should have called the president this morning.

Subject modal + perfect complement
B ng : The president should have been called this morning.

Subject modal have be past participle
29. ng t g y nguyn nh n
ng t g y nguyn nh n s dng ch ra mt ngi g y cho ngi th hai l m mt vi c c g cho ngi th nh t. Mt ngi c th g y cho ai phi l m ci g cho anh ta ho c cho
ch ta qua vi c chi tr ti n, yu c u, ho c c p ngi . Cc ng t g y nguyn nh n l : ng have, get, make.
29.1 Have/ get / make

M nh theo sau have ho c get c th dng ch ng ho c b ng. To have smb do smth = to get smb to do smth (Sai ai, khi n ai, bo ai l m g ) Mary had John wash the car (John washed the car.) Mary got John to wash the car. (John washed the car.) To have / get smth done ( a ci g i l m...) - Bn th n m nh khng l m nn nh 1 ngi khc l m. c V d: Mary got the car washed. (The car was wash by somebody.) Mary had the car washed. (The car was wash by somebody.) I have the laundry washed. (the laundry is washed by someone) To want / like something done M u c u hi ca 2 ng t n y s l : - What do you want done to ... Anh mun l m g v .... i V d: - What do you want done to your motorbike? - Id like it repaired and cleaned ho c I want it repaired and cleaned. To make smb do smth = to force smb to do smth ( buc ai phi l m g .) V d: The robber forced the teller to give him the money. = The robber made the teller give him the money. ng t to make v to cause c n d theo m u sau: c ng smb smth
To make/ to cause
+ P2
(l m cho ai, ci g b l m sao) V d:
Working all night on Friday made me tired on Saturday. The hurricane caused many water front houses damaged. - ng sau ng t to make c n c th d 1 t nh t. ng To make smb / smth + adjective V d: Wearing flowers made her more beautiful. i theo h n y th ng t to find c th d theo cng th c: ng ng To find + smb/ smth + adjective (P1- P2) N u l ph n t 1 s mang t nh ch ng c n ph n t 2 mang t nh b ng. V d: I found her quite interesting to talk to. My sister found snakes frightening - con r n ng s . We found the boy frightened - bn th n th ng b s .
29.2 Let
Let thng b sung v danh sch cc ng t g y nguyn nh n trong cc sch ng php. Nhng c thc ch t th n khng phi l ng t g y nguyn nh n. N ngh a l allow hay permit. Ta hy lu s khc nhau v m t ng php khi s dng to let v to allow hay permit. permit allow
Let sb do smth = to
sb to do smth
(cho ph p ai, ai l m g ) V d: John let his daughter swim with her friends. (John allowed his daughter to swim with her friends.) (John permitted his daughter to swim with her friends.) The teacher let the students leave class early. The policeman let the suspect make one phone call. Dr. Jones is letting the students hand in the papers on Monday. Mrs. Binion let her son spend the night with a friend. We are going to let her write the letter. Mr. Brown always lets his children watch cartoons on Saturday mornings.
29.3 Help
Help thc ch t cng khng phi l mt ng t g y nguyn nh n, nhng ni chung xem x t c c v cc ng t g y nguyn nh n trong cc sch ng php. N thng i v ng t dng simng i i ple form (t c l ng t nguyn th b to), nhng c th i v ng t nguyn th trong mt s i trng h p.
To help smb
to do smth do smth
ging nhau v ngh a.
(gip ai l m g ) V d: John helped Mary wash the dishes. Jorge helped the old woman with the packages (to) find a taxi. The teacher helped Carolina find the research materials. - N u t n ng sau help l mt i t v nh n xng mang ngh a ngi ta th ngi ta b i v v b lun c to ca ng t ng sau. V d: This wonderful drug helps (people to) recover more quickly. - N u t n ng ca help v t n ng th 2 ca ng t ng sau tr h nhau th ngi ta b t n ng p ng sau help v b lun c to ca ng t ng sau. V d: The body fat of the bear will help (him to) keep him alive during hibernation.
30. Ba ng t c bi t
- l nhng ng t m ngh a ca chng s hi bi n i n u ng t ng sau t n ng ca n l mt nguyn th b to hay verbing. hear to watch somebody do something - H nh ng trn v n t u t cui. i see hear to watch somebody doing something - H nh ng c t nh nh t thi, khng trn v n. see V d: I didnt hear the telephone ring. I didnt hear the telephone ringing. I see her sing./ I see her singing.
31. C u trc phc h v i t quan h thay th p

Ti ng Anh c 2 loi c u : - c u n gin : l c u ch c mt th nh ph n v ch mt th nh ph n cng ngh a. v d: She is standing in the way. - C u ph c h l c u c 2 th nh ph n ch nh v ph ni v nhau b ng 1 i t gi l i t quan p i h thay th .
31.1 That v Which lm ch ng ca c u ph

Chng ng u c u v l m ch ng ca c u ph, thay th cho danh t b t ng v t ng tr c n. Do v y, n nh t thi t phi c m t trong c u.
31.2 That v wich lm t n ng ca c u ph

Chng v n ng u c u ph v thay th cho danh t b t ng v t ng tr n nhng l m c t n ng. Do v y, n c th b i c. V d: George is going to buy the house that we have been thinking of buying. Ngo i ra, trong mt s trng h ngi ta b t buc phi d that. p ng The + t nh t so snh b c nh t + danh t + that + m nh ph V d: This is the best book that I have ever read before. All/ every/ little/ no/ none/ smth + that + dependent clause V d: All the apples that fall are eaten by the pigs. Thats something that looks terrible.
31.3 Who lm ch ng ca c u ph
N thay th cho danh t ch ngi ho c ng v t ng tr n v l m ch ng ca c u ph. Do c , n khng th b i c. L : Tuy t i khng d that thay cho who trong trng h n y m c d n c th u c ng p c ch p nh n trong vn ni.
31.4 Whom lm t n ng ca c u ph
N thay th cho danh t ch ngi ho c ng v t ng ngay tr n nhng l m t n ng ca c u c ph. Do , n c th b i c. V d: The man (whom) I dont like are angry. L : Tuy t i khng d who thay th cho whom trong vn vi t m c d trong vn ni c u c ng th ch p nh n. c - N u whom l t n ng ca 1 ng ng t bao gm 1 ng t + 1 gi t, th li vi t ho n ch nh i nh t l a gi t ln trn whom. i V d: He is the man to whom I talked yesterday. Ho c The man to whom you have just talked is the chairman of the company. - Tuy nhin, n u whom l t n ng ca 1 ng ng t bao gm 1 ng t + 2 gi t, th lu t trn i khng tu n theo. Hai gi t v n phi t ng sau ng t. c i V du: The man whom you are looking forward to is the chairman of the company.
31.5 M nh ph b t buc v m nh ph khng b t buc - M nh ph b t buc l loi m nh b t buc phi c m t trong c u, n u khng c u s m t h n ngh a ban u. Trong trng h n y khng d which l ch ng p c ng ca c u ph m phi d that m c d which v n c th ch p nh n. C u ph s ng c ng xen v o gia c u ch nh v khng tch ra khi n b ng b t c 1 d u ph y n o. V d: Hurricanes that are born off the coast of Africa often prove to be the most deadly.
Subject dependent clause main verb
(TOEFL khng b t li n y) - M nh ph khng b t buc l loi m nh mang thng tin ph trong c u, n u b n i th c u cng khng b m t ngh a ban u. Do b t buc phi d which l m ch ng, khng ng ch p nh n d that. Which cho d c l t n ng ca c u ph cng khng b i, c u ng ng c xen v o gia m nh ch nh v tch ra khi m nh b ng 2 d u ph y. V d: This rum, which I bought in the Virgin Island, is very smooth. (TOEFL b t li n y)
31.6 T m quan trng ca d u ph y trong m nh ph - Trong m nh ph b t buc, khi n ngn cch gia m nh ch nh b ng b t c d u ph y n o th danh t d ng tr m nh ph b gi hn (tng ng v c u ti ng c i i vi t ch c).
V d: The travellers who knew about the flood took another road. (only the travellers who knew about the flood ...) The wine that was in the cellar was ruined. (only the wine that in the cellar ...) - Trong m nh ph khng b t buc, danh t ng ng tr i t quan h thay th b ngn c cch v n bi 1 d u ph y khng b xc nh ho c gi hn bi m nh ph (tng ng i i v ngh a ti ng vi t t t c). i V d: The travellers, who knew about the flood, took another road. (all the travellers knew about the flood...) The wine, that was in the cellar, was ruined. (all the wine in the cellar ...)
31.7 Cch s dng All / both/ several / most ... + of + whom / which.
Khng s dng i t nh n xng t n ng trong loi c u n y. c V d: Her sons, both of whom are working abroad, ring her up everynight. The buses, all of which are full of passingers, begin pulling out of the station.
31.8 What v whose

+ What (the thing/ the things that) c th l m t n ng ca c u ch nh v ng thi l m ch ng ca c u ph. V d: What we are expecting is his exam result. + whose (ca ngi m , ca con m ) - Thay th cho danh t ch ngi ho c ng v t ng tr n v ch s s hu ca ngi ho c c ng v t i v danh t ng sau. i V d: I found the cat whose leg was broken. - i v b t ng v t v n c th d whose trong nhng trng h b nh thng. Tuy nhin, trong i ng p nhng trng h ti ng Anh quy chu n nn d of which. p ng V d: Checking accout, of which interest is quite high, is common now.
32. Cch loi b cc m nh ph

- Trong nhng m nh ph b t buc, ngi ta c th loi b i t quan h thay th v ng t bo be (c v cc tr ng t ca n n u c) trong nhng trng h sau y: ng i p
Khi n ng tr mt m nh ph m c u trc ng t th b ng. c V d: This is the Z value which was obtained from the table areas under the normal curve. Ho c This is the Z value obtained from the table areas under the normal curve. Tr mt ng gi t (mt gi t m u k t h v cc danh t theo sau). c i i p i V d: The beaker that is on the counter contains a solution. Ho c The beaker on the counter contains a solution. Tr mt c u trc ng t th ti p di n. c V d: The girl who is running down the street might be in trouble. Ho c The girl running down the street might be in trouble. Ngo i ra, trong mt s trng h ngi ta c th loi b i t quan h thay th v ng t ch nh, p thay v o b ng 1 Ving n u nh i t quan h ng st ngay danh t m n b ngh a. V d: Weeds that float on the surface should be removed before they decay. Weeds floating on the surface should be removed before they decay. - i v m nh ph khng b t buc ta c th loi b i t quan h v ng t to be khi n i ng tr mt ng danh t, nhng ph n ng danh t c n li v n phi ng trong 2 d u ph y. c V d:
Mr. Jackson, who is a professor, is traveling in the Mideast this year. ho c Mr. Jackson, a professor, is traveling in the Mideast this year. - Ngo i ra, ta c n c th loi b i t quan h v ng t ch nh v thay v o b ng 1 Ving khi n i b ngh a cho 1 t n ng. V d: The president made a speech for the famous man who visited him. Hay The president made a speech for the famous man visiting him.
33. Cch s dng ph n t 1 trong mt s trng h c bi t p

- Khi 2 h nh ng xy ra song song c mt lc th h nh ng th 2 dng Ving. Hai h nh ng ng n y khng ngn cch v nhau bi b t k 1 d u ph y n o. i V d: He drives away and whistles = He drives away whistling. - Khi h nh ng th 2 ho c cc h nh ng ti p theo sau l 1 ph n trong ti n tr nh ca h nh ng th nh t th h nh ng th 2 v cc h nh ng theo sau dng Ving. N ngn cch v i h nh ng ch nh b ng 1 d u ph y. V d: She went out and slammed the door = she went out, slamming the door. - Khi h nh ng th 2 ho c cc h nh ng theo sau n l k t qu ca h nh ng th nh t th h nh ng th 2 s dng Ving. V d: He fired two shots, killing a robber and wounding the other. - H nh ng th 2 khng c n phi c chung ch ng v h nh ng th nh t, n ch c n l k t i qu ca h nh ng th nh t th cng dng Ving. V d: The plane crashed, its bombs exploding when it hit the ground. L : Cc trng h trn y thng d trong vn vi t. u p c ng
34. Cch s dng nguyn m u ho n th nh

To have + P2 Should like + to have + P2 would like (Di n t mun nhng khng th nh.) c V d: I would (should) like to have passed the test last week. Should like He to have seen the photos = would like would He have liked to see the photos = should
(but he couldnt) - N d v mt s ng t : To seem/ appear/ happen (dng nh) / pretend (gi v). ng i - Nn nh r ng h nh ng ca nguyn m u ho n th nh xy ra tr h nh ng ca m nh c ch nh. V d: He seems to have been an athlete = It seems that he has been an athlete. He pretended not to have known about that. = He pretended that he hadnt known about that. D v sorry. ng i To be sorry + to have + P2 H nh ng ca nguyn m u ho n th nh xy ra tr c. The girl were sorry to have missed the rock concert. = The girl were sorry that they had missed the rock concert. D v mt s cc ng t sau y th b ng. ng i To acknowledge, to belive, to understand, to consider, to find, to know, to report, to say, to suppose, to think. - nn nh h nh ng ca m nh ph xy ra tr h nh ng ca m nh ch nh. c V d: He is said to have been out of the country. It is said that he has been out of the country. N c n c s dng v mt s ng t : claim/ expect/ hope/ promise. i - Trong trng h n y, h nh ng ca nguyn m u ho n th nh xy ra sau h nh ng ca m nh p ch nh dng tng lai ho n th nh. V d: He expects to have finished the homework tonight. = He expects that he will have finished the homework tonight. He promised to have told me about that event. = He promised that he would have told me about that event. Neednt + have + P2 (l ra khng c n phi) V d: You neednt have hurried, we still have enough time now.
35. Nh ng cch s dng khc ca that

35.1 That v tcch ca mt lin t (rng) i - Khi that ng sau 4 ng t : say, tell, think, believe ngi ta c th b n i.
V d: John said that he was leaving next week.
Hay John said he was leaving next week. Henry told me that he had a lot of work to do. Hay Henry told me he had a lot of work to do. - Tuy nhin, sau 4 ng t : mention, declare, report, state th that khng th b i, b t buc phi c. V d: The mayor declared that on June the first he would announce the results of the search. George mentioned that he was going to France next year. The article stated that this solution was flammable.
35.2 M nh c that
L loi m nh b t buc phi c that trong c u, n c th d v ch ng h nh th c it, ho c ng i ng u c u l m ch ng. It + to be + adj + that + subject + verb ....
That + subject + verb +... + to be + adj
V d: It is well known that many residents of third world countries are dying. Hay That many residents of third world countries are dying is well known. L : N u mt c u b t u b ng 1 m nh that, ta phi ch c ch n r ng c 2 m nh c u ng ch a 1 ng t. It surprises me that John would do such a thing. Hay That John would do such a thing surprises me. It wasnt believed until the fifteenth century that the earth revolves around the sun. hay That the earth revolves around the sun wasnt believed until the fifteenth century. It is obvious that the Williams boy is abusing drugs. Hay That the Williams boy is abusing drugs is obvious. Nh n x t: Ch ng gi it thng d trong vn ni c n that ng u c u d trong vn c ng c ng vi t.
36. C u gi nh
L loi c u m ngi th nh t mun ngi th 2 l m mt vi c g cho m nh, nhng l m hay khng c n tu thuc v o ph a ngi th 2.
36.1 C u gi nh d would rather that ng

Xem th nh ng would rather trang 49 - loi c u c 2 ch ng.
36.2 C u gi nh d v ng t trong bng. ng i

Bng sau l mt s ng t b t buc ng t sau n phi dng gi nh. advise ask command decree demand insist move order prefer propose recommend request require stipulate suggest urge
- Trong c u nh t nh phi c that. - ng t sau ch ng 2 dng nguyn th b to.
Subject1 + verb + that + subject 2+ [verb in simple form] ...

V d: We urge that he leave now. N u b that i ch ng 2 s tr th nh t n ng, ng t tr v dng nguyn th c to, c u s m t i ngh a gi nh v tr th nh c u b nh thng. V d: We urge him to leave now. L : Trong ti ng Anh ca ngi Anh (British English), tr ng t nguyn th b to c should. u c Nhng trong ti ng Anh ca ngi M (American English) ngi ta b n i. Mt s v d The judge insisted that the jury return a verdict immediately. The university requires that all its students take this course. The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking. Congress has decreed that the gasoline tax be abolished. We proposed that he take a vacation. I move that we adjourn until this afternoon.
36.3 C u gi nh d v t nh t ng i
Cc t nh t d trong c u gi nh gm cc t nh t trong bng d y. ng i advised important mandatory necessary obligatory proposed recommended required suggested urgent imperative
Trong cng th c sau, adjective ch nh mt trong cc t nh t c trong bng trn. it + be + adjective + that + subject + [verb in simple form ]...
( any tense)
Mt s v d: It is necessary that he find the books.
It was urgent that she leave at once. It has been proposed that we change the topic. It is important that you remember this question. It has been suggested that he forget the election. It was recommended that we wait for the authorities. Trong mt s trng h c th d danh t tng ng v cc t nh t trn theo cng th c sau. p ng i it + be + noun + that + subject + [verb in simple form ]...
( any tense)
V d: It is a recommendation from a doctor that the patient stop smoking.
36.4 D v mt s tr ng i ng h khc p
- C u gi nh c n d trong mt s c u cm thn, thng bao h m cc th lc siu nhin. ng c V d: God save the queen !. Cha ph h cho n ho ng. God be with you ! = good bye (khi chia tay nhau) Curse this frog !: ch t ti t con cc n y - D v mt s th nh ng: ng i Come what may: d c chuy n g i na. V d: Come what may we will stand by you.
If need be : n u c n V d: If need be we can take another road. - D v if this be trong trng h mun nu ra mt gi nh t ph a ngi ni nhng khng th t ng i p ch c ch n l m v kh nng. V d: If this be proven right, you would be considered innocent.
36.5 C u gi nh d v it is time ng i
It is time (for smb) to do smth : n lc phi l m g . (thi gian va v n, khng a ra gi nh) V d: It is time for me to get to the airport (just in time). Nhng: It is time It is high time subject + simple past ( n lc - gi nh thi gian n tr mt cht) It is about time Nh n x t: High/ about d tr time thm v o nh n mnh. c ng c V d:
Its high time I left for the airport. (it is a little bit late)
37. Li ni bao h m
l li ni k t h 2 trong c u li l m mt thng qua mt s th nh ng. p
37.1 Not only ... but also (khng nhng ... m c n)

Cc th nh ph n i sau 2 th nh ng n y phi tng ng v nhau v m t ng php, t c l danh i danh, t nh t - t nh t...
Noun adj adv ng gi t i noun adj adv ng gi t i
Subject + verb + not only +
+ but also +
Subject + not only + verb + but also + verb
L : Thng thng th nh ph n sau but also s quy t nh th nh ph n sau not only. u V d: He is not only handsome but also talented.
t nh t t nh t
Beth plays not only the guitar but also the violin.
Danh t danh t
He writes not only correctly but also neatly.

Adv adv
Maria excels not only in mathematics but also in science.

Ng gi t i ng gi t i
Paul Anka not only plays the piano but also composes music.
ng t ng t
37.2 As well as (cng nh cng nhl) ,

Cc th nh ph n i ng tr v ng sau th nh ng n y phi tng ng v nhau v m t t loi c i theo cng th c d y: i noun adj Subject + verb + not only + adv ng gi t i ho c subject + verb + as well as + verb ... V d: Robert is talented as well as handsome.
T nh t t nh t
+ but also +
noun adj adv ng gi t i
Beth plays the guitar as well as the violin.

anh t danh t
He writes correctly as well as neatly.

ph t ph t
Marta excels in mathematics as well as in science.

Nggi t i ng gi t i
Paul Anka plays the piano as well as composes music.

ng t ng t
Lu : Khng nh m l n th nh ng n y v as well as ca hi n t ng ch ng mang ngh a c i ng c v N i c v cc th nh ph n ng sau n to th nh 1 cm t, tch ra khi m nh ng i. ng i ch nh b ng 2 d u ph y v khng nh hng g n vi c chia ng t. V d: The teacher, as well as her students, is going to the concert. My cousins, as well as Tim, have a test tomorrow.
37.3 Both ... and ( c ... l n )

Cng th c n y d ging h t nh trng h Not only ... but also. ng p Lu : Both ch d v and khng d v as well as. c ng i c ng i V d: Robert is both talented and handsome.
T nh t t nh t
Beth plays both the guitar and the violin.

anh t danh t
He writes both correctly and neatly.

ph t ph t
Marta excels both in mathematics and in science.

Nggi t i ng gi t i
Paul Anka both plays the piano and composes music.

ng t ng t
38. Cch s dng to know v to know how

Nhng cng th c sau y lin quan t cch s dng ng t know. Know how lun s dng i c ch mt ai c k nng hay kh nng l m vi c g . V v y, n thng i theo bi mt c ng t, v khi , ng t phi dng nguyn th c to. Subject + know how to do smth : bi t cch l m g nh th n o. Tuy nhin sau to know c n c th l mt danh t, mt ng gi t ho c mt c u ho n ch nh. i danh t ng gi t i c u
subject + know +
Tuy nhin ng sau to know how v n c th d 1 m nh ho n ch nh ch kh nng gii ng quy t ho c vi c b t buc phi l m. V d:
At a glance, he knew how he could solve this math problem. Seeing the weather map, the pilot knew how he had to fly at which line. Mt s th d: Bill knows how to play tennis well. Maggie and her sister know how to prepare Chinese food. Do you know how to get to Jerrys house from here ? Jason knew the answer to the teachers question. No one knows about Roys accepting the new position. I didnt know that you were going to France.
39. M nh nh b ng
L loi m nh di n t 2 tri ng trong c mt c u thng qua mt s th nh ng. c ng
39.1 Despite / in spite of (m c d )

ng sau 2 th nh ng n y ch ph p s dng mt ng danh t, khng s dng mt c u c c ho n ch nh. In spite of + ng danh t Despite V d: Despite his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman. In spite of his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman. Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades. Jane will be admitted to the university in spite of her bad grades.
39.2 although, even though, though

ng sau 3 th nh ng n y phi d mt c u ho n ch nh khng d mt ng danh t. ng c ng Although even though though
+ Subject + Verb + (complement) ...
V d: Although he has a physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman. Jane will be admitted to the university even though she has a bad grades. L : N u though ng cui c u, tch ra khi c u b ng 1 d u ph y. Khi ni hi dng li mt u cht, lc n tng ng v ngh a tuy nhin (however). i V d: He promised to call me, but till now I havent received any call from him, though. Mt s th d b tr In spite of the bad weather, we are going to have a picnic.
The child ate the cookie even though his mother had told him not to. Although the weather was very bad, we had a picnic. The committee voted to ratify the amendment despite the objections. Though he had not finished the paper, he went to sleep. She attended the class although she did not feel alert.
40. Nh ng ng t d g y nh m l n
l nhng ng t trong bng sau:
rise lie sit
Ni ng t rising risen rose lying lain lay sitting sat sat Ngoi ng t raised raised laid laid set set
Raise lay set
raising laying setting
Cc ng t n y r t d g y nh m l n v m t ng ngh a, ch nh t ho c pht m, c n ph n bi t chng b ng ng cnh trong cc c u c th . TO RISE - t d ng ln ( ng t n y khng c n t n ng) V d: The sun rises early in the summer. When the bell rings, the students rise from their seats. When oil and water mix, oil rises to the top. Jim rose early so that he could play golf before the others. It must be late; the moon has risen. Prices have risen more than ten percent in a very short time. TO RAISE (smb, sth) - N ng ai, ci g ln - ng t i hi 1 t n ng. V d: The students raise their hands in class. The weighlifter raises the barbell over its head. The crane raised the car out of the lake. After studying very hard, John raised his grades substantially. Mr. Daniels has raised his tenants rent another fifteen dollars. The OPEC have raised the price of oil. TO LIE : ti , n m. - To lie in : ti ni n o. - To lie down : n m xung - To lie on : n m trn.
ng t n y r t d nh m l n v to lie (ni di) phi ph n bi t n v to lie trong m u c u : To lie i i to smb. V d: The university lies in the Western section of town. If the children are tired, they should lie down for a nap. Maria Elena lay on the beach for three hours yesterday sunbathing. ( trong c u n y h nh ng sunbath xy ra song song v vi c n m trn bi bi n nn d sunbathing i ng - nh ph n l thuy t trn tr nh b y) The old dog just lay on the grass watching the children at play. ( 2 h nh ng n m v xem xy ra ng thi nn d watching....) ng Dont disturb Mary; she has lain down for a rest. That old rug had lain in the corner for many years before it was put in the garage. TO LAY (smth, smb): t, ai , ci g ln trn b m t - To lay on : t trn. - To lay in : t v o. - To lay down : t xung. L : Nguyn th v hi n ti ca ng t n y r t d nh m l n v thi qu kh ca ng t to u i lie, c n ph n bi t chng theo ng cnh. V d: Dont lay your clothes on the bed. The boy lays his books on the table every day. The enemy soldiers laid down their weapons and surrendered. = The enemy soldiers laid down their weapons surrendering. The children laid their toys on the floor when they had finished using them. The students had laid their composition on the teachers desk before the bell rang. The nurse laid the baby in crib. TO SIT : ngi - To sit in : ngi trong, ngi . - To sit on : ngi trn. - To sit down : ngi xung. V d: We are going to sit in the fifth row at the opera. Bullfight fans sit in the shade because it is cool. Because the weather was nice, we sat on the patio. After swimming, Bob sat on the beach to dry off. Nobody has sat through as many boring lectures as Peter has. They have sat in the same position for 2 hours. L : Khng nh m l n ng t n y v to seat ( c s c ch a, c ch ngi) u c i V d: This studium can seat 100.000 people.
TO SET : t ( tng ng v to put). i L : ng t n y r t d l n pht m vi simple past ca to sit ( sat). u V d: The little girl helps her father (to) set the table every night. The carpenters set their tools in the box at noon and go to lunch. The botanist set her plants in the sun so that they would grow. After carrying her son from the car, the mother set him in his crib. Dont set the chocolate near the oven or it will melt. No sooner had they set the roast in the oven, than the electricity went out. Mt s th nh ng d vi cc ng t n y. ng To lay off (workers, employees) - Dn th cho ngh b cho tm ngh . , t, To set (broken bone) in : b xng g y v o trong ... To set ones arlam for + time: ng h bo th c v o lc. V d: I set my alarm for 6 am everyday. To set fire to (smth) : l m chy. V d: While playing with matches, the children set fired to the sofa. To raise ( plants, animals) for a living: Trng c y, nui gia sc ki m sng. V d : That farmer raises chickens for a living.
41. Mt s ng t c bi t khc.
Agree to do smth ( ng l m g ) Agree to smbs doing smth (ng v vi c l m g ca ai). i V d: He agrees to my leaving early tomorrow morning. Mean to do smth: c nh l m g . V d: I mean to get to the top of the mount before sunrise. It means doing smth: bao gm c vi c l m g . V d: He is determined to get ticket for Saturdays game if it means standing in the line all night. Propose to do smth: c nh l m g . V d: I propose to start tomorrow. Propose doing smth: ngh l m g . V d: I proposed waiting until the police came.
Go on doing smth: Ti p tc l m vi c g ( ang b b d) V d: He goes on talking about his accident. Go on to do smth: Ti p tc l m g (v n c mt ch nhng chuy n sang mt kh a cnh ng khc). V d: He goes on to tell about his accident on the trip. He shows the position of the Island on the map and goes on to talk about its climate. Try to do smth: c g ng l m g . V d: He tries to improve his English. Try doing smth : th l m g . V d: They try putting wise netting all around the garden to stop entering of the livestock.
Phn II
Ting Anh vit.

I. Cc li thng g p trong ti ng Anh vi t.
Ti ng Anh vi t khc v ti ng Anh ni m c i hi ng php v s dng t vng mt cch i ch t ch to th nh ti ng Anh quy chu n (Formal written English).
42. S ho h ca thi ng t. p
Trong mt c u ti ng Anh c 2 th nh ph n th thi ca ng t 2 th nh ph n phi ho h v p i nhau. Thi ca ng t m nh ch nh s quy t nh thi ca m nh ph. MAIN CLAUSE Simple present DEPENDENT CLAUSE Present progressive
H nh ng ca m nh ph xy ra song song v h nh ng ca m nh ch nh. i V d: I see that Harriet is writing her composition. Do you know who is riding the bicycle?
Simple present
Will/ can/ may + verb be going to
H nh ng ca m nh ph xy ra sau h nh ng ca m nh ch nh trong mt tng lai khng xc nh ( ho c tng lai g n). V du:
He says that he will look for a job next month. I know that she is going to win that prize. Mary says that she can play the piano.
Simple present Simple past
H nh ng ca m nh ph xy ra tr h nh ng ca m nh ch nh trong mt qu kh c c xc nh c th v m t thi gian. V d: I hope that he arrived safely. They think he was here last night. Simple present Present perfect (progressive)
H nh ng ca m nh ph xy ra tr h nh ng ca m nh ch nh trong mt qu kh c khng xc nh c th v m t thi gian. V d: He tells us that he has been to the mountains before. We know that you have spoken with Mike about the party. Simple past Past progressive Simple past
H nh ng ca m nh ph xy ra song song v h nh ng ca m nh ch nh. i V d: I gave the package to my sister when she visited us last week. Mike visited the Prado Art Musium while he was studying in Madrid. Simple past Would / could / might + verb
H nh ng ca m nh ph xy ra sau h nh ng ca m nh ch nh. V d: He said that he would look for a job next month. Mary said that she could play the piano. Simple past Past perfect
H nh ng ca m nh ph xy ra tr h nh ng ca m nh ch nh l s u v o trong qu c i kh . V d: I hoped he had arrived safely. They thought he had been here last night.
43. Cch s dng to say, to tell.

N u khng c mt t n ng n o m n lin t that ngay th phi d ng t to say. ng Subject + say + (that) + subject + verb ... Nhng n u c mt t n ng gin ti p ri m n lin t that th phi d to tell. i ng
Subject + tell + inderect object + (that) + subjct + verb ... V d: He tells me that he will be very busy today. Tuy nhin ng sau ng t to tell c n c mt s t n ng trc ti p d trong b t c t nh hung n o. a story a joke a secret a lie (lies) the truth (the) time
Tell
44. T i tr gi thi u c i
Trong mt c u c 2 th nh ph n n u mt trong 2 th nh ph n c d n i t nh n xng d ng l b t c loi i t n o th m nh c n li phi c mt danh t gi thi u cho n. Danh t gi i i thi u phi h v i t v ging ( c, ci), s ( t nhi u). p i Ch ph p c mt danh t i gi thi u cho i t, n u c 2 s g y nn nh m l n. c i Cc v d v i t khng c ti n s: C u sai: Henry was denied admission to graduate school because they did not believe that he could handle the work load. (Trong c u n y i t nh n xng they khng c ti n s trong c u. Graduate school l mt n v s t, v cc th nh vin trong khoa ca n khng c p t c i.) C u ng: The members of the admissions committee denied Henry admission to graduate school bexause they did not believe that he could handle the work load. (Trong c u n y, they m ch cc th nh vin ca u ban.) Ho c l Henry was denied admission to graduate school because the members of the admissions committee did not believe that he could handle the work load. C u sai : George dislikes politics because he believes that they are corrupt. (i t they khng c ti n s trong c u n y. Politics l s it, v v y they khng th m ch t n.) i C u ng: George dislikes politics because he believes that politicians are corrupt. Ho c l George dislikes pliticians because he believes that they are corrupt. Cc v d v i t c ti n s khng r rng: C u sai : Mr. Brown told Mr. Adams that he would have to work all night in order to finish the report. (Khng r r ng l he m ch t Mr. Brown hay Mr. Adams.) i C u ng : According to Mr.Brown, Mr. Adams will have to work all night in order to finish the report.
Ho c l Mr. Brown said that, in order to finish the report, Mr. Adams would have to work all night. C u sai : Janet visited her friend every day while she was on vacation. (i t she c th m ch t c Janet l n bn ca c y) i C u ng : While Janet was on vacation, she visited her friend every day.
45. i t nh n xng one v you

C 2 i t n y u mang ngh a ngi ta nhng cch s dng khc nhau. - N u trn d t i t one th cc i t tng ng d cng phi l one, ones ho c he, ng i i his. V d: If one takes this exam without studying, one is likely to fail. If one takes this exam without studying, he is likely to fail. One should always do ones homework. One should always do his homework. Mt s ngi c n th n trnh ph n bi t nam n d he ho c she ( his ho c her) nhng i u ng l khng c n thi t. N u trn s dng i t you th cc i t tng ng d phi l you ho c your. i you + (verb) ... your
You + verb... +
V d: If you take this exam without studying, you are likely to fail. You should always do your homework.
Tuy t i khng d one v you l n ln. c ng Cc v d v c u sai:

If one takes this exam without studying, you are likely to fail.
Ngi th 3 Ngi th 2
If one takes this exam without studying, they are likely to fail.
S t S nhi u
Cc v d b tr cho c 2 dng: One should never tell his secrets to a gossip if he wishes them to remain secret. You should always look both ways before you cross the street. If ones knowledge of English is complete, he will be able to pass TOEFL. If you do not want your test scores reported, you must request that they be canceled. One should always remember his family.
46. Cch s dng ph n t m u cho m nh ph

Trong mt c u ti ng Anh c 2 th nh ph n chung mt ch ng ngi ta c th s dng: ph n t 1 (Verbing) m u cho m nh ph cho 2 h nh ng xy ra song song, ho c ph n t 2 m u cho m nh ph (ch b ng), ho c ng t nguyn th m u cho m nh ph ( ch mc ch) v
ng danh t ho c ng gi t m u cho m nh ph ch s tng ng. i L : Khi s dng loi c u n y c n h t s c lu r ng ch ng ca m nh ch nh ng thi u cng l ch ng ca m nh ph. V d: Incorrect: After jumping out of a boat, the shark bit the man. (Ta hi u ch ng th t ca ng t jumping l the man; nh v y, ngay sau d u ph y ta phi c p t the man.) i Correct : After jumping out of the boat, the man was bitten by a shark.
46.1 V+ing m u m nh ph
Thng thng c 5 gi t m u cho m nh ph ng tr Ving l : i c By : b ng cch, bi after, upon : sau khi before : tr khi c while : trong khi when : khi V d: After preparing the dinner, Michelle will read a book. = After Michelle finishes preparing the dinner, he will read a book. By working a ten-hour day four days, we can have a long weekend. Because we work a ten-hour day four days, we can have a long weekend. While reviewing for the test, Marcia realised that she had forgotten to study the use of participal phrases. = While Marcia was reviewing for the test, she realised that she had forgotten to study the use of participal phrases. N u being ho c having m u c u ph th ng tr chng n gi t because. c i V d: Having a terrible toothache, Felipe had to call his dentist for an appointment. = Because Felipe had a terrible toothache, he had to call his dentist for an appointment. N u mun d ph nh t not tr verbing sau gi t (xem cng th c). ng c i (Preposition) + (not ) +[verb + ing] ... + noun +verb ...
Nn nh r ng thi ca h nh ng m nh ch nh s quy t nh thi ca h nh ng m nh ph. Hai h nh ng xy ra song song c mt lc (cng th c trn). ng V d: Hi n ti: Practicing her swing everyday, Tricia hopes to get a job as a golf instructor. Qu kh : Having a terrible toothache, Felipe called the dentist for an appointment. Tng lai : Finishing the letter later tonight, Sally will mail it tomorrow morning. Trong trng h h nh ng ca m nh ch nh l n m nh ph u xy ra qu kh m p h nh ng ca m nh ph xy ra tr h nh ng ca m nh ch nh th cng th c s l : c (not) + having + P2 ..., Subject + simple past ng tr c n 2 gi t because v after, vi c hi u 2 gi t n y tu thuc v o ng cnh ca c u. c i i V d: Having finished their supper, the boys went out to play. (After the boys had finihed their supper, they went out to play.) Having written his composition, Louie handed it to his teacher. (After Louie had written his composition, he handed it to his teacher.) Not having read the book, she could not answer the question. (Because she had not read the book, she could not answer the question.) N u h nh ng ca m nh ph th b ng th cng th c s l : (not) + having been + P2 ..., Subject +simple past V d: Having been notified by the court, Melissa reported for jury duty. (After Melissa had been notified, she reported for jury duty.) Having been delayed by the snowstorm, Jason and I missed our connecting flight. (After we had been delayed by the snowstorm, we missed the connecting flight.) Not having been notified of the change in meeting times, George arrived late. (Because George had not been notified of the change in meeting times, he arrived late.)
46.2 Ph n t 2 m u m nh ph ch b ng
Xu t pht t c u trc trn ( th b ng ) ngi ta b having been i v ch gi li Past participle (P2) Incorrect : Found in Tanzania by Mary Leaky, some archaeologists estimated that the three million year old fossils were the oldest human remains to be discovered. Correct : Found in Tanzania by Mary Leaky, the three million year old fossils were estimated to be the oldest human remains to be discovered. Incorrect : Attacked by an angry mob, the gashes in the boys throat were life-threatening. (Lu r ng attacked c c ngh a v having been attacked. Ch ng thc ca ng t ng i attacked l the boy; v v y, vi c m ch t n phi xu t hi n ngay sau d u ph y.) i Correct : Attacked by an angry mob, the boy suffered life-threatening gashes in his throat.
46.3 ng t nguyn th ch mc ch m u cho m nh ph

V d: Incorrect : To prevent cavities, dental floss should be used daily after brushing ones teeth. Correct : To prevent cavities, one should use dental floss daily after brushing ones teeth.
46.4 Ng danh t ho c ng gi t m u m nh ph ch s t i ng ng.

V d: Incorrect : A competitive sport, gymnast has to perform before a panel of judges who use their knowledge to determine which participant will win. Correct : In a competitive sport, gymnast has to perform before a panel of judges who use their knowledge to determine which participant will win. i u c n lu nh t khi s dng loi m u c u n y l ch ng ca m nh ch nh phi l ch ng ca m nh ph.
47. Ph n t d l m t nh t ng
47.1 D ph n t 1 lm t nh t ng
Ph n t 1 d l m t nh t khi n p ng y cc i u ki n sau: c ng ng ngay tr danh t m n b ngh a. c ng t khng i hi mt t n ng n o (ni ng t). H nh ng phi th ch ng H nh ng ang th ti p di n.
47.2 D ph n t 2 lm t nh t ng
Ph n t 2 d l m t nh t khi n p ng y nhng i u ki n sau: c ng ng ngay tr danh t m n b ngh a c H nh ng phi th b ng
H nh ng phi xy ra tr h nh ng ca m nh ch nh. c ng L : Mt s cc ng t nh to interest, to bore, excited v frighten. Khi d phi c n th n xem u h nh ng ch ng hay b ng.
48. Tha (redundancy)

Mt c u trong thng tin trong c u l p li m khng c n thi t gi l tha. Sau y c c l mt s cm t tha m ta c n bi t trnh s dng. Advance forward Proceed forward Progress forward return back revert back sufficent enough advance, proceed, v progress t t c ngh a l ti n ln ph a tr V c. v y, forward l khng c n thi t (tha) return v revert ngh a l tr v ho c tr li v v y back l khng c n thi t (tha) cc t n y l ng ngh a. Nn s dng 1 trong 2.
compete together reason ... because Join together. Repeat again new innovations matinee performance same identical
Bn th n t compete ngh a l tham gia v o cuc thi u v nhng i ngi khc Cc t n y ch ra c 1 v n . M u chu n l reason... that. ng Join c ngh a l em li cho nhau, st cnh bn nhau, hay tr th nh 1 b ph n hay th nh vin ca .... nn together y l tha. Bn th n repeat c ngh a l ni li l n na, (re - lun c ngh a l again) nn y tha again. Bn th n innovation c ngh a l 1 tng m 1 sng ki n m i, i matinee ngh a l bu i bi u di n ban chi u. Nn performance l tha. Cc t n y ng ngh a.
two twins Twins ngh a l hai anh em hay 2 ch em the time when the place wherre Ngi Anh khng ni the time when m ch d 1 trong 2. ng V d: It is the time you must leave. Ngi Anh khng ni the place where m ch d 1 trong 2. ng V d: It is the place I was born.
Mt s v d: The army advanced after the big battle. Hay The army moved forward after the big battle. The peace talks advanced. Hay The peace talks progressed. We have sufficent money to buy the new dress. They have enough time to eat a sandwich before going to work. The teacher proceeded to explain the lesson. John and his brother are competing in the running games. The teacher asked us to join the students who were cleaning the room. Mary repeated the question slowly so that Jim would understand. Besides the two evening showings, there will also be a matinee. The reason I want to take that class is that the professor is supposed to be very eloquent. (L do ti tham d v o l hc l ng gio s r t c t i h bi n.) p ng This is where I left him. That was the time I hit a home run.
49. C u trc c u song song

Khi thng tin trong mt c u a ra d dng li t k ra h ng lot th cc th nh ph n li t k c i c phi tng ng v nhau v m t ng php (danh - danh, t nh t - t nh t). i Nn nh r ng thng thng th th nh ph n u tin sau ng t s quy t nh cc th nh ph n c n li. Tuy nhin n u thi gian trong c u khc nhau th cc h nh ng trong c u phi theo quy lu t thi gian v nguyn t c song song khng p dng. c V d: She is a senior, studies every day, and will graduate a semester early.
50. Th ng tin trc ti p v th ng tin gin ti p

50.1 C u trc ti p v c u gin ti p
Trong c u trc ti p thng tin i t ngi th nh t n ngi th 2. V d: He said I bought a new motorbike for myself yesterday C n trong c u gin ti p, thng tin i t ngi th nh t qua ngi th 2 v n ngi th 3. Do v y c s bi n i v m t ng php. V d: He said he had bought a new motorbike for myself the day before.
50.2 Ph ng php chuy n i t c u trc ti p sang c u gin ti p

Khi chuy n i t c u trc ti p sang c u gin ti p c n phi: Ph b ngo c k p, chuy n i to n b cc i t nh n xng theo ngi ch ng th nh t sang i t nh n xng ngi th 3. L ng t v th 2 xung 1 c p so v m c ban u (l v thi). i i i Chuy n i t t c cc i t ch th , ph t ch thi gian theo bng quy nh. B ng i ng t DIRECT SPEECH Simple present Present progressive Present perfect (Progressive) Simple past will /shall Can / may INDIRECT SPEECH Simple past Past progressive Past perfect (Progressive) Past perfect would / should Could / might
Bng i cc loi t khc. This, these here, overhere today yesterday the day before yesterday tomorrow the day after tomorrow next + thi gian (week, year ...) last + thi gian (week, year ...) thi gian + ago That, those there, overthere that day the day before two days before the following day/ the next day in two days time the following + thi gian (week, year...) the privious + thi gain (week, year...) thi gian + before/ the privious +thi gian
- N u l ni v thu t li xy ra trong c mt ng y th khng c n phi i thi gian. ng V d: At breakfast this morning he said I will be very busy today At breakfast this morning he said he would be very busy today. - Vi c i u ch nh logic t t nhin l c n thi t n u li ni thu t li sau 1 ho c 2 ng y. c V d: th 2 Jack ni v Tom: i Im leaving the day after tomorrow. (t c l th 4 Jack s ri i) N u Tom thu t li li ni ca Jack v o ng y hm sau (t c l th 3) th Tom s ni: Jack said he was leaving tomorrow. N u Tom thu t li li ni ca Jack v o ng y ti p theo (ng y th 4) th Tom s ni: Jack said he was leaving today.
50.3 ng t v t n ng trc ti p v t n ng gin ti p. i

Trong ti ng Anh c nhng loi ng t (trong bng sau)c 2 t n ng v ng thi cng c 2 cch d ng. Bring build buy cut draw feed find get give hand leave lend make offer owe paint pass pay promiss read sell send show teach
tell
write
- Cch d gin ti p t t n ng trc ti p sau ng t ri n gi t for, to v t n ng gin ng i ti p (cng th c sau.) for Subject + verb + t n ng trc ti p + to - Cch d trc ti p t t n ng gin ti p ngay sau ng t v sau n t n ng trc ti p, ng gi t to v for m t i, cng th c sau: i + t n ng gin ti p
Subject + verb + t n ng gin ti p + t n ng gin ti p - N u c 2 t n ng u l i t nh n xng th khng d cng th c trc ti p (t c l cng c ng th c th nh t s dng). c V d: Correct : They gave it to us. Incorrect: They gave us it. - ng t to introduce v to mention khng bao gi d cng th c trc ti p m phi d cng c ng ng th c gin ti p. To introduce sb/smth to sb to mention smth to sb Mt s th d b tr John gave the essay to his teacher. John gave his teacher the essay. The little boy brought some flowers for his grandmother. The little boy brought his grandmother some flowers. I fixed a drink for Maria. I fixed Maria a drink. He drew a picture for his mother. He drew his mother a picture. He lent his car to his bother. He lent his brother his car. We owe several thousand dollars to the bank. We owe the bank several thousand dollars.
51. Ph t o ln u c u
Trong ti ng Anh c nhng trng h ph t khng ng v tr b nh thng ca n m o ln p ng u c u nh m nh n mnh v o h nh ng ca ch ng. Trong trng h ng php c thay i, ng sau ph t ng u c u l tr ng t ri m p i n ch ng v ng t ch nh (cng th c sau).
hardly rarely seldom never only ...
+ auxiliary + subject + verb ...
V d : Never have so many people been unemployed as today.

Ph t tr ng t ch ng ng t
(so many people have never been unemployed as today.) Hardly had he fallen asleep when he began to dream of far-away lands.
Ph t t t ch ng ng t
(He had hardly fallen asleep when he dream of far-away lands.) Rarely have
Ph t
we
seen such an effective actor as he has proven.
tr ng t ch ng ng t
(we have rarely seen such an effective actor as he has proven.) Seldom does the class let out early.
Ph t tr ng t ch ng ng t
Only by hard work will

Ph t
we
be able to accomplish this great task.
tr ng t ch ng ng t
(We will be able to accomplish this great task only by hard work.)
Mt s cc ph t c bi t ng u c u IN/ UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES : D trong ho n cnh n o cng khng. V d: In / under no circumstances should you lend him the money. (d trong b t c trng h n o anh cng khng nn cho n vay ti n.) p ON NO ACCOUNT : D b t c l do n o cng khng. V d: On no account must this switch be toughed. (d v b t c l do n o anh cng khng ng v o c m n y) i c SO + ADJ + AUXILIARY + S + V + THAT. .... n ni m .... V d: So difficult did she get a job that she had to stay home for an year. So sure of this were the owners that they provided lifeboats for only 950 of its possible 3,500 passengers. (Nhng ngi ch ca con t u qu tin tng n ni m h ch trang b xung c u m cho 950 trong s 3,500 h nh khch m con t u c th ti - ch ch trong b i c v t u Tic tanic). (C y ki m vi c l m mt cch kh khn n ni c y phi ngi nh 1 nm tri) c ONLY IN THIS WAY : Ch c b ng cch n y. V d: Only in this way could you solve the problem.
(Ch c b ng cch n y th c u m gii v n hc ba n y.) i c NAGATIVE, ... , NOR + AUXILIARY + S + V.... ( ... m cng ch ng/ m cng khng ...) V d: He didnt have any money, nor did he know anybody from whom he could borrow. ( N ch ng c n ng n o c m n cng ch ng bi t ai m n c th hi vay.)
52. Cch chn nh ng c u tr li ng.

Mt trong 2 b i thi ng php ca TOEFL a ra d dng mt c u cho s n c n b d v d c i i l 4 c u i n v o. Trong 4 c u ch c 1 c u ng. chn c u ng ta c c n ti n h nh cc b sau: c 1. Phi ki m tra cc li ng php, bao gm: a- S ho h gia ch ng v ng t. p b- Vi c s dng cc t nh t v ph t. c- V tr ca cc b ng theo th t: + ch phng th c h nh ng + ch a i m + ch thi gian + ch phng ti n h nh ng + ho n cnh h nh ng. d- S phi h gia cc th ca ng t. p e- Xem x t vi c s dng h l cc i t. p f- C u trc c u song song. 2. Phi loi b nhng c u tr li mang t nh rm r a- Phi loi b nhng c u tr li bao gm 1 th nh ng tuy khng sai nhng d i, trong khi li c 1 t khc ng n hn thay th . Nhng lu r ng c nhng ph t khng c h nh th c ui ly ho c n u c s mang ngh a khc, nn phi d theo cch : mt cm th nh ng ( nhng t nh t c ui ly) ng V d: Freshly khc v in a fresh mener (ti). i Minh ho This food is only delicious when eaten in a fresh mener (khi n ti). He had a dozen fresh-laid egges (tr ng va m ) i b- Phi trnh nhng c u tr li c 2 t mang c mt ngh a (Redundancy) ng 3. Phi trnh nhng c u tr li c nhng t vng khng kh v ngh a ca c u. c bi t l cc p i ng ng t. 4. Trnh nhng c u tr li c ti ng lng.
53. Nh ng t d g y nh m l n
l nhng t r t d g y nh m l n v m t ng ngh a, ch nh t ho c cch pht m. ANGEL (n) : Thin th n. ANGLE (n) : Gc. CITE (v) : Tr ch d n. In her term paper, Janis had to cite many references.
SITE (n) : Khu t ( x y dng). The corner of North Main and Mimosa Streets will be the site of the new shopping center. SIGHT (n) : 1- Khe ng m, t m ng m. Through the sight of the rifle, the soldier spotted the enemy. (n) 2- cnh t Whatching the landing of the spaces capsule was a pleasant sight. ng. (v) 3- Th y, quan st th y We sighted a ship in the bay. COSTUME (n) Qu n o, trang phc l hi. V d: It is a custom in Western Europe for little boys to wear shorts pants to school. DECENT (adj) : 1- ng n, t ch nh. 2- tm t t, tt V d: When one appears in court, one must wear decent clothing. DESCENT (n) : 1- leo xung, tro xung. V d: The mountain climbers found their descent more hazardous than their ascent. 2- ngun gc, d ng di. V d: Vladimir is of Russian descent. DESSERT (n) : Mn trng mi ng. V d: We had apple pie for dessert last night. DESERT (n) : sa mc. V d: It is difficult to live in the desert without water. DESERT (v) : b, b m c. V d: After deserting the post, the soldier ran away from the camp. LATER (adv) : sau , sau y, ri th (thng d v c u tng lai). ng i Ng ngh a v n l earlier ( d simple past). c i c ng V d: We went to the movies and later had ice cream at Dairy Isle. THE LATTER >< THE FORMER Ci th 2, ngi th 2 >< ci th nh t, ngi th nh t. V d: Germany and England both developed dirigibles for use during World war II, the latter primarily for coastal reconnaissance. (latter = England). LOOSE (adj) : lng >< tight : ch t V d: after dieting, Marcy found that her clothes had become so loose that she had to buy a new wardrobe. LOSE (v) : 1- nh m t, th t lc.
V d: Mary lost her glasses last week. 2- thua, th t bi. V d: If Harry doesnt practice his tennis more, he may lose the match. Passed (v - qu kh ca pass) : 1- tri qua, qua i. V d: Five hours passed before the jury reached its verdict. 2- i qua, i ngang qua. V d: While we were sitting in the park, several of our friends passed us. 3- th nh cng, v qua t c. V d: The students are happy that they passed their exams. PAST (adj) : 1- qua, d vng. V d: This past week has been very hectic for the students returning to the university. 2- tr y. c V d: In the past, he had been a cook, a teacher, and a historian. PEACE (n) : ho b nh, s tr t t, s yn n, s yn l ng, s thanh b nh. V d: Peace was restored to the community after a week of rioting. PIECE (n) : Mt m u, 1 mnh. V d: Heidi ate a piece of chocolate cake for dessert. PRINCIPAL (n) : 1- hi u trng (trng ti u hc v trung hc). V d: The principal called a faculty meeting. (adj) 2- ch nh, ch y u. V d: An anthropologist, who had worked with the indigenous tribes in Australia, was the principal speaker at Fridays luncheon. PRINCIPLE (n) : Nguyn t c, lu t l . V d: Mr. Connors is a man who believes that truthfulness is the best principle. QUIET (adj) : yn ng, yn , im l ng,t nh m ch. V d:
The night was so quiet that you could hear the breeze blowing. QUITE (adv) : 1- ho n to n. V d: Louise is quite capable of taking over the household chores while her mother is away. 2- hi, mt cht. V d: He was quite tired after his first day of classes. QUIT (v) : dng. V d: Herman quit smoking on his doctors advice. STATIONARY (adj) : c nh, khng di chuy n, t nh ti. V d: The weatherman said that the warm front would be stationary for several days. STATIONERY (n) : Gi y vi t c bi t, vn ph ng ph m. V d: Lucille used only monogrammed stationary for correspondence. THAN (lin t) : s dng trong c u so snh hn. c V d: Todays weather is better than yesterdays. THEN (adj) : sau ( d sau 1 thi i m c p). c ng c V d: First, Julie filled out her schedule; then, she paid her fees. THEIR (adj) : t nh t s hu s nhi u. V d: Their team scored the most points during the game. THERE (adv) : 1- , ng kia. V d: Look over there between the trees. 2- s dng v be ch ra s hi n di n, s c m t, s tn ti. c i V d: There is a book on the teachers desk. THEYRE ( i t + ng t): vi t t t ca they are. V d: Theyre leaving on the noon flight to Zurich. TO (gi t) : i t cho t t t n lc. i i, i, i V d: Go to the blackboard and write out the equation. TWO (n ho c adj) - hai. V d: Two theories have been proposed to explain that incident.
TOO (adv) 1- qu. V d: This morning was too cold for the children go to swimming. 2- cng, cng v y. V d: Jane went to the movie, and we did too. WEATHER (n): thi ti t. V d: Our flight was delayed because of bad weather. WHETHER (lin t): nn chng (ch ra 1 la chn). V d: Because of gas shortage, we do not know whether we will go away for our vacation or stay home. WHOSE ( i t) - t nh t hay i t quan h s hu. V d: The person whose name is drawn first will win the grand prize. WHOS ( i t quan h + ng t) : vi t t t ca who + is ho c who + has. V d: Whos (who is) your new biology professor ? Scott is the attorney whos (who has) been reviewing this case. YOUR (adj) - s hu ca you. V d: We are all happy about your accepting the position with the company in Baltimore. YOURE ( i t + ng t) - Vi t t t ca you + are. V d: Youre going to enjoy the panorama from the top of the hill. Cc t c i m ging nhau d nh m l n. ACCEPT (v) : ch p nh n. V d: Professor Perez will accept the chairmanship of the humanities department. EXCEPT (gt) : ngoi tr (1 v t hay 1 ngi). V d: Everyone is going to the convention exept Bob. ACCESS (n) : s n c, cch truy c p v o. V d: The teacher had no access to the studentsfiles, which were locked in the principals office. EXCESS (adj) : 1- di d o, phong ph, d tha. We paid a surcharge on our excess baggage. (n) 2- L b xung, ph. ng
V d: The demand for funds was in excess of the actual need. ADVICE (n) : li khuyn, t v n. V d: If you heed the teachers advice, you will do well in your studies. ADVISE (v) : a ra li khuyn, ho c t v n. The Congress advised the president against signing the treaty at that time. AFFECT (v) : Tc ng. V d: The doctors wanted to see how the medication would affect the patient. EFFECT (n) : 1- K t qu ho c h u qu. V d: The children suffered no ill effects from their long plane ride. (v) 2- To hi u qu. V d: To effect a change in city government we must all vote on Tuesday. Again (adv): 1 l n na, l p li ( 1 h nh ng). V d: Mike wrote to the publishers again, inquiring about his manuscript. AGAINST (gi t) : i 1- chng li, phn i ai ho c ci g . V d: The athletic director was against our dancing in the new gym. 2- k bn, bn cnh. V d: The boy standing against the piano is my cousin Bill. ALREADY (adv) : s n s ng. V d: Jans plane had already landed before we got to the airport. ALL READY (noun + adj): ch n b s n s ng l m g . V d: We are all ready to go boating. AMONG (gi t): Ch ra mi quan h trong (ho c s la chn t) 3 hay nhi u ngi (nhi u v t) i trong s. V d: It was difficult to select a winner from among so many contestants. BETWEEN (gi t) : ch ra mi quan h (s la chn) gia 2 thc th . i V d: Between writing her book and teaching, Mary Ellen had litte time for anything else.
Lu : c u trc between ... and cng c th d ch v tr ch nh xc ca 1 quc gia c ng n m gia cc quc gia khc. V d: Vi tnam lies between China, laos and cambodia. BESIDE (gi t) : bn cnh . i V d: There is a small table beside the bed. BESIDES (gi t ho c ph t): ngo i ra, cng, hn na. i V d: I have five history books here besides the four that I left at home. ASIDE (adv) : t sang 1 bn. V d: Harry sets money aside every payday for his daughters education. COMPARE (V) + WITH: so v ( ch ra s ging nhau, s tng ng). i V d: Sue compared her new school with the last one she had attended. CONTRAST (V) + WITH: ch ra s tng phn (khc nhau). V d: In her composition, Marta chose to contrast life in a big city with that of a small town. CONSECUTIVE (adj) : Lin tc ( khng c t nh ng t qung). V d: Today is the tenth consecutive day of unbearable heat wave. SUCCESSIVE (adj) : lin tc (c t nh ng t qung). V d: The United States won gold medals in two successive Olympic Games. CONSIDERABLE (adj): ng k . V d: Even thought Marge had considerable experience in the field, she was not hired for the job. CONSIDERATE (adj): l ch s, n c n, chu o, hay quan t m t ngi khc. i V d: It was very considerate of Harry to send his hostess a bouquet of flowers. CREDIBLE (adj) : c th tin c. V d: His explanation of the rescue at sea seemed credible. CREDITABLE (adj) : v vang, ng ca ng ng khen. i, V d: The firemans daring rescue of those trapped in the burning was a creditable deed. Vi c ngi l nh c u ho dm xng v o c u nhng ngi b nht trong m chy l vi c l m ng khen ng i.
CREDULOUS (adj): c tin, nh da. V d: Rita is so credulous that she will accept any excuse you offer. DETRACT (v) : l m gim (gi tr , uy t n). V d: Mollys nervousness detracted from her singing. DISTRACT (v) : l m lng qun, l m m t t p trung. V d: Please dont distract your father while he is balancing the chequebook. DEVICE (n): mt pht minh hay 1 k hoch, thi t b , dng c, my mc. V d: This is a clever device for cleaning fish without getting pinched by the scales. DEVISE (v) : ngh ra, sng ch ra. V d: The general devised a plan for attacking the enemy camp at night while the soldiers were celebrating. ELICIT (v) : rt ra, moi ra, thu hi li, rt li V d: The prosecutors barrage of questions finally elicited the truth from the witness. ILLICIT (adj) : b t h php. p V d: The politicians illicit dealings with organized crime caused him to lose his government position. EMIGRANT (n) : ngi di c ( ng t l Emigrate from : di c t). V d: After world war II, many emigrants left Europe to go to the United States. IMMIGRANT (n) : ngi nh p c ( ng t l Immigrate into ). V d: The United States is a country composed of immigrants. EXAMPLE (n) : th d, d n ch ng. V d: Picassos Guermica is an excellent example of expressionism in art. SAMPLE (n) : m u. V d: My niece loves to go to supermarket because the dairy lady always gives her a sample of cheese. FORMERLY (adv) : tr y. c V d: He formerly worked as a professor, but now he is a physicist. FORMALLY (adj) 1- t ch nh (n m c). V d: At the resort we were required to dress formally for dinner every night. ni ng ngi ngi ta yu c u chng ti n m c ch nh t v o t t c cc ba n ti.
2- ch nh th c. V d: She has formally requested a name change. HARD (adj): 1- kh. V d: The test was so hard that nobody passed. 2- c ng. V d: The stadiums seats were hard, so we rented a cushion. 3- (ph t) chm ch , r t n lc. V d: They worked hard on the project. HARDLY (adv) : h u nh khng. V d: He had so much work to do after the vacation that he hardly knew where to begin. HELPLESS (adj) : V vng, tuy t vng. I could not speak their language, I felt helpless trying to understand the tourists plight. USELESS (adj) : v dng. An umbrella is useless in a hurricane. s tr nn v dng trong tr n bo. HOUSE (n) v Home (n) : nhi u khi s dng l n ln, nhng c s khc bi t v ng ngh a. c 1- House m ch t to nh ho c cng tr nh ki n trc. i The Chapmans are building a new house in Buckingham Estates. 2- Home m ch t b u khng kh trong ngi nh . Home l ni tri tim . i IMAGINARY (adj): Tng t khng c th t. ng, Since Ralph has no brother or sisters, he has created an imaginary playmate. IMAGINATIVE (adj) : phong ph tr tng t gi u tr tng t ng, ng. Star Wars was created by an highly imaginatve writer. IMMORTAL (adj) : b t t. The immortal works of Shakespeare are still being read and enjoyed three centuries after their writing. IMMORAL (adj) : tri v lu n thng o l, i bi. i Their immoral behavior in front of the students cost the teachers their jobs. IMPLICIT (adj) : ng m, n t ng, ti m t ng, tuy t i, ho n to n. Our supervisor has implicit faith in our ability to finish the project on time. Ngi gim st d n c ni m tin tuy t i v o kh nng ho n t t d n ng thi hn ca chng ti. EXPLICIT (adj) : r r ng, ch nh xc. The professor gave explicit instructions for carrying out the research project. INDUSTRIAL (adj) : [thuc] cng nghi p. Paul had an industrial accident and wa in the hospital for three months. INDUSTRIOUS (adj): c n c sing nng. , Mark was such an industrious student that he received a four-year scholarship to the university.
INFLICT (v) : k t n, b t phi ch u. Because the prisoners had created a riot and had assaulted several guards, the warden inflicted several punishments on all the participants. AFFLICT (v) : l m s u no, l m au kh . During the Middle Ages, millions of people were afflicted by the plague. (v o thi trung c , h ng tri u ngi b ng b nh v nn d ch.) INSPIRATION (n): cm h ng (sng to, hc t p, khm ph). Thomas A. Edison, inventor of the phonograph, said that an idea was ninety-nine percent perspiration and one percent inspiration. (Thomas A. Edison, nh pht minh ra chi c kn, ni r ng 1 tng l 99% m hi cng s c v ch 1% cm h ng sng to). ASPIRATION (n) : 1- kht vng, nguy n vng. Gails lifelong aspiration has been that of becoming a doctor. 2- s h t th. To pronounce certain words, proper aspiration is necessary. INTELLIGENT (adj) : thng minh. Dan was so intelligent that he received good grades without ever having to study. INTELLIGIBLE (adj) : d d ng, d hi u. The science teachers explanations were so intelligible that students had no problems doing their assignments. INTELLECTUAL (n) : 1- tr th c. Because Fabian is an intellectual, he finds it difficult to associate with his classmates who are less intelligent. 2- (adj): khn ngoan, t i tr , uyn bc. John was involved in an intellectual conversation with his old professor. INTENSE (adj) : mnh, d di, mnh li t. Last winters intense cold almost depleted the natural gas supply. INTENSIVE (adj) : mnh, s u, t p trung. Before going to Mexico, Phil took an intensive course in Spanish. LATE (adj, adv): 1-khng ng gi, mun. Professor Carmichael hates to see his students arrive late. 2- (adj) qu c. Her late husband was the author of that book. LATELY (adv) : g n y. I havent seen Burt lately. He must be extremely busy with his research. LEARN (v) : hc. The new cashier had to learn how to operate the computerised cash register. TEACH (v) : dy. The instructor is teaching us how to program computers. LEND (v) v LOAN (v) : cho vay - c th d l n ng c. Jill loaned (lend) me her red dress to wear to the dance.
BORROW (v) : vay. I borrowed Jills red dress to wear to the dance. LIQUEFY (v) : tan ra, chy ra. The ice cream began to liquefy in the intense heat. LIQUIDATE (v) : tr kh, thanh ton, thanh l. The foreign agent tried to liquidate the traitor before he passed the information to his contacts. LONELY (adj) : c n.. After her husbands death, Debbie was very lonely and withdrawn. Sau ci ch t ca chng, Debbie r t c n v kh t nh. ALONE (adj) : mt m nh. After losing in the Olympic tryouts, Phil asked to be left alone. Near (gi t ho c ph t): g n. i My biology class meets near the Student Union. Nearly (adv): h u h t, g n nh, sut na. We were nearly hit by the speeding car on the turnpike. Chng ti sut na th b mt xe tc cao hc v o trn xa l. Observation (n): s quan st, s theo di. The ancient Egyptians observation of the heavently bodies helped them know when to plant and harvest. Observance (n): s tu n theo, s tu n th, nghi th c, nghi l . There will be numerous parades and displays of the fireworks in observance of Independece Day. Persecute (v) : ng i, h nh h. c Throughout history many people have been persecuted for their religious beliefs. Prosecute (v): truy t. Shoplifters will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law. Preceed (v): ng tr c. Weather Service warnings preceeded the hurricane. Proceed (v): ti p tc (mt cng vi c b b d). After the fire drill, the teacher proceeded to explain the experiment to the physics class. Quantity (n) : s l ( d v danh t khng m ng c ng i c). A large quantity of sand was removed before the archeologists found the prehistoric animal bones. Number (n): s l ( s dng v danh t m ng c i c). A number of artefacts were found at the excavation site. Remember (v) : nh li, nh ngh v . , I do not remember what time he asked me to call. You dont remember, do you? Remind (v) : nh c nh ai, l m cho nh li. Please remind me to call Henry at 7 oclock tonight. Henry reminds me of my uncle. Sensible (adj) : c c phn on tt. When it is raining hard, sensible people stay indoors.
Sensitive (adj) : nh y cm. Stephen cannot be out in the sun very long because he has very sensitive skin and burns easily. Special (adj) : c bi t. Meyers Department Store will have a special sale for their charge customers. Especially (adv) : c bi t. Rita is especially tatented in the fine arts. She has a special talent for playing music by ear. Use (n): p dng, s dng. The salesman said that regular use of fertilizer would ensure a greener, healthier lawn. Usage (n) : cch s dng. Norm Crosbys usage of English vocabulary in his comedy routine is hilarious.
54. Cch s dng gi t. i

Vi c s dng gi t l r t kh v h u h t cc khi ni m v gi t u c nhng ngoi l . Cch i i tt nh t hc chng l minh ho b ng h nh nh xem chng thc hi n ch c nng nh th n o so v cc gi t khc v hc nhng ng dng chung nh t nh v nhng th nh ng s dng cc i i gi t khc nhau. i S d y s em li cho bn 1 ni m chung v cch s dng gi t. Tuy nhin, n khng gip i i bn hi u nhng th nh ng ch a gi t nh t nh. i v nhng th nh ng m t n khng ni c i i ln ngh a ca n th ngh a ca n s phi hc thuc. Nghin c u cc c u v d hi u ngh a ca mi th nh ng. Cc gi t v th nh ng n y r t quan trng trong t t c cc ph n ca TOEFL. i
Above, over on to through into out of by

Below, under
from
54.1 During - trong sut (hnh ng xy ra trong mt qu thi gian) ng

during for + time (ch trng thi). V d: During our vacation, we visited many relatives across the country. During the summer, we do not have to study.
54.2 From (t) >< to ( n).

D cho thi gian v a i m. ng From a time to a time a place a place He lived in Germany from 1972 to 1978. We drove from Atlanta to New York in one day.
From time to time : th nh thong, i khi. V d: We visit the art museum from time to time.
54.3 Out of (ra khi) >< into (di vo)

be (run) out of + danh t : h t, khng c n. be out of town : i v ng. Mr. Adams cannot see you this week because he is out of town. be out of date (c, li thi) >< be up to date (m c p nh t, h thi) i, p Dont use that dictionary. It is out of date. Find one that is up to date. be out of work : th t nghi p. I have been very unhappy since I have been out of work. be out of the question : khng th c. Your request for an extension of credit is out of the question. be out of order: hng. We had to use our neighbours telephone because ours was out of order.
54.4 by
ng t ch chuy n ng + by = i ngang qua. ng t t nh + by = g n, bn. by + thi gian c th : tr lc. c V d: We usually eat supper by six oclock in the evening. By d trong c u b ng ch ra ch th g y h nh ng. c ng V d: Romeo and Juliet was writen by William Shakespeare. By + phng ti n giao thng (bus/ plane/ train/ car/ ship/ bike). V d: We traveled to Boston by train. By then : tr lc . c V d: I will graduate from the university in 1997. By then, I hope to have found a job. By way of = via : theo ng. V d: We are driving to Atlanta by way of Baton Rouge. By the way : 1- t nh c. V d: By the way, Ive got two tickets for Saturdays game. Would you like to go with me? 2- nh n y, ti n y. By far + t nh t so snh : (d nh n mnh). ng V d: This book is by far the best on the subject. By accident / by mistake : t nh c. >< on purpose (c t nh). V d: Nobody will receive a check on Friday because the wrong cards were put into the computer by accident.
54.5 In ( trong, ti) - ngh a xc nh hn at

In a room/ building/ drawer/ closet : bn trong ... V d: Your socks are in the drawer. In + nm/ thng. V d: His birthday is in April. I will begen class in 1998. In time : ng gi -va v n. V d: We arrived at the airport in time to eat before the plane left. In the street: d l ng ng. i V d: The children were warned not to play in the street. In the morning / afternoon/ evening : v o bu i sng/ bu i chi u/ bu i ti. V d: I have a dental appointment in the morning, but I will be free in the afternoon. In the past/ future: trong qu kh / tng lai. V d: In the past, attendance at school was not compulsory, but it is today. In future : t nay tr i. V d: I will spend much time on learning English in future because the TOEFL test is coming. In the beginning/ end. : thot u/ rt cuc = at first/ at last. V d: Everyone seemed unfriendly in the beginning but in the end everyone made friends. In the way : ch n ngang li, ngay li. V d: He could not park his car in the driveway because another car was in the way. Once in a while : th nh thong, i khi. V d: Once in a while, we eat dinner at Chiness restaurant. In no time at all: trong nhy m t, trong 1 thong. V d: George finishes his assignment in no time at all. In the meantime = meanwhile : trong lc . V d: We start school in several weeks, but in the meantime, we can take a trip. In the middle : gia ( a i m). V d: Grace stood in the middle of the room looking for her friend. In the army/ air force/ navy. Trong qu n i/ trong khng lc/ trong hi qu n. In the + s th t + row : h ng gh th . V d: We are going to sit in the fifteen row of the auditorium. In the event that : trong trng h p. V d: In the event that you win the prize, you will be notified by mail. In case : ph ng khi, ng nh . V d: I will give you the key to the house so you will have it in case I arrive a little late. Be/ get in touch/ contact with : ti p xc, lin lc, g p g v ai. i V d: Its very difficult to get in touch with Jenny because she works all day.
54.6 on
On + th trong tu n/ ng ytrong thng. V d: I will call you on Thursday. His birthday is on February 3. On + a/the + phng ti n giao thng (bus/ plane/ train/ ship/ bike). V d: Its two late to see Jane; shes already on the plane. I came to school this morning on the bus. On a street : ti ph. V d: I lives on 1st Ngc khnh. On + the + s th t + floor: t ng th . V d: My girlfriend lives on the fourth floor of an old building by my house. On time : ng gi (b t ch p ho n cnh bn ngo i). V d: Despite the bad weather, our plane left on time. On the corner (of two street) : gc gia 2 ph. V d: My house is on the corner of Ngc khnh street and Trm c street. p On the corner at the corner in the corner
On the sidewalk : trn v a h. V d: Dont walk in the street, walk on the sidewalk. On the way : trn ng t >< on the way back to: trn ng tr v . i V d: We can stop at the grocery store on the way to their house. On the right/ left : bn tri/ bn phi. V d: Paul sits on the left side of the room and Dave sits on the right. On television/ (the) radio: trn truy n h nh/ trn i pht thanh. V d: The presidents State of the Union Address will be on television and on the radio tonight. On the telephone (on the phone): ni trn i n thoi, gi i n thoi, nh c m c i n thoi. V d: Is your house on the telephone ? - nh c u c m c i n thoi khng? Janet will be here soon; she is on the telephone. On the whole = in general : ni chung. V d: On the whole, the rescue mission was well executed. On the other hand: tuy nhin. on the one hand ... on the other hand : mt m t ... m t khc. V d: The present perfect aspect is never used to indicate a specific time; on the other hand, the simple past tense is. On sale 1- for sale : c bn, bn.
2- bn h gi. V d: The house will go on sale this weekend. The regular price of the radio is $39.95, but today its on sale for $25. On foot: i b. V d: My car would not start so I came on foot.
54.7 at - ti (th ng l bn ngoi, khng xc nh bng in)

V d: Jane is at the bank. At + s nh . V d: George lives at 565 16th Avenue. At + thi gian c th . V d: The class begin at 5:15. At + home/ school/ work : nh / trng/ ang l m vi c. V d: Charles is at work and his roommate is at school. At night, they are usually at home. At + noon/ night: v o ban tra/ v o ban m. at noon (M) : ng 12h tra. At least : ti thi u >< at most : ti a. V d: We will have to spend at least two weeks doing the experiments. At once : ngay l p t c. V d: Please come home at once. At times : thi thong, i khi. V d: At times, it is difficult to understand him because he speaks too fast.
At present/ the moment = now + thi ti p di n. i i L : 2 gi t trn tng ng v presently nhng phi c n th n khi s dng ph t n y v u nhng v tr khc nhau s mang nhng ngh a khc nhau. Sentence + presently : Ngay t c th , ch ng bao l u. V d: She will be here presently : c y s t y ngay b y gi. i Presently + sentence : Ngay sau . V d: Presently he heard her living home. Subject + presently + verb : Hi n nay. V d: She is presently working on her PhD degree. - Hi n nay c y ang l m lu n n ti n s tri t hc. V d: She is studying at the moment. At first : thot u >< at last : v sau. V d: Jane was nervous at first, but later she felt more relaxed.
At the beginning/ at the end of : u/ cui ( d cho a i m/ thi gian). ng Mt s thnh ng c bi t d v gi t. ng i i On the beach: trn bi bi n. V d: We walked on the beach for several hours last night.
In place of = instead of : thay cho, thay v . V d: Sam is going to the meeting in place of his brother, who has to work. L : In place of khng thay th cho instead khi instead i mt m nh ng cui c u. u c V d: She was supposed to come this morning, but she went to the lab instead. For the most part : ch y u. V d: The article discuses, for the most part, the possibility of life in other planets. In hopes of + Ving = hoping to + verb = hoping that + sentence. V d: John called his brother in hopes of finding somebodyto watch his children. Of course : ch c ch n, t t nhin. V d: If you study the material very thoroughly, you will have no trouble on the examination. Off and on : dai d ng, ti hi, tng ch p mt. V d: It rained off and on all day yesterday. All of a sudden: b t th nh l nh. V d: When we were walking through the woods, all of a sudden, we heard a strange sound. For good = for ever : v nh vi n, mi mi. V d: Helen is leaving Chicago for good.
55. Ng ng t.
l nhng ng t k t h v 1,2 ho c i khi 3 gi t. Khi k t h dng nh v y, ng ngh a p i i p ca chng thay i h n so v ngh a ban u. i To break off: ch m d t, c t t, on tuy t. V d: As a result of the recent, unprovoked attack, the two countries broke off their diplomatic relations. To bring up: nu ra, a ra. V d: The country commissioner brought up the heated issue of restricting on-street parking. Call on : 1- yu c u. V d: The teacher called on James to write the equation on the blackboard. 2- gh thm, n thm. V d: The new minister called on each of the families of his church in order to become better acquainted with them. Care for: 1- th ch (take care of). V d: Because Marita doesnt care for dark colors, she buys only brightly colored clothes. 2- trng nom, sn sc (take care for). V d: My neighbors asked me to care for their children after school. Check out : 1- M sch (th vi n). n V d: I went to the library and checked out thirty books last night for my research paper. 2- xem x t, i u tra. V d: This photocopy machine is not working properly. Could you check out the problem? Check out of : l m th tc ( ra khi khch sn, s n bay, nh ga) >< check into : l m th tc v o s n bay, khch sn...
Check (up) on : i u tra. V d: The insurance company decided to check up on his driving record before insuring him. Close in on : ti n li g n, chy li g n. V d: In his hallucinatory state, the addict felt that the walls were closing in on him. Come along with: i c v ng i. V d: June came along with her supervisor to the budget meeting. Come down with : M c phi 1 cn b nh. V d: During the summer, many people come down with intestinal disorders. Count on = depent on = rely on : trng c y v o, da v o, nh v o. V d: Maria was counting on the grant money to pay her way through graduate school. Do away with = eliminate = get rid of : tng kh , loi b, tr kh. V d: Because of the increasing number of broblems created after the football games, the director has decided to do away with all sports activities. Draw up : son tho (1 h ng, 1 k hoch). p A new advertising contract was drawn up after the terms had been decided. Drop out of : b ( c bi t b hc gia chng). V d: This organization has done a great deal to prevent young people from dropping out of school.
56. S k t h ca cc danh t, ng t v t nh t v cc gi t p i i
R t nhi u danh t, ng t, v cc t nh t i km v cc gi t nh t nh. Tuy nhin, cng c i i c nhi u ngoi l . Sau y s li t k mt s danh t, ng t, v t nh t m chng thng xuyn hi n di n v cc gi t km theo. i i
Nouns + prepositions
equivalent of quality of pair of number of reason for sample of example of exception for possibility of
Cc danh t cho trong bng sau c th i v ho c for ho c of. i
fear
method
hatred
need
means
V d: The quality of this photograph is poor. I saw a sample of her work and was quite impressed. They have yet to discover a new method of/ method for analyzing this information.
ng t + gi t. i Decide on detract from emerge from participate in confide in plan on engage in escape from remove from pay for depend on approve of succeed in mingle with rely on
Ch : Khng nh m l n gia to ca mt ng t nguyn th v gi t to. Mt s ng t c c i i th ho c

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TOEFL GRAMMAR

2.2.4 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3

Qu kh ho n th nh ti p di n (past perfect progressive).

2.3 Tng lai

5.1 ng t nguyn th l m t n ng 5.2 Ving dng l m t n ng 5.3 3 ng t c bi t

5.4 Cc ng t ng ng sau gii t 5.5 V n i t i trc ng t nguyn th ho c Ving l m t n ng.

Cch s dng ng t bn khi m khuy t need v dare

6.1 need 6.2 Dare

8.1 C u hi yes v no 8.2 C u hi thng bo 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.2.3

8.3 C u hi gin ti p (embedded questions) 8.4 C u hi c ui

9.1 Li ni ph ho kh ng nh. 9.2 Li ni ph ho ph nh

C u ph nh M nh l nh th c M nh l nh th c trc ti p. M nh l nh th c gin ti p. ng t khi m khuy t. Di n t thi tng lai. Di n t c u i u ki n.

12.2.1 12.2.2 12.2.3 12.2.4

15. Cch s dng th nh ng used to v get/be used to

16. Cch s dng th nh ng Would rather

18.1 18.2 18.3

Could/may/might. Should Must

27. Mt s t ni mang t nh i u ki n 28. C u b

31. C u trc ph c hp v i t quan h

32. Cch loi b cc m nh

37.1 37.2 37.3

38. Cch s dng to know v to know how 39. M nh

40. Nhng ng t d 41. Mt s ng t

Ting Anh vit

42. 43. 44. 45. 46.

48. 49. 50.

51. 52. 53.

1.1 Danh t m c v khng m c.

1.2 Qun t a (an) v the

V d: World war one chapter three.

Khng nn d tr tn cc cuc chi n tranh ng c khu vc n u tn khu vc nguyn.

Tr tn cc n c 1 t nh : Sweden, Venec c zuela v cc n ng tr bi new c c c ho c t nh t ch phng h ng.

1.3 Cch s dng Other v another.

1.4 Cch s dng litter/ a litter, few/ a few

1.6 Some, any

2.1 Hi n ti (present) 2.1.1 Hi nti n gin (simple present)

We want to leave now. Your cough sounds bad.

2.1.2 Hi n ti ti p di n (present progressive)

+ [verb +ing ]...

2.1.3 Present perfect ( hi n ti ho n th nh)

2.1.4 Hi n ti ho n th nh ti p di n ( preset perfect progressive)

2.2 Qu kh ( Past) 2.2.1 Qu kh n gin (simple past)

2.2.2 Qu kh ti p di n (Past progresive).

2.2.3 Qu kh ho n th nh (past perfect).

Subject + past simple + after + subject + past perfect

2.2.4 Qu kh ho n th nh ti p di n (past perfect progressive).

2.3 T ng lai 2.3.1 Tng lai n gin (simple future)

2.3.2 Tng lai ti p di n ( future progressive)

2.3.3 Tng lai ho n th nh (future perfect)

3.1 Ch ng ng tch khi ng t.

Several theories on this subject have been proposed.

The view of these disciplines varies from time to time.

The danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly.

The effects of that crime are likely to be devastating.

Mr. Robbins, accompanied by his wife and children, is arriving tonight.

3.2 Cc danh t lun i hi ng t v i t s it.

3.3 Cch s dng none, no

No + plural noun + plural verb

V d: No examples are relevant to this case.

3.4 Cch s dng c u trc either ... or v neither ... nor.

nor + singular noun + singular verb or

is going to the beach today.

Either John or Bill

is going to the beach today.