PREFACE

Practical training is an important part of theoretical studies. It covers all that remains uncovered in the classroom. It offers the student to exposure an invaluable treasure of experience. It offers an exposure to real practical of instruments in the industrial environment. As we know that practical training plays an important role in future building of an individual. One can easily overcome the fear from that life in which he has to join as a member after some time. Just theoretical knowledge is not sufficient for the success of an individual so one should have practical knowledge about each theory in general life. The training greatly enhances our knowledge as well as the trainees get familiar with certain aspects of industries like shop floor management, production, process and industrial relation etc. I feel proud to get training at DEEN BHANDU CHHOTU RAM THERMAL POWER PROJECT (DCRTPP), YAMUNA NAGAR. I availed this opportunity in a very satisfactory manner and I have tried to cover whatsoever I have learned at the power station, in this repor

HISTORY

Reciprocating steam engines have been used for mechanical power sources since the 18th Century, with notable improvements being made by James Watt. The very first commercial central electrical generating stations in the Pearl Street Station, New York and the Holborn Viaduct power station, London, in 1882, also used reciprocating steam engines. The development of the steam turbine allowed larger and more efficient central generating stations to be built. By 1892 it was considered as an alternative to reciprocating engines. Turbines offered higher speeds, more compact machinery, and stable speed regulation allowing for parallel synchronous operation of generators on a common bus. Turbines entirely replaced reciprocating engines in large central stations after about 1905. The largest reciprocating engine-generator sets ever built were completed in 1901 for the Manhattan Elevated Railway. Each of seventeen units weighed about 500 tons and was rated 6000 kilowatts; a contemporary turbine-set of similar rating would have weighed about 20% as much.

THERMAL POWER STATION

A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle.

The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fuel sources. Some prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electricity. However, power plant is the common term in the United States, while power station prevails in many Commonwealth countries and especially in the United Kingdom. Some thermal power plants also deliver heat energy for industrial purposes, for district heating, or for desalination of water as well as delivering electrical power. A large part of human CO2 emissions comes from fossil fueled thermal power plants; efforts to reduce these outputs are various and widespread.

Almost all coal, nuclear, geothermal, solar thermal electric, and waste incineration plants, as well as many natural gas power plants are thermal. Natural gas is frequently combusted in gas turbines as well as boilers. The waste heat from a gas turbine can be used to raise steam, in a combined cycle plant that improves overall efficiency. Power plants burning coal, fuel oil, or natural gas are often called fossil-fuel power plants. Some biomass-fueled thermal power plants have appeared also. Non-nuclear thermal power plants, particularly fossil-fueled plants, which do not use co-generation are sometimes referred to as conventional power plants.

Commercial electric utility power stations are usually constructed on a large scale and designed for continuous operation. Electric power plants typically use three-phase electrical generators to produce alternating current (AC) electric power at a frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Large companies or institutions may have their own power plants to supply heating or electricity to their facilities, especially if steam is created anyway for other purposes. Steam-driven power plants have been used in various large ships, but are now usually used in large naval ships. Shipboard power plants usually directly couple the turbine to the ship's propellers through gearboxes. Power plants in such ships also provide steam to smaller turbines driving electric generators to supply electricity. Shipboard steam power plants can be either fossil fuel or nuclear. Nuclear marine propulsion is, with few exceptions, used only in naval vessels. There have been perhaps about a dozen turbo-electric ships in which a steam-driven turbine drives an electric generator which powers an electric motor for propulsion. combined heat and power (CH&P) plants, often called co-generation plants, produce both electric power and heat for process heat, space heating, or process heat. Steam and hot water lose energy when piped over substantial distance, so carrying heat energy by steam or hot water is often only worthwhile within a local area, such as a ship, industrial plant, or district heating of nearby buildings.

EFFICIENCY

The energy efficiency of a conventional thermal power station, considered as salable energy as a percent of the heating value of the fuel consumed, is typically 33% to 48%. This efficiency is limited as all heat engines are governed by the laws of thermodynamics. The rest of the energy must leave the plant in the form of heat. This waste heat can go through a condenser and be disposed of with cooling water or in cooling towers. If the waste heat is instead utilized for district heating, it is called cogeneration. An important class of thermal power station is associated with desalination facilities; these are typically found in desert countries with large supplies of natural gas and in these plants, freshwater production and electricity are equally important co-products.

A Rankine cycle with a two-stage steam turbine and a single feed water heater.

Since the efficiency of the plant is fundamentally limited by the ratio of the absolute temperatures of the steam at turbine input and output, efficiency improvements require use of higher temperature, and therefore higher pressure, steam. Historically, other working fluids such as

mercury have been used in a mercury vapor turbine power plant, since these can attain higher temperatures than water at lower working pressures. However, the obvious hazards of toxicity, high cost, and poor heat transfer properties, have ruled out mercury as a working fluid. Above the critical point for water of 705 F (374 C) and 3212 psi (22.06 MPa), there is no phase transition from water to steam, but only a gradual decrease in density. Boiling does not occur and it is not possible to remove impurities via steam separation. In this case a super critical steam plant is required to utilize the increased thermodynamic efficiency by operating at higher temperatures. These plants, also called once-through plants because boiler water does not circulate multiple times, require additional water purification steps to ensure that any impurities picked up during the cycle will be removed. This purification takes the form of high pressure ion exchange units called condensate polishers between the steam condenser and the feed water heaters. Sub-critical fossil fuel power plants can achieve 3640% efficiency. Super critical designs have efficiencies in the low to mid 40% range, with new "ultra critical" designs using pressures of 4400 psi (30.3 MPa) and dual stage reheat reaching about 48% efficiency. Current nuclear power plants operate below the temperatures and pressures that coal-fired plants do. This limits their thermodynamic efficiency to 3032%. Some advanced reactor designs being studied, such as the Very high temperature reactor, Advanced gas-cooled reactor and Super critical water reactor, would operate at temperatures and pressures similar to current coal plants, producing comparable thermodynamic efficiency.

1. Cooling tower

10. Steam Control valve 11. High pressure steam 2. Cooling water pump turbine 3. transmission line (312. Deaerator phase) 4. Step-up transformer 13. Feedwater heater (3-phase) 5. Electrical generator 14. Coal conveyor (3-phase) 6. Low pressure steam 15. Coal hopper turbine 7. Condensate pump 16. Coal pulverizer 8. Surface condenser 17. Boiler steam drum

19. Superheater 20. Forced draught (draft) fan 21. Reheater 22. Combustion air intake 23. Economiser 24. Air preheater 25. Precipitator 26. Induced draught (draft) fan 27. Flue gas stack

9. Intermediate 18. Bottom ash hopper pressure steam turbine

Typical diagram of a coal-fired thermal power station

The given below is a block diagram of the deenbandhu chhoturam thermal powe r project at yamunanagar

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF EACH COMPONENT OF A THERMAL POWER PLANT

Starting from the beginning a power plant requires the main fuel for energy production and the main fuel what is termed as Black Gold coal. Coal is classified as peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite. The latter has the greatest calorific value, least ignition temperature with efficient combustion and with least emission of smoke while the former has every thing in reverse. Coal is provided by the various coal fields situated in different parts of our country mainly from Jharkhand and Orissa. So a Thermal Power Plant has first of all deal with coal transportation of coal and its storage.

Transportation Of Coal: It is generally carried out by the Indian Railways. The railway wagons are transported from large coal fields situated in different parts of the country to the site of use.

1.

Coal Handling Plant: The storage of coal and its further transportation for utilization in the Thermal Power Plant becomes such a big task that it can itself be termed as a small plant. The various parts of a coal handling plants are as follows: Wagon Tippler: It is a mechanism in a thermal power plant that has to deal with the unloading of railway wagons. It has got a cradle on which a wagon is fixed with the help of an arm charge. The tippler then fixes the wagon tight in the cradle. The next is the action of the tippler is to rotate the cradle through 90 degree thus the wagon overturns and the coal is dropped onto a filtering chain. This separates the big chunks of coal from the smaller ones.

2.

Coal Crusher: Before feeding the coal to a plant, it is crushed down to smaller pieces by a coal crusher more precisely the coal crusher converts the coal pieces to approximately inch (6 mm) size. The crushed coal is then sent by belt conveyors to a storage. Normally , the crushed coal is compacted by bulldozers, as compacting of highly volatile coal avoids spontaneous ignition. Generally a thermal power plant has fifteen day coal storage in advance. Coal Conveyors: The conveyors perform the basic function of transporting the coal from its storage to the coal bunkers above the mills. Coal Bunkers: They are responsible for the instantaneous storage of the coal before it is being fed to the coal mills. They are huge having a height up to 9m. Coal Mills: For pulverizing the coal into a fine powder to increase the area in contact for best combustion, the coal is fed to a mill. The coal is fed to a mill via a mechanism called RC Feeder. It is generally a belt which feeds right amount of coal to the mill rollers at right time. The coal mills are of many types such as ball and tube mills, ring and ball mills, roller mills. Boiler Furnace and Steam Drum: The boiler furnace auxiliary equipment includes coal feed nozzles and igniter guns, soot blowers, water lancing and observation ports (in the furnace walls) for observation of the furnace interior. Furnace explosions due to any accumulation of combustible gases after a trip-out are avoided by flushing out such gases from the combustion zone before igniting the coal.

The steam drum (as well as the super heater coils and heaters) have air vents and drains needed for initial startup. The steam drum has internal devices that remove moisture from the wet steam entering the drum from the steam generating tubes. The dry steam then flows into the super heater coils. Steam Generator: The steam generating boiler has to produce steam at the high purity, pressure and temperature required for the steam turbine that drives the electrical generator. The generator includes the economizer, the steam drum, the chemical dosing equipment, and the furnace with its steam generating tubes and the super heater coils. Necessary safety valves are located at suitable points to avoid excessive boiler pressure. The air and flue gas path equipment include: forced draft (FD) fan, air preheater (APH), boiler furnace, induced draft fan (ID) fan, ash collectors (Electrostatic precipitator or bag house) and the flue gas stack. Fuel Firing System and Igniter System: From the pulverized coal bin, coal is blown by hot air through the furnace coal burners at an angle (tangential) which imparts a swirling motion to the powered coal to enhance mixing of the coal powder with the incoming preheated combustion air to enhance the combustion. The whole setup is ignited with the help of two types of igniters i.e. LDO and HFO. The system is now applied with constant supply of hot air coming from the APH (Air Pre Heater) to the furnace. The system is now called as a fire ball. There is a negative pressure maintained inside a furnace so as to control the fire inside it. Air Path: External fans are provided to give sufficient air for combustion. The forced draft fan (FD) takes air

from the atmosphere and, first warming it in the air preheater for better combustion, injects it via the nozzles on the furnace walls. The induced draft fan assists the FD fan by drawing out combustible gases from the furnace, maintaining a slightly negative pressure in the furnace to avoid the backfiring through any opening. At the furnace outlet, and before the furnace gases are handled by the ID fan, fine dust carried by the outlet gases is removed to avoid atmosphere pollution. This is an environmental limitation prescribed by law, and additionally minimizes erosion of the ID fan. ESP (ElectroStatic Precipitator): The ESP is basically a ash collection mechanism which uses the property of static electric charges. As we know that if a charged particle is placed in an electric field they get drifted in the direction of the field. The ESP contains an arrangement of parallel capacitor plates charged by a d.c voltage of 72 kV. So there is a strong electric field setup inside an ESP as a result. The smoke from the furnace is passed through the ESP hence collecting the ash down in the hoppers by constant hammering mechanism provided. The residue is then sucked by the ID fans and then let out safely at a reasonable height by the chimney. Super Heater: as the steam is conditioned by the drying equipment inside the drum, it is piped from the upper drum area in to an elaborate setup of tubing in different areas of the boiler. The areas known as super heater and reheater. The steam vapour picks up energy and its temperature is now super heated above the saturation temperature. The super heated steam is then piped through the main

steam lines to the valves of the high pressure turbines. Cooling Towers: Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature. Cooling towers basically work on the phenomenon of natural draft i.e. the air from the surroundings sucks up across the height of the tower. The towers vary in size from small roof tops units to very large hyperboloid structures that can be up to 200 mtr tall and 100 mtr in diameter. Small towers are factory built, while larger ones are constructed on site. Condenser: The surface condenser is a shell and tube heat exchanger in which cooling water is circulated through the tubes. The exhaust steam from the low pressure turbine enters the shell where it is cooled and converted to condensate water by flowing over the tubes as shown in the diagram. Such condensers use steam ejectors or rotary motordriven exhausters for continuous removal of air and gases for the steam side to maintain vacuum. For best efficiency, the temperature in the condenser must be kept as low as practical in order to achieve the lowest possible pressure in condensing steam. Since the condenser temperature can almost always be kept significantly below 100 degree Celsius where the vapor pressure of water is much less than atmospheric pressure, the condenser generally works under vacuum. Thus leaks of non operating in hot climates may have to reduce output if their source of condenser cooling water becomes warmer,

unfortunately this usually coincide with periods of high electrical demand for air conditioning. The condenser generally uses either circulating cooling water from a cooling tower to reject waste heat to the atmosphere, or once through water from a river, lake, or ocean. Boiler make up water treatment plant and storage: Since there is continuous withdrawal of steam and continuous return of condensate to the boiler losses due to blow-down and leakages have to be make-up for so as to maintain the desired water level in the boiler steam drum. For this, continuous make-up water is added to the plant generally consist of calcium and magnesium salts which impart permanent hardness to the water. Hardness in the make-up water to the boiler will form deposits on the tube water surfaces which will lead to over heating and failure of the tubes. Thus, the salts have to be removed from the water and that is done by a water demineralization treatment plant (DM). A DM plant generally consists of cation, anion and mixed bed exchangers. The final water from this process consists essentially of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions which is the chemical composition of pure water. The DM water, being very pure, becomes highly corrosive once it absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere because of its very high affinity for oxygen absorption. The capacity of the DM plant is dictated by the type and quantity of salts in the raw water input. However, some storage is essential as the DM plant may be down for maintenance. For this purpose, a storage tank is installed from which DM water is continuously withdrawn for boiler make-up. The storage tank for DM water is made from materials not affected by corrosive water,

such as PVC. The piping and valves are generally of stainless steel. Sometimes, a steam blanketing arrangement or stainless steel doughnut float is provided on top of the water in the tank to avoid contact with atmospheric air. DM water make-up is generally added at the steam space of the surface condenser (i.e. the vacuum side). This arrangement not only sprays the water but also DM water gets deaerated, with the dissolved gasses being removed by the ejector of the condenser itself. Steam Turbine-Driven Electrical Generator: The steam turbine-driven generators have auxiliary systems enabling them to work satisfactorily and safely. The steam turbine generator being rotating equipment generally has a heavy, large diameter shaft. The shaft therefore requires not only supports but also has to be kept in position while running. To minimize the frictional resistance to the rotation, the shaft has a number of bearings. Oil lubrication is provided to further reduce the friction between shaft and bearing surface and to limit the heat generated. The turbine of a generator has three regions i.e. low pressure region, intermediate pressure region and low pressure region. The turbine requires steam at 540 degrees Celsius and at 170 kg/cm .The turbine is a reaction turbine and utilizes steam as a whole.
2

AUXILIARY SYSTEMS

Oil System : An auxiliary oil system pump is used to supply oil at the start-up of the steam turbine generator. It supplies the hydraulic oil system required for steam turbine's main inlet steam stop valve, the governing control valves, the bearing and seal oil systems, the relevant hydraulic relays and other mechanisms.

At a preset speed of the turbine during start-ups, a pump driven by the turbine main shaft takes over the functions of the auxiliary system.

Generator Heat Dissipation : While small generators may be cooled by air drawn through filters at the inlet, larger units generally require special cooling arrangements. Hydrogen gas cooling, in an oil-sealed casing, is used because it has the highest known heat transfer coefficient of any gas and for its low viscosity which reduces windage losses. This system requires special handling during start-up, with air in the generator enclosure first displaced by carbon dioxide before filling with hydrogen. This ensures that the highly flammable hydrogen does not mix with oxygen in the air.

The hydrogen pressure inside the casing is maintained slightly higher than atmospheric pressure to avoid outside air ingress. The hydrogen must be sealed against outward leakage where the shaft emerges from the casing. Mechanical seals around the shaft are installed with a very small annular gap to avoid rubbing between the shaft and the seals. Seal oil is used to prevent the hydrogen gas leakage to atmosphere.

The generator also uses water cooling. Since the generator coils are at a potential of about 22 kV and water is conductive, an insulating barrier such as Teflon is used to interconnect the water line and the generator high voltage windings. Demineralized water of low conductivity is used. Generator High Voltage System: The generator voltage for modern utility-connected generators ranges from 11 kV in smaller units to 22 kV in larger units. The generator high voltage leads are normally large aluminum channels because of their high current as compared to the cables used in smaller machines. They are enclosed in well-grounded aluminum bus ducts and are supported on suitable insulators. The generator high voltage leads are connected to step-up transformers for connecting to a high voltage electrical substation (of the order of 115 kV to 520 kV) for further transmission by the local power grid. The necessary protection and metering devices are included for the high voltage leads. Thus, the steam turbine generator and the transformer form one unit.

INTRODUCTION TO HPGCL
Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited (HPGCL) was incorporated as a company under Companies Act 1956 on 17th March 1997 and certificate for commencement of business was granted on 5th August 1997. The business of generation of power of erstwhile Haryana State Electricity Board was transferred to Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited on 14th August 1998 pursuant to the implementation of power in the state of Haryana from the existing generating stations in most efficient manner on commercial line and sell whole of the power generated exclusively to Haryana Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited and to set up new power projects in the state sector. The main objectives of HPGCL are as under: To generate power from its existing Generating Stations in the most efficient manner on commercial lines and to sell the same to distribution companies. 2. To set up new power generation projects. 3. From June 2005 HPGCL is also responsible for the work of power trading i.e. Procurement of power on long term and short-term basis, signing of power purchase agreements with power producers/traders.
1.

INDUSTRY PROFILE-ELECTRICAL POWER INDIA

The electrical power industry in India is both a supplier and a consumer of primary energy, depending on the kind of energy used to turn the generators.

Hydroelectric and nuclear power pants add to the countrys supply of primary energy. The total installed electricity capacity in public utilities in 1992 was 69,100 megawatts, of which 70 percent was thermal, 27 percent hydropower, and 3 percent nuclear. The total installed capacity was programmed to reach around 100,000 megawatts by FY 1996 through a package of government supported incentives to the private sector. Because they cannot always depend on public utilities, many industrial enterprises have developed their own power generation systems. In 1992 there was a capacity of 9,000 megawatts outside the public utility system. Overall, the generation and transmission of power in Indiawith an average 57 percent plant load factor in FY 1992 in thermal plants and transmission losses of 22 percentwere inefficient. About 322 billion kilowatthours of power were generated by utilities in FY 1992, approximately 8.5 percent shy of demand. The resulting deficit led to acute shortages in some states. Many factors contributed to the shortfall of electric power in India, including slow completion of new installations, low use of installed capacity because of insufficient maintenance and coal, and poor management. In FY 1990, industry accounted for 45 percent of electricity consumed, agriculture 26 percent, and domestic use 16.5 percent. Other sectors, including commerce and railroads, accounted for the remaining 12.5 percent. Rural electrification in India made great progress in the 1980s; more than 200,000 villages received electricity for the first time. In 1990 around 84 percent of Indias villages had access to electricity. Most of the villages without electricity were in Bihar, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. Villagers complain that

government figures on electrification of villages are artificially affiliated inflated. Actually although lines have been run to most of the villages, electricity is provided only sporadically (for example, only nine to twelve hours per day), and villagers feel they cannot depend on electricity to operate pumps and other equipment. Electricity to cities also is sporadic; blackouts occur every day in most cities.

ORGANISATIONAL PROFILE DCRTPP YAMUNANAGAR

Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Project YAMUNANGAR is an undertaking of Haryana Power Generation Corporation (HPGCL). This is a coal based thermal power plant, which produces electricity by using heat energy coal. It was established in 2003. It is situated near Paansra Village on YNR-SAHARANPUR road, 7 kM towards east of Yamunanagar. The station spans over an area of 1200 acre. The inputs of the plant are mainly Water and Coal. The water is cleaned and demineralised and then sent to the boiler for the production of steam. The output of the plant is electric power. The plant has two units each with a capacity of 300 MW, thereby making the total capacity of the plant 600 MW. The Government of Haryana approved the proposal of implementation of 2 units of 300 MW each in Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Project YAMUNANGAR

through International Competitive Bidding on EPC (turnkey) basis. According, a letter of Intent (LOI) was issued on 30.09.04 to M/s Reliance energy Ltd. (REL), Noida with the approval of Special High Powered Purchase Committee (SHPPC). Around 1107 acres of land was available for this project.

SALIENT FEATURES OF THE DCRTPP YAMUNANAGAR

First Power Project in the state to be awarded to Private Developer i.e. M/s Reliance Energy Ltd.

First Project in the Country where BTG (Boiler Turbine Generator) equipment was supplied by M/s Shanghai Electrical Corporation, China. Very low per MW EPC cost- Rs. 3.49 Crore per MW. First unit was commissioned in a record period of 27 months which ids lowest for any coal based green field project in the country.

BRIEF INFORMATION OF THE PROJECT

Installed Capacity Available Land Location EPC Contractor Energy Ltd, Noida EPC Cost (Total estimated cost

2 X 300 MW 1107 acres Yamunanagar M/s Reliance Rs. 2097 Crore Rs. 2400 Crore) 22.07.2002 M/s Design was Consultant and CEA were as Review Central Coal State 20% equity Letter dated 80% has been arranged PFC.

Administration approval Project Consultancy appointed Project

engaged

Consultants. Coal Sources Fields. Equity Contribution Government is contributing for the project vide 10. 10. 2002. Balance through

Issue of LOI dated

Issued to M/s REL vide letter 30.09.2004. 20.08.2005 UNIT- 1: 13.11.2007 UNIT- 2:

Revised zero date of project Synchronization

29.03.2008 UNIT-1: Boiler lighted up on 25.08.07 and Unit synchronized on Oil on 13.11.07. Full load on coal firing achieved on 03.02.2008. The Unit is under trial operation w.e.f. 31.03.2008. PG test is scheduled from 23.05.2008 to 14.06.2008. Provisional taking over after successful completion of all punch list points. UNIT-2: Boiler light up done on 31.12.2007. Unit synchronized on Oil on 29.03.2008. Coal firing is likely to commence from 20.04.2008. The trial operation of Unit is expected to commence from 27.04.2008 and completed by 17.05.2008. Provisional taking over after successful PG test is expected by 20.06.2008.

LANDMARKS AND ACHIEVEMENTS

Achievements relating to New Projects

2X300 MW DCRTPP Yamuna Nagar commissioned in record time. First Unit commissioned in a record period of 27 months which is the lowest for any coal based green field project in the country. Work of 2X600 MW RGTPP Hisar, the first track towards commissioning in 2009-10. The boiler hydraulic test of Unit-1 completed successfully on
st

March 1 2009 within 25 months which is a record for fastest hydraulic test in the Country. 2X660 MW power project at Jhajjar awarded to IPPFirst power generation project in Haryana based on Super Critical Technology. Arrangements made for procurement of 2113 MW through public sector partnership. Achievements relating to Existing Projects Generation capacity of 1324.4 MW added since creation of HPGCL- an increase of more than 150%. Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi selected 250 MW Unit-8 of PTPS, Panipat for the award of Best Executed 250 MW Thermal Power Project of the Year 2004-05. The Ministry of Power, Government of India awarded Meritorious Productivity award to PTPS for good performance during the year2003-04 as the power station achieved highest ever PLF of 78.75% during the year. The 210/250 MW units (2X210 MW + 2X250 MW) of PTPS, Panipat have performed very during 2007-08 and achieved a Plant Load Factor of 93.61% which is comparable to the best performing Power Plants in the Country.

 The Overall Oil Consumption of 1.66 mL/unit achieved highest in 2007-08 lowest since formation of HPGCL. The Overall PLF of 78.94% achieved by HPGCL plants in 2007-08 highest since formation of HPGCL. HPGCL has achieved highest ever Plant Load Factor of 78.94% during 2007-08 which is the highest PLF since formation of HPGCL.

ESSENTIAL CONDITIONS FOR DECIDING THE LOCATION OF A THERMAL POWER PLANT There are various factors whose considerations are essential while deciding the location of any thermal power plant. The two essential inputs i.e. Water and Coal must be easily available. The raw water should be available near the site i.e. some water source like canal or river must be near the site. For getting the supply the plant should be connected by rail or road. Factors affecting the Selection of site for a thermal power plant Nearness to load center Supply of water Availability of coal Land Requirement

Type of load Transportation facilities Labor supplies Ash supplies Distance from populated area.

Merits of a coal-fired thermal station 1. Fuel is cheap. 2. Less initial cost is required. 3. It requires less space. 4. As a combination of all above points, the cost generating unit of electrical energy is less. Demerits of coal-fired thermal power plant 1. Atmospheric pollution is considerable. 2. Coal may have to be transported over long distances, in some cases, after some years, and then the energy cost may be quite high.

Specification of generation unit auxiliaries used in Deenbandhu Chhotu ram thermal power project, yamunanagar
STEAM TURBINE MW MVA RPM Steam Pressure 300 353 3000 150kg/cm2 535OC Main steam temperature 535 C
o

Reheat Temperature

BRUSHLESS EXCITER KW Exciting Volt DC RPM Insulation Class Weight RECT 1650 Volt D.C. 16 Ampere D.C. 475 3474 Air S1

3000 Coolant B Duty

24500kg 26LO-40 Current 400A

TURBO GENERATOR RPM 3000 Winding Power Factor Lagging Frequency Connection 0.85

KVA KW Type

294100 2.5 lakh THR/108/44-F 3 Hydrogen & CO2 F

50 Hz Phase ** Cooling

H2 Gas Pressure 0.31Mpa-G Insulation Class STATOR Voltage Wt. Stator ROTOR Voltage 302 V Current

20000 V

Current

10189 A 53000 kg

210000kgRotor

2510 A

ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS

A complex assemblage of equipment and circuits for generating, transmitting, transforming, and distributing electrical energy. Electricity in the large quantities required to supply electric power systems is produced in generating stations, commonly called power plants. Such generating stations, however, should be considered as conversion facilities in which the heat energy of fuel (coal, oil, gas, uranium) or the hydraulic energy of falling water is converted to electricity. The transmission system carries electric power efficiently and in large amounts from generating stations to consumptions areas. Such transmission is also used to interconnect adjacent power systems for mutual assistance in case of emergency and gain for the interconnected power systems the economies possible in regional operation. Another approach to High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC), which offers the advantages of less costly lines, lower transmission losses, and insensitivity to many system problems that restrict alternating current systems. Its greatest disadvantage is the need for costly equipment for converting the sending-end power to direct current, and for converting the receiving-end direct current power to alternating current, and for converting the receiving end direct current for distribution to consumers. As systems grow and the number and size of generating units increase, and as transmission networks expand, higher levels of bulk power system reliability are attained

through properly coordinated interconnected among separate systems. Power delivered by transmission circuits must be stepped down in facilities called substations to voltages more suitable for use in industrial and residential areas. That part of the electric power system that takes power from the bulk power stations to consumers switches, commonly about 35% of the total plant investment, is called distribution. The operation and control of the generation transmission and distribution grid is quite complex because this large system has to operate in synchronism and because sometimes many different organisations are responsible for different portions of the grid.

ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

Systems that comprise those parts of an electrical power system between the sub transmission system and the consumers service switches. It includes distribution substations; primary distribution feeders; distribution transformers; secondary circuits, including the services to the consumer; and appropriate protective and control devices. The sub transmission circuits of a typical distribution system deliver electric power from bulk power sources to the distribution substations. The sub transmission

voltage is usually between 34.5 and 138 kV. The distribution substation, which is made up of power transformers together with the necessary voltage regulating apparatus, bus bars and switch gear reduces the sub transmission voltage to a lower primary system voltage to a lower primary system voltage for local distribution. The three-phase primary feeder, which usually operates at voltages from 4.16 to 34.5 kV, distributes electric power from the low voltage bus of the substation to its load center, where it branches into three-phase sub feeders and three-phase and occasionally single-phase laterals. Most of the three phase distribution system lines consist of three phase conductors and a common or neutral conductor, making a total of four wires. Single-phase branches (made-up of two wires) supplied from the three-phase mains provide power to residences, small stores, and farms. Loads are connected in parallel to common power supply circuits. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

ELEMENTS OF A SUBSTATION
Substations generally contain one or more transformers, and have switching, protection and control equipment. In a large substation, circuit- breakers are used to interrupt any short-circuits or overload currents that may occur on the network. Smaller distribution stations may use recloser circuit breakers or fuses for protection of branch circuits. Substations do not have generators, although a power plant may have a substation nearby. A

typical substation will contain line termination structures, high voltage switchgear, one or more power transformers, low voltage switchgear, surge protection, controls, grounding system, and metering. Other devices such as power factor correction capacitors and voltage regulators may also be located at a substation. Substation may be on the surface in fenced enclosures, underground, or located in special-purpose buildings. High-rise buildings may have indoor substations. Indoor substations are usually found in urban areas to reduce the noise from the transformers, for reasons of appearance, or to protect switchgear from extreme climatic and pollution conditions. Where a substation has a metallic fence, it must be properly grounded to protect people from high voltages that may occur during a fault in the transmission system. Earth faults at a substation can cause ground potential rise at the fault location. Currents flowing in the earths surface during a fault can cause metal objects to have a significantly different voltage than the ground under a persons feet; this touch protection presents a hazard of electrocution.

Transmission substation or switchyard

A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest case is where all transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases, the substation contains high-voltage switches that allow lines to be connected or isolated for maintenance. A transmission station may have transformers to convert between two transmission voltages, or equipment such

as phase angle regulators to control power flow between two adjacent power systems. Transmission substations can range from simple to complex. A small switching station may be little more than a bus plus some circuit breakers. The largest transmission substations can cover a large area (several acres/hectares) with multiple voltage level, and a large amount protection and control equipment (capacitors, relays, switches, breakers, and voltage and current transformers). Switching function An important function performed by a substation is switching, which is the connecting and disconnecting of transmission lines or the other components to and from the system. Switching events may be planned or unplanned. A transmission line or the component may need to be de-energized for maintenance or for new construction; for example, adding or removing a transmission line or a transformer. To maintain reliability of supply, no company ever brings down its whole system for maintenance. All work to be performed, from routine testing to adding entirely new substations, must be done while keeping the whole system running. Perhaps more importantly, a fault may develop in a transmission line or any other component. Some examples of this; a line is hit by lightening and develops an arc, or a tower is blown down by a speeding wind. The function of the substation is to isolate the faulted portion of the system in the shortest possible time. There are two main reasons; a fault tends to cause equipment damage; and it tends to destabilize the

whole system. For example, a transmission line left in a faulted condition will eventually burn down, and similarly, a transformer left in a faulted condition will eventually blow up. While these are happening, the power drain makes the system more unstable. Disconnecting the faulted component, quickly, tends to minimize both of these problems. Design The main issues facing a power engineer are reliability and cost. A good design attempts to strike a balance between these two, to achieve sufficient reliability without excessive cost. The design should also allow easy expansion of the station, if required. Selection of the location of a substation must consider many factors. Sufficient land area is required for installation of equipment with necessary clearances for electrical safety, and for access to maintain large apparatus such as transformers. Where land is costly, such as in urban areas, gas insulated switchgear may have money overall. The site must have room for expansion due to load growth or planned transmission additions. Environment effects of the substation must be considered, such as drainage, noise and road traffic effects. Grounding and ground potential rise must be calculated to protect passers-by during a short-circuit in the transmission system. And of course, the substation site must be reasonably central to the distribution area to be served. The first step in planning a substation layout is the preparation of a one-line diagram which shows in simplified form the switching and protection arrangement required, as well as the incoming supply

lines and outgoing feeders or transmission lines. It is a usual practice by many electrical utilities to prepare single-line diagrams with principal elements (lines, switches, breakers and transformers) arranged on the page similarly to the way the apparatus would be laid out in the actual station. Incoming lines will almost always have a disconnect switch and a circuit breaker. In some cases, the lines will not have both; with either a switch or a circuit breaker being all that is considered necessary. A disconnect switch is used to provide isolation, since it cannot interrupt load current. A circuit breaker is used to switch loads on or off. Where a large fault current automatically, and may be detected through the use of current transformers. The magnitude of the current transformer outputs may be used to trip the circuit breaker resulting in a disconnection of the load supplied by the circuit break from the feeding point. This seeks to isolate the fault point from the rest of the system, and allow the rest of the system to continue operating with minimal impact. Both switches and circuit breakers may be operated locally or remotely from a supervisory control center. Once past the switching components, the lines of given voltage connect to one or more buses. These are sets of bus bars, usually in multiples of three, since three-phase electrical power distribution is largely universal around the world. The arrangement of switches, circuit breakers and buses used affects the cost and reliability of the substation. For important substations a ring bus, double bus or so called breaker and a half setup can be used, so that the failure of any one circuit breaker does not interrupt power to branch circuits for more than a brief time, and

so that parts of the substation may be de-energized for a maintenance and repair. Substations feeding only a single industrial load may have minimal switching provisions, especially for small installations. Once having established buses for the various voltage levels, transformers may be connected between the voltage levels. These will again have circuit breakers, much like transmission lines, in case a transformer has a fault (common called a short circuit). Along with this, a substation always has control circuitry needed to command the various breakers to open in case of the failure of some component.

COMPONENTS OF THE SWITCHYARD AT DCRTPP, YAMUNANAGAR

STEP UP AND STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER This is a very useful device, indeed. With it, we can easily multiply or divide voltage and current in AC circuits. Indeed, the transformers has made longdistance transmission of electric power a practical reality, as AC voltage can be stepped up and current stepped down for reduced wire resistance power losses along power lines connecting generating stations with load. At either end (both the generator and at the load), voltage levels are reduced by transformers for safer operation and less expensive equipment. A transformer that increases voltage from primary to secondary (more secondary winding turns than primary winding turns) is called a step-up transformer. Conversely, a transformer designed to do just the opposite is called a step-down transformer. Looking closely at the numbers in the SPICE analysis, we should see a correspondence between the transformers ratio and the two inductances. Notice how the primary inductor (11) has 100 times more inductance than the secondary inductor (10000 H versus 100 H), and that the measured voltage step-down ratio was 10 to 1. The winding with more inductance will have higher voltage and less current than the other. Since the two inductors are wound around the same core material in the transformer (for the most efficient magnetic coupling between the two), the parameters affecting inductance for the two coils are equal except for the number of turns in each coil. If we take another look at our

inductance formula, we see that inductance is proportional to the square of the number of coil turns: L = N2A Where, L = Inductance of coil in Henrys N = Number of turns in wire coil (straight wire = 1) = Permeability of core material (absolute, not relative A = Area of coil in square meters. I = Average length of coil in meters So, it should be apparent that our two inductors in the last SPICE transformer example circuitwith inductance ratios of 100:1should have coil turns ratios of 10:1, because 10 squared equals 100. This works out to be the same ratio we found between primary and secondary voltages and currents (10:1), so we can say as a rule that the voltage and current transformation ratio is equal to the ratios of winding turns between primary and secondary. The step-up/step-down effect of coil turn ratios in a transformer is analogous to gear tooth ratios in mechanical gear systems, transforming values of speed and torque in much the same way. Step-up and stepdown transformer for power distribution purpose can be gigantic in proportion to the power transformers previously shown, some units standing as tall as a home.

Generator transformer (g.t.)

1. GENERAL

Type: Step-up transformers for use with main units should be of the oil immersed type for outdoor operation, with a cooling system suited to the location. b. Three-phase transformers: In the majority of applications, three-phase transformers should be used for generator step-up (GSU) applications for the following reasons: Higher efficiency than the three single- phase transformers of the same capacity. Smaller space requirement. Lower probability of failure when properly pro-tested by surge arrestors, thermal devices, and oil presentation systems. Lower total weight. Reduction in weights and dimensions making larger capacities available within practical weight and size limitations. c. Transformer Construction: There are two types of construction used for GSU transformers. These are the core types and the shell types.

a.

Core Form Transformers: They are generally supplied by the manufacturers for lower voltage and lower MVA ratings. The core form unit is adaptable to a wide range of design parameters, is economical to manufacture, but generally has a low kVA-to-weight ratio. Typical HV ranges are 230 kV and less and 75 MVA and Shell Form Transformers: They have a high kVA-to-weight ratio and find favor on EHV and high MVA applications. They have better short-circuit strength characteristics, are less immune to transit damage, but have a

more labor-intensive manufacturing process. Both forms of construction are permitted by Corps transformer guide specifications. RATING: The full load kVA rating of the step-up transformer should be at least equal to the maximum kVA rating of the generator or generators with which they are associated. Where transformers with auxiliary cooling facilities have dual or triple kVA ratings, the maximum transformer rating match the maximum generator rating. COOLING; a. General transformers, when located at the powerhouse, should be sited so unrestricted ambient air circulation is allowed. The transformers rating is based on full use of the transformer cooling equipment. b. Forced cooling, the use of forced air cooling will increase the continuous self-cooled rating of the transformers. High-velocity fans on the largest size groups will increase the self-cooled rating 66-2/3 percent forced-oil cooled transformers, whenever energized, must be operated with the circulating oil pumps operating. Forced-oil transformers with air coolers do not have a self-cooled rating without the air-cooling equipment in opration unless they are special units with a triple rating. 3. ACCESSORIES; a. Preservation system: Three different oil preservation system are available, as described below. The first two systems are preferred for generator step-up transformers; 2.

(1)

(2)

(3)

b.

c.

Inert gas pressure system: Positive nitrogen gas pressure is maintained in the space between the tope of the oil and the tank cover from a cylinder or group of cylinders through a pressure-reducing valve. Air-cell, constant-pressure, reservoir tank system: A system of one or more oil reservoirs, each containing an air cell arranged to prevent direct contact between the oil and the air. Sealed tank: Gas is admitted to the space above the oil and the tank is sealed. Expansion tanks for the gas are provided on some sizes. Sealed tank construction is employed for 2,500kVA and smaller sizes. Oil flow alarm: Transformers that depend upon pumped circulation of the oil for cooling should be equipped with devices that can be connected to sound an alarm, to prevent closing of the energizing power circuit, or to de-energize the transformers with loss of oil flow. In forced-oil cooled units, hot spot detectors should be provided witch can be connected to unload the transformer if the temperature exceeds that at which the second oil pumps is expected to cut in. FOA transformers should employ control schemes to ensure pump operation prior to energizing the transformers Fans and pumps: The axial flow fans provided for supplementary cooling on Class OA/FA transformers are equipped with special motors standardized for 115V and 230V single-phase or 208V three phase operation. Likewise, oil circulating pumps for FOA transformers are set up for single phase AC service. Standard corps of engineers practice is to supply 480V, three phase power

d.

e.

f.

g.

to the transformer and have the transformer manufacturer provide necessary conversion equipment. Surge arrestors: Surge arrestors are located near the transformer terminals to provide protection of the high voltage windings. Normal practice is to provide brackets on the transformer case (230kV HV and below) for mounting the selected surge arrestors. On-line dissolved gas monitoring system: The detection of certain gases, generated in an oil-filled transformer in service, is frequently the first available indication of possible malfunction that may eventually lead to the transformer failure if not corrected. The monitoring system can provide gas analysis of certain gases from gas spaces of a transformer. The system output contacts can be connected for an alarm or to unload the transformer if the gas levels exceed a set point. Temperature detectors: A dial-type temperature indicating device with adjustable alarm contacts should be provided for oil temperature indication. Winding RTDs should be provided, and monitored by the plant control system or a stand alone temperature recorder, if one is provided for the generator and turbine RTDs in each winding should be provided. Lifting Devices: If powerhouse cranes are to be used for transformer handling, the manufacturers design of the lifting equipment should be carefully coordinated with the crane clearance and with the dimensions of the crane hooks. The lifting equipment should safely clear bushing when handling the completely assembled transformer, and should be properly designed to compensate for eccentric weight dispositions of the complete transformer with bushings.

On-line monitoring systems: In addition to the online dissolved gas monitoring system other on-line systems are available to monitor abnormal transformer condition, these include: 1. Partial discharge analysis. 2. Acoustical monitoring. 3. Fibre-optic winding temperature monitoring. 4. Bearing wear sensor (forced-oil-cooled units) 5. Load tap changer monitor (if load tap changers are used) Dial type indicating devices: Dial type indicating devices should be provided for: (1) Liquid level indication. (2) Liquid temperature indicator. (3) Oil flow indicators. These are in addition to the dial-type indicators that are part of the winding temperature systems. i. Oil Containment Systems: If the oil-filled transformers are used in the power plant, provisions are made to contain any oil leakage or spillage resulting from ruptured tank or a broken drain valve. The volume of the containment should be sufficient to retain all of the oil in the transformer to prevent spillage into waterways or contamination of soil around the transformer foundations. Special provisions (oil-water separators, oil traps, etc.) must be made to allow for separation of oil spillage versus normal water runoff from storms, etc. 1. Routine Tests: a. Measurement of winding resistance. b. Measurement of voltage ratio and testing of voltage vector relationship. c. Measurement of impedance voltage, short-circuit impedance and load-loss.
h.

d. e. f. g.
2.

Measurement of no-load loss and current Dielectric tests. Separate source voltage withstand test. Induced over voltage withstand test.

Type Tests: a. Temperature rise test. b. Dielectric tests. c. Lighting impulse test. 4. Special Tests: a. Dielectric tests. b. P.D. test. c. Chopped wave test. d. Measurement of zero-sequence impedance on three phase transformers. e. Short circuit test. f. Measurement of sound level. g. Measurements of harmonics in the on load current. h. Tests of auxiliary equipment and wiring. i. Tests on load tap-changer. j. Leakage test for transformer tank.

RATINGS:
TYPE OF COOLING RATED HV POWER (MVA) LV RATED LINE HV CURRENT (A) LV RATED HV VOLTAGE AT LV NO LOAD (kV) NO. OF PHASES MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE RISE TYPE FREQUENCY VECTOR GROUP ONAN 222 222 HV LV ONAF 296 296 743.9 8554.9 HV LV HV LV OFAF 370 370 929.9 10693.6

557.9 HV 6416.2 LV 230 20

3 TOP OIL 50 AVG. WDG. 55 DOUBLE WOUND 50 Hz YNd1

IMPEDANCE VOLTAGE
TAP 1 TAP 6 TAP 17 9.42 8.99 8.40 12.56 11.99 11.20 15.76 14.99 14.00

INSULATION LEVELS
HV HVN LV CORE & OIL MASS TANK & FITTING MASS MASS OF OIL TOTAL MASS TRANSPORT MASS VOLUME OF OIL L1950 AC 395 NA AC 70 L1125 AC 50 170000 KG 80000 KG 64000 KG 314000 KG 210000 KG 72000 L

UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER

In recent years, large units of a utility power station are usually designed on a unit system basis in which the required devices, including the boiler, the turbine generator unit, and its power (step up) and unit (auxiliary) transformer are solidly connected as one unit. In addition to the above items, the unit auxiliary type system will incorporate a common or station arrangement which will consist of a startup and standby auxiliary transformer connected to the switchyard bus or other reliable source, plus a low voltage switchgear and motor control center arrangement similar to that described above for the unit auxiliary system. The common bus system may have a similar arrangement for the standby transformer. This common system has three principal functions: a. To provide a source of normal power for power plant equipment and services which are common to all units, e.g. water treating system, coal and ash handling equipment, air compressors, lighting, shops and similar items. b. To provide backup to each auxiliary power system segment if the transformer supplying that segment fails or is being maintained. c. In the case of the unit system. To provide startup power to each unit auxiliary power system until the generator is up to speed and voltage and is synchronized with the distribution system. d. The startup and standby transformer and switchgear will be sized to accomplish the above three functions and, in addition, to allow for possible future additions to the plant. Interconnections will be provided between the common and unit switchgear. Appropriate interlocks will be included so that no

more than one auxiliary transformer can feed any switchgear bus at one time.

RATINGS:
TYPE OF COOLING RATED POWER (MVA) RATED VOLTAGE (kV) RATED LINE CURRENT (A) ONAN 20 PRIMARY 20 SECOND. 6.9 PRIMARY 578 SECON. 1675.5 ONAF 25 P S 722 2094.3

NO.OF PHASES 3 MAXIMUM TEMP. RISE OVER TOP OIL AN AMBIENT OF 50 C AVG. WDG. TYPE DOUBLE WOUND VECTOR GROUP Dyn11 FREQUENCY 50 Hz

50 55

INSULATION LEVEL
PRIMARY SECONDARY SECONDARY NEUTRAL CORE & COIL MASS TANK & FITTING MASS MASS OF OIL TOTAL MASS TRANSPORT MASS VOLUME OF OIL L125 AC 50 L160 AC 20 LINA AC 20 19500 KG 14500 KG 12000 KG 46000 KG 40000 KG 13400 L

A UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER

A GENERATOR TRANSFORMER

THE

SWITCHYARD
WHAT IS A SWITCHYARD? Switchyard means collection of electrical equipment where high voltage electricity is switched using of various component. Electrical switchyards are usually part of a substation where electricity is transformed from one voltage to

another for the transmission, distribution. POWER IS TRANSMITTED FROM POWER STATION TO CUSTOMERS THROUGH SWITCHYARD CIRCUIT BREAKER A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. It can make or break a circuit either manually or by remote under normal or fault conditions. Actuator lever - used to manually trip and reset the circuit breaker. Actuator mechanism - forces the contacts together or apart Contacts - Allow current when touching and break the current when moved apart Terminals Bimetallic strip. Calibration screw - allows the manufacturer to precisely adjust the trip current of the device after assembly. Solenoid Arc divider/extinguisher USES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER Circuit breaker are used for all type of voltage. It is using in high power laboratories. It is using outdoor as well as indoor protection. CURRENT TRANSFORMER CT is a type of instrument transformer that is used in power system for measurement, detection, protection the system. Current transformers are used extensively for measuring current and monitoring the operation of the power grid.

Current transformers, together with voltage transformers (VT) (potential transformers (PT)), are known as instrument transformers. it is a device used to measure large current by scaling large primary current to a smaller , easy to measure, secondary current. USES OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER Current Transformer are used for electronic meter whose VA are very less. Unit protection such as bus zone, differential protection it is use. Current transformers are used extensively for measuring current and monitoring the operation of the power grid. Protection devices and revenue metering may use separate CTs to provide isolation between metering and protection circuits. TRANSFORMER A transformer is a static piece of apparatus used for transferring power from one circuit to another without change in frequency . Physical basis of a transformer is mutual inductance between two circuit by a common magnetic circuit linked by common magnetic flux. It can raise or lower the voltage with a corresponding decrease or increase in current. USES OF TRANSFORMER To transform AC to DC and DC to AC . A major application of transformers is to voltage before transmitting electrical energy over long distance. Transformers are usually done to change voltage either step up or step down, this works on the principle of induction. BUSBAR

In electrical power distribution, a busbar is a thick strip of copper or aluminium that conducts electricity within a switchboard, distribution board, substation or other electrical apparatus. Busbars are used to carry very large currents, or to distribute current to multiple devices within switchgear or equipment. USES OF BUSBAR Bus bar are used to carry high current. It can be used for protection of generator and transformer . LIGHTENING ARRESTOR A lightening arrester is a device used on electrical power systems to protect the insulation on the system from the damaging effect of lightning. A protective device for limiting surge voltages by discharging or bypassing surge current, and it also prevents the flow of follow current while remaining capable of repeating these functions USES OF LIGHTNING ARRESTER It protect the equipment from lightning stroke. It is used to giving electrostatic shielding against external field. Lightning arrester is used to provide path to unwanted excessive currents INSULATOR An insulator, also called a dielectric, is a material that resists the flow of electric current. In insulating materials valence electrons are tightlybonded to their atoms. These materials are used in parts of electrical equipment intended to support or separate electrical

conductors without passing current through themselves. Insulator provides necessary insulation between line conductor and support. USES OF INSULATOR Insulators are used to hold conductors in place, separating them from one another to form a barrier between energized parts of an electric circuit and confine the flow of current to wires or other conducting paths. An insulator can protect someone or something, from heat, electricity . ISOLATOR It is a disconnection switch and to be operated on no load. Isolator is also capable of switching with the charging current and also break the bus transfer current which are its functional requirement . An isolator switch is used to make sure that an electrical circuit can be completely de-energized for service or maintenance USES OF ISOLATOR It provide electrical isolation of the equipment, bus bar, and circuit from the live parts for maintenance purpose. It is using for transfer of load from one bus to another. MAIN FUNCTION OF SWITCHYARD It makes available the generated power at plant to the people. Power generated at power station transmitted via switchyard. Switchyard protects the plant due to sudden damage outside the plant. CONCLUSION

Switchyard is most essential part of the power system. It is the protective part of the whole power system. Switch yard is also most essential part for transmission, distribution, and collection. The picture of the current transformer:

RATINGS OF 6.6 kV HT MOTORS: PRIMARY AIR FAN Type YKK710-4 2500 KW Stator Duty: S1 PF: 0.903 Rotor: 1491 rpm Serial no. A710Y63177-1 Phases:3 6600 V IP: 55 Frequency: 50 Hz Weight: 14900 kg

Connection: Y 251 A IM: B3 INS: F IC: 611

FORCED DRAFT FAN Type YKK710-4 800 KW Stator Duty: S1 PF: 0.915 Rotor: 1491 rpm Serial no. A710Y6288-1 Phases:3 6600 V IP: 55 Frequency: 50 Hz Weight: 16500 kg

Connection: Y 81.3 A IM: B3 INS: F IC: 611

NDUCED DRAFT FAN Type YKK710-6 800 KW Stator Duty: S1 PF: 0.881 Rotor: 996 rpm BOILER FEED PUMP Serial no. A710Y63211-1 Phases:3 6600 V IP: 55 Frequency: 50 Hz Weight: 17300 kg

Connection: Y 231 A IM: B3 INS: F IC: 611

Type YKS800-4 5600 KW Stator Duty: S1 PF: 0.897 Rotor: 1481 rpm

Serial no. A800Y63160-22 Phases:3 6600 V IP: 55 Frequency: 50 Hz Weight: 19500 kg

Connection: Y 565 A IM: B3 INS: F IC: 611

DMCW PUMP Type: 350/450 AST Rotor: 1482 rpm Stator Duty: S1 PF: 0.85 Amb: 50c ACW PUMP 430 KW Weight: 3500 kg 6600 V IP: 55 Frequency: 50 Hz Efficiency: 93.3% Connection: Y 48 A IM: B3 INS: F

Relubrication: 4000 hrs 611 IC:

Rating:300 KW Rotor: 1489 rpm Stator Alt: 1000 m PF: 0.87

Connection: Y Weight: 3700 kg

Amb: 50 c IC: 611

6600 V 33 A Relubrication: 5000 hrs Efficiency: 94.5% Frequency: 50 Hz Weight: 3700 kg

TECHNICAL DATA
BOILER Make Model Type SHANGHAI BOILER WORKS LTD. SG 1025/17.5 M898

Sub Critical Reheat Natural Circulation Four CORNER TANGETIAL FIRING SINGLE DRUM BOILER Steaming Capacity 1025T/Hr 2 Operating Pressure 176 kg/cm

Design Pressure Coal Consumption Boiler(efficiency) TURBINE Type Make Rated O/P Main Steam Pressure Main Steam Temperature HRH Steam Temperature Main Steam Flow HRH Steam Flow Speed

202 kg/cm 180 T/Hr 87%

N-300-16.7/538/538 Hitachi, Japan 300 MW 16.7 Mpa 538 C 538 C 926.617 TPH 753.271 TPH 3000 rpm