CFD ANALYSIS OF SUPERCRITICAL AIRFOIL OVER SIMPLE AIRFOIL

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree

By

Shantanu Khanna (R180207050)

Under the Guidence of Dr. Ugur Guven Professor of Aerospace Engineering (Ph.D) Nuclear Science and Technology Engineer (M.sc)

College of Engineering University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun May, 2011
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CFD ANALYSIS OF SUPERCRITICAL AIRFOIL OVER SIMPLE AIRFOIL

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree
By

Shantanu Khanna (R180207050)

Under the Guidence of Dr. Ugur Guven Professor of Aerospace Engineering (Ph.D) Nuclear Science and Technology Engineer (M.sc)

Approved

....................................... Dean College of Engineering University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun May, 2011

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work contained in this thesis titled CFD Analysis of Supercritical Airfoil over Simple Airfoil has been carried out by Shantanu Khanna under my supervision and has not been submitted elsewhere for a degree.

Dr.UGUR GUVEN Professor of aerospace engineering (April 15 2011)

UNIVERSITY OF PETROLIUM AND ENTEGY STUDIES

CFD ANALYSIS OF SUPERCRITICAL AIRFOIL OVER SIMPLE AIRFOIL

Major Project by Shantanu Khanna

Project Supervisor: Prof. Dr.Ugur GUVEN Department: ASE Program: B.Tech

Forward
I would like to express my deep appreciation and thanks for my advisor. This work is supported by Prof. Dr. Ugur GUVEN

April 2011 Shantanu Khanna

Table of Contents S.no Page no.

List of Tables.....................................................................................................3 List of Figures....................................................................................................4 Abstract..............................................................................................................6 Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................7 1.1 Supercritical Airfoil........................................................................................7 1.2 Features of Supercritical Airfoil.....................................................................8 1.2.1 Trailing Edge Thickness..................................................................8 1.2.2 Maximum Thickness.......................................................................8 1.2.3 Aft upper surface curvature.............................................................8 1.3 Airfoil Data....................................................................................................8 Chapter 2: CFD Literature.............................................................................10 2.1. CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics).......................................................10 2.1.1. Discretization Methods in CFD ...................................................10 2.1.1.1. Finite difference method (FDM)...................................10 2.1.1.2. Finite volume method (FVM).......................................11 2.1.1.3. Finite element method (FEM).......................................11 2.1.2. How does a CFD code work? ......................................................12 2.1.2.1. Pre-Processing ..............................................................13 2.1.2.2. Solver ...........................................................................16 2.1.2.3 Post-Processing: ............................................................17 2.1.3. Advantages of CFD......................................................................17
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Chapter 3: Analysing flow in CFD...................................................................19 3.1 Create geometry in Gambit............................................................................19 3.1.1 Import edge.....................................................................................19 3.1.2 Crete Farfield Boundary.................................................................19 3.1.3 Create Face.....................................................................................20 3.2 Mesh geometry in Gambit............................................................................20 3.2.1 Mesh Edges...................................................................................20 3.2.2 Mesh Face.....................................................................................21 3.3 Specify Boundary Types in Gambit............................................................21 3.3.1 Define Boundary Types................................................................21 3.4 Set up problem in Fluent.............................................................................21 3.5 Solve...........................................................................................................24 Chapter 4: Analysis........................................................................................25 Chapter 5: Conclusion...................................................................................46 5.1 Pressure drag..46 5.2 Shock wave strength..................................................................................46 REFRENCE...................................................................................................47 APPENDIX....................................................................................................48

List of Table S.no Page no

Table 1.1: Specification of NACA SC(2) 0714.....................................................8 Table 1.2 : Specifications of NACA 4412 airfoil..................................................9 Table 5.1; Pressure Drag.....................................................................................46 Table 5.2: Strength of Shockwave......................................................................46

List of Figures S.no Page no.

Figure 1.1: Supercritical Airfoil..........................................................................7 Figure 2.1: Algorithm of numerical approach used by simulation softwares.......15 Figure 3.1: Import Edges......................................................................................19 Figure 3.2: Meshing..............................................................................................21 Figure 3.2: Model Solver......................................................................................23 Figure 3.4: Model Viscous...................................................................................24 Figure 3.5: Defining Boundary condition............................................................25 Figure 4.1: Contours of static pressure.................................................................25 Figure 4.2: Contours of dynamic pressure............................................................26 Figure 4.3: Contours of total pressure..................................................................26 Figure 4.4: Contours of static temperature...........................................................27 Figure 4.5: Contours of total temperature............................................................27 Figure 4.6: Contours of velocity magnitude........................................................28 Figure 4.7: Velocity vectors.................................................................................28 Figure 4.8: Contours of static pressure.................................................................29 Figure 4.9: Contours of dynamic pressure...........................................................29 Figure 4.10: Contours of total pressure...............................................................30 Figure 4.11: Contours of static temperature........................................................30 Figure 4.12: Contours of total temperature.........................................................31 Figure 4.13: Contours of velocity magnitude.....................................................31 Figure 4.14: Velocity vectors..............................................................................32 Figure 4.15: Contours of static pressure..............................................................32 Figure 4.16: Contours of dynamic pressure.........................................................33 Figure 4.17: Contours of total pressure................................................................33
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Figure 4.18: Contours of static temperature.........................................................34 Figure 4.19: Contours of total temperature..........................................................34 Figure 4.20: Contours of velocity magnitude.......................................................35 Figure 4.21: Velocity vectors................................................................................35 Figure 4.22: Contours of static pressure................................................................36 Figure 4.23: Contours of dynamic pressure...........................................................36 Figure 4.24: Contours of total pressure.................................................................37 Figure 4.25: Contours of static temperature..........................................................37 Figure 4.26: Contours of total temperature............................................................38 Figure 4.27: Contours of velocity magnitude........................................................38 Figure 4.28: Velocity vectors.................................................................................39 Figure 4.29: Contours of static pressure.................................................................39 Figure 4.30: Contours of dynamic pressure............................................................40 Figure 4.31: Contours of total pressure...................................................................40 Figure 4.32: Contours of static temperature............................................................41 Figure 4.33: Contours of total temperature..............................................................41 Figure 4.34: Contours of velocity magnitude...........................................................42 Figure 4.35: Velocity vectors...................................................................................42 Figure 4.36: Contours of static pressure...................................................................43 Figure 4.37: Contours of dynamic pressure..............................................................43 Figure 4.38: Contours of total pressure.....................................................................44 Figure 4.39: Contours of static temperature..............................................................44 Figure 4.40: Contours of total temperature...............................................................45 Figure 4.41: Contours of velocity magnitude............................................................45 Figure 4.42: Velocity vectors......................................................................................46

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ABSTRACT In this project flow over supercritical airfoil and conventional airfoil is compared at Mach number 0.6. Parameters which are observed are Pressure drag and Strength of shockwave as they are one of the parameters which are prominent in transonic speed. Software tools used are GAMBIT and FLUENT. Gambit is used for preparing the geometry and meshing and FLUENT is used for analysing the flow. Computational fluid dynamics is used because preparing a model of airfoil is a lengthy and difficult process and wind tunnel capable of 0.6 Mach number is not available. CFD gives 99% accurate results.

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Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Supercritical Airfoil Transonic Jet aircrafts fly at speed of .8-.9 Mach number. At these speeds speed of air reaches speed of sound somewhere over the wing and compressibility effects start to show up. The free stream Mach number at which local sonic velocities develop is called critical Mach number. It is always better to increase the critical mach number so that formation of shockwaves can be delayed. This can be done either by sweeping the wings but high sweep is not recommended in passenger aircrafts as there is loss in lift in subsonic speed and difficulties during constructions. So engineers thought of developing an airfoil which can perform this task without loss in lift and increase in drag. They increased the thickness of the leading edge and made the upper surface flat so that there is no formation of strong shockwave and curved trailing edge lower surface which increases the pressure at lower surface and accounts for lift.

Figure 1.1: Supercritical Airfoil. 1.2 Features of Supercritical Airfoil 1.2.1 Trailing Edge Thickness The design philosophy of the supercritical airfoil required that the trailing-edge slopes of the upper and lower surfaces be equal. This requirement served to retard flow separation by reducing the pressure recovery gradient on the upper surface so that the pressure coefficients recovered to only slightly positive values at the trailing edge. Increasing the trailing-edge thickness of an interim ll-percent-thick supercritical airfoil from 0 to 1.0 percent of the chord resulted in a significant decrease in wave drag at transonic Mach numbers; however, this decrease was achieved at the expense of higher drag at subcritical Mach numbers.

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1.2.2 Maximum Thickness For the thinner airfoil, the onset of trailing-edge separation began at an approximately 0.1 higher normal-force coefficient at the higher test Mach numbers, and the drag divergence Mach number at a normal-force coefficient of 0.7 was 0.01 higher. Both effects were associated with lower induced velocities over the thinner airfoil. 1.2.3 Aft upper surface curvature The rear upper surface of the supercritical airfoil is shaped to accelerate the flow following the shock wave in order to produce a near-sonic plateau at design conditions. 1.3 Airfoil Data There are two airfoils chosen for this analysis one is supercritical and other is conventional airfoil. Super critical airfoil chosen for this project is NACA SC(2) 0714 and NACA 4412 which is conventional airfoil. Table 1.1: Specification of NACA SC(2) 0714

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Table 1.2 : Specifications of NACA 4412 airfoil

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Chapter 2: CFD Literature 2.1. CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) CFD is one of the branches of fluid mechanics that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that involve fluid flows. Computers are used to perform the millions of calculations required to simulate the interaction of fluids and gases with the complex surfaces used in engineering. However, even with simplified equations and high speed supercomputers, only approximate solutions can be achieved in many cases. More accurate codes that can accurately and quickly simulate even complex scenarios such as supersonic or turbulent flows are an ongoing area of research. 2.1.1. Discretization Methods in CFD There are three discretization methods in CFD: 1. Finite difference method (FDM) 2. Finite volume method (FVM) 3. Finite element method (FEM) 2.1.1.1. Finite difference method (FDM) A finite difference method (FDM) discretization is based upon the differential form of the PDE to be solved. Each derivative is replaced with an approximate difference formula (that can generally be derived from a Taylor series expansion). The computational domain is usually divided into hexahedral cells (the grid), and the solution will be obtained at each nodal point. The FDM is easiest to understand when the physical grid is Cartesian, but through the use of curvilinear transforms the method can be extended to domains that are not easily represented by brick-shaped elements. The Discretization results in a system of equation of the variable at nodal points, and once a solution is found, then we have a discrete representation of the solution.

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2.1.1.2. Finite volume method (FVM) A finite volume method (FVM) discretization is based upon an integral form of the PDE to be solved (e.g. conservation of mass, momentum, or energy). The PDE is written in a form which can be solved for a given finite volume (or cell). The computational domain is discretized into finite volumes and then for every volume the 12 governing equations are solved. The resulting system of equations usually involves fluxes of the conserved variable, and thus the calculation of fluxes is very important in FVM. The basic advantage of this method over FDM is it does not require the use of structured grids, and the effort to convert the given mesh in to structured numerical grid internally is completely avoided. As with FDM, the resulting approximate solution is a discrete, but the variables are typically placed at cell centers rather than at nodal points. This is not always true, as there are also facecentered finite volume methods. In any case, the values of field variables at nonstorage locations (e.g. vertices) are obtained using interpolation. 2.1.1.3. Finite element method (FEM) A finite element method (FEM) discretization is based upon a piecewise representation of the solution in terms of specified basis functions. The computational domain is divided up into smaller domains (finite elements) and the solution in each element is constructed from the basis functions. The actual equations that are solved are typically obtained by restating the conservation equation in weak form: the field variables are written in terms of the basis functions, the equation is multiplied by appropriate test functions, and then integrated over an element. Since the FEM solution is in terms of specific basis functions, a great deal more is known about the solution than for either FDM or FVM. This can be a double-edged sword, as the choice of basis functions is very important and boundary conditions may be more difficult to formulate. Again, a system of equations is obtained (usually for nodal values) that must be solved to obtain a solution. Comparison of the three methods is difficult, primarily due to the many variations of all three methods. FVM and FDM provide discrete solutions, while FEM provides a continuous (up to a point) solution. FVM and FDM are generally considered easier to program than FEM, but opinions vary on this point. FVM are generally expected to provide better conservation properties, but opinions vary on this point also.
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2.1.2. How does a CFD code work? CFD codes are structured around the numerical algorithms that can be tackle fluid problems. In order to provide easy access to their solving power all commercial CFD packages include sophisticated user interfaces input problem parameters and to examine the results. Hence all codes contain three main elements: 13 1. Pre-processing. 2. Solver 3. Post-processing. 2.1.2.1. Pre-Processing This is the first step in building and analyzing a flow model. Preprocessor consist of input of a flow problem by means of an operator friendly interface and subsequent transformation of this input into form of suitable for the use by the solver. The user activities at the Pre-processing stage involve: Definition of the geometry of the region: The computational domain. Grid generation the subdivision of the domain into a number of smaller, nonoverlapping sub domains (or control volumes or elements Selection of physical or chemical phenomena that need to be modeled). Definition of fluid properties Specification of appropriate boundary conditions at cells, which coincide with or touch the boundary. The solution of a flow problem (velocity, pressure, temperature etc.) is defined at nodes inside each cell. The accuracy of CFD solutions is governed by number of cells in the grid. In general, the larger numbers of cells better the solution accuracy. Both the accuracy of the solution & its cost in terms of necessary computer hardware & calculation time are dependent on the fineness of the grid. Efforts are underway to develop CFD codes with a (self) adaptive meshing capability. Ultimately such programs will automatically refine the grid in areas of rapid variation.

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GAMBIT (CFD PREPROCESSOR) GAMBIT is a state-of-the-art preprocessor for engineering analysis. With advanced geometry and meshing tools in a powerful, flexible, tightly-integrated, and easy-to use interface, GAMBIT can dramatically reduce preprocessing times for many applications. Complex models can be built directly within GAMBITs solid geometry modeler, or imported from any major CAD/CAE system. Using a virtual geometry overlay and advanced cleanup tools, imported geometries are quickly converted into suitable flow domains. A comprehensive set of highly-automated and size function driven meshing tools ensures that the best mesh can be generated, whether structured, multiblock, unstructured, or hybrid. 14 2.1.2.2. Solver The CFD solver does the flow calculations and produces the results. FLUENT, FloWizard, FIDAP, CFX and POLYFLOW are some of the types of solvers. FLUENT is used in most industries. FloWizard is the first general-purpose rapid flow modeling tool for design and process engineers built by Fluent. POLYFLOW (and FIDAP) are also used in a wide range of fields, with emphasis on the materials processing industries. FLUENT and CFX two solvers were developed independently by ANSYS and have a number of things in common, but they also have some significant differences. Both are control-volume based for high accuracy and rely heavily on a pressure-based solution technique for broad applicability. They differ mainly in the way they integrate the fluid flow equations and in their equation solution strategies. The CFX solver uses finite elements (cell vertex numerics), similar to those used in mechanical analysis, to discretize the domain. In contrast, the FLUENT solver uses finite volumes (cell centered numerics). CFX software focuses on one approach to solve the governing equations of motion (coupled algebraic multigrid), while the FLUENT product offers several solution approaches (density-, segregated- and coupled-pressure-based methods) The FLUENT CFD code has extensive interactivity, so we can make changes to the analysis at any time during the process. This saves time and enables to refine designs more efficiently. Graphical user interface (GUI) is intuitive, which helps to shorten the learning curve and make the modeling process faster. In addition, FLUENT's adaptive and dynamic mesh capability is unique and works with a wide range of
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physical models. This capability makes it possible and simple to model complex moving objects in relation to flow. This solver provides the broadest range of rigorous physical models that have been validated against industrial scale applications, so we can accurately simulate real-world conditions, including multiphase flows, reacting flows, rotating equipment, moving and deforming objects, turbulence, radiation, acoustics and dynamic meshing. The FLUENT solver has repeatedly proven to be fast and reliable for a wide range of CFD applications. The speed to solution is faster because suite of software enables us to stay within one interface from geometry building through the solution process, to post-processing and final output. 15 The numerical solution of NavierStokes equations in CFD codes usually implies a discretization method: it means that derivatives in partial differential equations are approximated by algebraic expressions which can be alternatively obtained by means of the finite-difference or the finite-element method. Otherwise, in a way that is completely different from the previous one, the discretization equations can be derived from the integral form of the conservation equations: this approach, known as the finite volume method, is implemented in FLUENT (FLUENT users guide, vols. 15, Lebanon, 2001), because of its adaptability to a wide variety of grid structures. The result is a set of algebraic equations through which mass, momentum, and energy transport are predicted at discrete points in the domain. In the freeboard model that is being described, the segregated solver has been chosen so the governing equations are solved sequentially. Because the governing equations are non-linear and coupled, several iterations of the solution loop must be performed before a converged solution is obtained and each of the iteration is carried out as follows: (1) Fluid properties are updated in relation to the current solution; if the calculation is at the first iteration, the fluid properties are updated consistent with the initialized solution. (2) The three momentum equations are solved consecutively using the current value for pressure so as to update the velocity field. (3) Since the velocities obtained in the previous step may not satisfy the continuity equation, one more equation for the pressure correction is derived from the
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continuity equation and the linearized momentum equations: once solved, it gives the correct pressure so that continuity is satisfied. The pressurevelocity coupling is made by the SIMPLE algorithm, as in FLUENT default options. (4) Other equations for scalar quantities such as turbulence, chemical species and radiation are solved using the previously updated value of the other variables; when inter-phase coupling is to be considered, the source terms in the appropriate continuous phase equations have to be updated with a discrete phase trajectory calculation. (5) Finally, the convergence of the equations set is checked and all the procedure is repeated until convergence criteria are met. (Ravelli et al., 2008) 16

Figure 2.1: Algorithm of numerical approach used by simulation softwares The conservation equations are linearized according to the implicit scheme with respect to the dependent variable: the result is a system of linear equations (with one
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equation for each cell in the domain) that can be solved simultaneously. Briefly, the segregated implicit method calculates every single variable field considering all the cells at the same time. The code stores discrete values of each scalar quantity at the cell centre; the face values must be interpolated from the cell centre values. For all the scalar quantities, the interpolation is carried out by the second order upwind scheme with the purpose of achieving high order accuracy. The only exception is represented by pressure interpolation, for which the standard method has been chosen. Ravelli et al., 2008). 17 2.1.2.3 Post-Processing: This is the final step in CFD analysis, and it involves the organization and interpretation of the predicted flow data and the production of CFD images and animations. Fluent's software includes full post processing capabilities. FLUENT exports CFD's data to third-party post-processors and visualization tools such as Ensight, Fieldview and TechPlot as well as to VRML formats. In addition, FLUENT CFD solutions are easily coupled with structural codes such as ABAQUS, MSC and ANSYS, as well as to other engineering process simulation tools. Thus FLUENT is general-purpose computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software ideally suited for incompressible and mildly compressible flows. Utilizing a pressure-based segregated finite-volume method solver, FLUENT contains physical models for a wide range of applications including turbulent flows, heat transfer, reacting flows, chemical mixing, combustion, and multiphase flows. FLUENT provides physical models on unstructured meshes, bringing you the benefits of easier problem setup and greater accuracy using solution-adaptation of the mesh. FLUENT is a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package to simulate fluid flow problems. It uses the finite-volume method to solve the governing equations for a fluid. It provides the capability to use different physical models such as incompressible or compressible, inviscid or viscous, laminar or turbulent, etc. Geometry and grid generation is done using GAMBIT which is the preprocessor bundled with FLUENT. Owing to increased popularity of engineering work stations, many of which has outstanding graphics capabilities, the leading CFD are now equipped with versatile data visualization tools. These include Domain geometry & Grid display.
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Vector plots. Line & shaded contour plots. 2D & 3D surface plots. Particle tracking. View manipulation (translation, rotation, scaling etc.) 2.1.3. Advantages of CFD Major advancements in the area of gas-solid multiphase flow modeling offer substantial process improvements that have the potential to significantly improve process plant operations. Prediction of gas solid flow fields, in processes such as pneumatic transport lines, risers, 18 fluidized bed reactors, hoppers and precipitators are crucial to the operation of most process plants. Up to now, the inability to accurately model these interactions has limited the role that simulation could play in improving operations. In recent years, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software developers have focused on this area to develop new modeling methods that can simulate gas-liquid-solid flows to a much higher level of reliability. As a result, process industry engineers are beginning to utilize these methods to make major improvements by evaluating alternatives that would be, if not impossible, too expensive or time-consuming to trial on the plant floor. Over the past few decades, CFD has been used to improve process design by allowing engineers to simulate the performance of alternative configurations, eliminating guesswork that would normally be used to establish equipment geometry and process conditions. The use of CFD enables engineers to obtain solutions for problems with complex geometry and boundary conditions. A CFD analysis yields values for pressure, fluid velocity, temperature, and species or phase concentration on a computational grid throughout the solution domain. Advantages of CFD can be summarized as: 1. It provides the flexibility to change design parameters without the expense of hardware changes. It therefore costs less than laboratory or field experiments, allowing engineers to try more alternative designs than would be feasible otherwise.

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2. It has a faster turnaround time than experiments. 3. It guides the engineer to the root of problems, and is therefore well suited for trouble-shooting. 4. It provides comprehensive information about a flow field, especially in regions where measurements are either difficult or impossible to obtain.

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Chapter 3: Analysing flow in CFD 3.1 Create geometry in Gambit 3.1.1 Import edge To specify the airfoil geometry we will import a file containing a list of vertices along the surface and have GAMBIT join these vertices to create edge, corresponding to the surface of the airfoil. Main Menu >File >Input >ICEM input

Figure 3.1: Import Edges 3.1.2 Crete Farfield Boundary We will create the farfield boundary by creating vertices and joining them appropriately to form edges. Operation Toolpad >Geometry Command Button >Vertex Command Button >Create Vertex Label X A B C D Y Z 0 0

-12 12 12 12 12

-12 0

-12 -12 0
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Operation Toolpad >Geometry Command Button >Edge Command Button >Create Edge Create edges AB, BC, CD, DA by selecting the vertices 3.1.3 Create Face We will create the face by selecting the edges AB, BC, CD, DA naming the face Farfield. Operation Toolpad >Geometry Command Button >Face Command Button >Form Face By selecting the airfoil edges make an airfoil face naming Airfoil. Before proceeding to the next step we will subtract the faces, subtracting face Airfoil from Farfield. Operation Toolpad >Geometry Command Button >Face Command Button Click on the Boolean Operations Button and select Subtract Face Box select Farfield in upper box and Airfoil in lower box click apply. 3.2 Mesh geometry in Gambit 3.2.1 Mesh Edges Operation Toolpad >Mesh Command Button >Edge Command Button >Mesh Edges Taking interval count 50 we mesh the edges AB, BC, CD, DA. 3.2.2 Mesh Face Operation Toolpad >Mesh Command Button >Face Command Button >Mesh Faces Taking interval count 100 we mesh the face Farfield

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Figure 3.2: Meshing 3.3 Specify Boundary Types in Gambit 3.3.1 Define Boundary Types Operation Toolpad >Zone Command Button >Specify Boundary Types Under entity select Edges and select AB, CD as Prssure_Farfield, DA as Velocity_Inlet, BC as Peassure_Outlet. Save the work and Export Mesh. Main Menu >File >Save Main Menu >File >Export >Mesh 3.4 Set up problem in Fluent Import File Main Menu >File >Read Case Check Grid Main Menu >Grid >Check Define Properties Define >Model >Solver
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Figure 3.2: Model Solver Under Solver select Density based Solver and in Gradient option select Green-Gause node based. Define >Model >Viscous Under Viscous select K-epsilon

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Figure 3.4: Model Viscous Define >Model >Energy Turn On the Energy equation Define >Materials Make sure that air is selected under Fluid Material and set Density to Ideal Gas Define >Operating Conditions Set Operating Pressure to be 101325 Pascal Define >Boundary Conditions Set the Velocity Magnitude to be 250 m/sec i.e around 0.6 Mach

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Figure 3.5: Defining Boundary condition 3.5 Solve Solve >Control >Solution Set Discretization to be Second Order Upwind for Flow, Turbulent Kinetic Energy, Turbulent Dissipation Rate Solve >Initialize >Initialize Set Velocity_Inlet under compute form Main Menu >File >Write >Case Solve Iterate

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Chapter 4: Analysis Supercritical airfoil at Zero degree

Figure 4.1 shows static pressure contour at 0.6 Mach number. From figure 4.1 it can be observed that there is high pressure of 35100 Pascal and at trailing edge pressure is -18200 Pascal. Resultant pressure is 53300 Pascal.

Figure 4.1: Contours of static pressure Figure 4.2 shows dynamic contour at 0.6 Mach number. From figure 4.2 it can be observed that a weak shock is formed near the trailing edge of the airfoil. And at the lower surface of the trailing edge high pressure region is there which compensates for lift loss due to flat upper surface.

Figure 4.2: Contours of dynamic pressure

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Figure 4.3: Contours of total pressure Figure 4.3 and figure 4.4 shows contours of total pressure and static temperature their behaviour is same as static pressure and dynamic pressure.

Figure 4.4: Contours of static temperature

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Figure 4.5: Contours of total temperature

Figure 4.6: Contours of velocity magnitude Figure 4.6 shows velocity magnitude and figure 4.5 shows contour of total temperature. Figure 4.7 shows the velocity vectors over supercritical airfoil.

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Figure 4.7: Velocity vectors

Supercritical airfoil at Fifteen degree

Figure 4.8: Contours of static pressure Figure 4.8 shows static pressure contour at 0.6 Mach number. From figure 4.8 it can be observed that there is high pressure of 35100 Pascal and at trailing edge pressure is -27700 Pascal. Resultant pressure is 62800 Pascal.

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Figure 4.9: Contours of dynamic pressure Figure 4.9 shows dynamic contour at 0.6 Mach number. From figure 4.2 it can be observed that a weak shock is formed near the trailing edge of the airfoil. And at the lower surface of the trailing edge high pressure region is there which compensates for lift loss due to flat upper surface.

Figure 4.10: Contours of total pressure

Figure 4.10 shows contour of total pressure. Figure 4.11 and 4.12 shows contour of static temperature and total temperature the contours show same behaviour as static pressure and dynamic pressure.

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Figure 4.11: Contours of static temperature

Figure 4.12: Contours of total temperature Figure 4.13 shows velocity magnitude and figure 4.14 shows velocity vectors. The contours behave same as contours of dynamic pressure.

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Figure 4.13: Contours of velocity magnitude

Figure 4.14: velocity vector

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Supercritical airfoil at Thirty degree

Figure 4.15 shows static pressure contour at 0.6 Mach number. From figure 4.15 it can be observed that there is high pressure of 71200 Pascal and at trailing edge pressure is -35000 Pascal. Resultant pressure is 106200 Pascal.

Figure 4.15: Contours of static pressure Figure 4.16 shows dynamic contour at 0.6 Mach number. From figure 4.16 it can be observed that a weak shock is formed near the trailing edge of the airfoil. And at the lower surface of the trailing edge high pressure region is there which compensates for lift loss due to flat upper surface.

Figure 4.16: Contours of dynamic pressure

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Figure 4.17: Contours of total pressure

Figure 4.18: Contours of static temperature Figure 4.17 shows contours of total pressure this contour shows combined effect of static pressure and dynamic pressure. Figure 4.18 shows effect on static temperature and it shows same result as static pressure. Formation of shockwave leads to rise in temperature and total temperature also increases as shown in figure 4.19.

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Figure 4.19: Contours of total temperature

Figure 4.20: Contours of velocity magnitude Figure 4.20 shows velocity magnitude and 4.21 shows direction of velocity vectors the contours behave same as plots of dynamic pressure.

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Figure 4.21: velocity vector

Simple airfoil at Zero degree

Figure 4.22: Contours of static pressure Figure 4.22 shows static pressure contour at 0.6 Mach number. From figure 4.22 it can be observed that there is high pressure of 39200 Pascal and at trailing edge pressure is -18200 Pascal. Resultant pressure is 57400 Pascal.

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Figure 4.23: Contours of dynamic pressure Figure 4.23 shows dynamic contour at 0.6 Mach number. From figure 4.23 it can be observed that a weak shock is formed near the trailing edge of the airfoil. And at the lower surface of the trailing edge high pressure region is there which compensates for lift loss due to flat upper surface.

Figure 4.24: Contours of total pressure Figure 4.24 shows contours of total pressure this contour shows combined effect of static pressure and dynamic pressure. Figure 4.25 shows effect on static temperature and it shows same result as static pressure. Figure 4.26 shows effect on dynamic temperature the formation of shockwave leads to rise in temperature and total temperature also increases as shown in figure 4.27.

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Figure 4.25: Contours of static temperature

Figure 4.26: Contours of total temperature Figure 4.27 shows velocity magnitude and 4.28 shows direction of velocity vectors the contours behave same as plots of dynamic pressure.

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Figure 4.27: Contours of velocity magnitude

Figure 4.28: velocity magnitude

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Simple airfoil at Fifteen degree

Figure 4.29 shows static pressure contour at 0.6 Mach number. From figure 4.29 it can be observed that there is high pressure of 41000 Pascal and at trailing edge pressure is -35100 Pascal. Resultant pressure is 76100 Pascal.

Figure 4.29: Contours of static pressure Figure 4.30 shows dynamic contour at 0.6 Mach number. From figure 4.30 it can be observed that a weak shock is formed near the trailing edge of the airfoil. And at the lower surface of the trailing edge high pressure region is there which compensates for lift loss due to flat upper surface.

Figure 4.30: Contours of dynamic pressure

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Figure 4.31 shows contours of total pressure this contour shows combined effect of static pressure and dynamic pressure. Figure 4.32 shows effect on static temperature and it shows same result as static pressure. The formation of shockwave leads to rise in temperature and total temperature also increases as shown in figure 4.33.

Figure 4.31: Contours of total pressure Figure 4.31 shows contours of total pressure this contour shows combined effect of static pressure and dynamic pressure. Figure 4.32 shows effect on static temperature and it shows same result as static pressure. Figure 4.33 shows effect on dynamic temperature the formation of shockwave leads to rise in temperature and total temperature also increases as shown in figure 4.34.

Figure 4.32: Contours of static temperature

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Figure 4.33: Contours of total temperature

Figure 4.34: Contours of velocity magnitude Figure 4.34 shows velocity magnitude and 4.35 shows direction of velocity vectors the contours behave same as plots of dynamic pressure.

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Figure 4.35: velocity vector

Simple airfoil at Thirty degree

Figure 4.36: Contours of static pressure Figure 4.36 shows static pressure contour at 0.6 Mach number. From figure 4.36 it can be observed that there is high pressure of 41900 Pascal and at trailing edge pressure is -28800 Pascal. Resultant pressure is 70700 Pascal.

47

Figure 4.37: Contours of dynamic pressure Figure 4.37 shows dynamic contour at 0.6 Mach number. From figure 4.37 it can be observed that a weak shock is formed near the trailing edge of the airfoil. And at the lower surface of the trailing edge high pressure region is there which compensates for lift loss due to flat upper surface.

Figure 4.38: Contours of total pressure Figure 4.38 shows contours of total pressure this contour shows combined effect of static pressure and dynamic pressure. Figure 4.39 shows effect on static temperature and it shows same result as static pressure. The formation of shockwave leads to rise in temperature and total temperature also increases as shown in figure 4.40.

48

Figure 4.39: Contours of static temperature

Figure 4.40: Contours of total temperature Figure 4.41 shows velocity magnitude and 4.42 shows direction of velocity vectors the contours behave same as plots of dynamic pressure.

49

Figure 4.41: Contours of velocity magnitude

Figure 4.42: velocity vector

50

Chapter 5: Conclusion
5.1 Pressure drag Pressure Drag is calculated by taking difference in static pressure at leading edge and trailing edge. More difference means more pressure drag Angle of Attack 00 150 NACA 4412 43130 Pascal 59600 Pascal NACA sc(2)0714 34995 Pascal 55400 Pascal

5.2 Shock wave strength Strength of Shockwave is estimated by calculating the decrease in velocity. Angle of Attack 00 150 NACA 4412 140 m/sec 413 m/sec NACA sc(2)0714 113 m/sec 148 m/sec

From above analysis I conclude that In case of Supercritical airfoil at 00 angle of attack there is 18% decrement in pressure drag. at 150 angle of attack there is 7% decrement in pressure drag. at 00 angle of attack there is 19.2% decrement in strength of shockwave. at 150 angle of attack there is 64% decrement in strength of shockwave.

51

REFRENCE Anderson, J.D(2001), Introduction to flight, New York, Tata Mc Grawhill Anderson, J.D(2005), Introduction toAerodynamics, New York, Tata Mc Grawhill URL:www.NASA.com URL:www.cornelluniversitylectures.com URL:www.aerospacelectures.co.cc

52

APPENDIX A1: Airfoil data for NACA SC(2)0714 1.000000 0.990000 0.980000 0.970000 0.950000 0.920000 0.900000 0.870000 0.850000 0.820000 0.800000 0.770000 0.750000 0.720000 0.700000 0.680000 0.650000 0.620000 0.600000 0.570000 0.550000 0.530000 0.500000 0.480000 -0.010400 -0.007100 -0.003900 -0.000900 0.004900 0.013100 0.018100 0.025100 0.029400 0.035300 0.038900 0.043900 0.046900 0.050900 0.053300 0.055500 0.058500 0.061000 0.062500 0.064500 0.065600 0.066600 0.067800 0.068400
53

0.450000 0.430000 0.400000 0.380000 0.350000 0.330000 0.300000 0.270000 0.250000 0.220000 0.200000 0.170000 0.150000 0.120000 0.100000 0.070000 0.050000 0.040000 0.030000 0.020000 0.010000 0.005000 0.002000 0.000000 0.000000

0.069200 0.069500 0.069700 0.069800 0.069600 0.069200 0.068500 0.067300 0.066400 0.064600 0.063200 0.060600 0.058500 0.054800 0.051800 0.046200 0.041100 0.038100 0.034300 0.029300 0.021900 0.015800 0.009500 0.000000 0.000000

54

0.002000 0.005000 0.010000 0.020000 0.030000 0.040000 0.050000 0.070000 0.100000 0.120000 0.150000 0.170000 0.200000 0.220000 0.250000 0.280000 0.300000 0.320000 0.350000 0.370000 0.400000 0.420000 0.450000 0.480000 0.500000 0.530000

-0.009300 -0.016000 -0.022100 -0.029500 -0.034400 -0.038100 -0.041200 -0.046200 -0.051700 -0.054700 -0.058500 -0.060600 -0.063300 -0.064700 -0.066600 -0.068000 -0.068700 -0.069200 -0.069600 -0.069600 -0.069200 -0.068800 -0.067600 -0.065700 -0.064400 -0.061400
55

0.550000 0.580000 0.600000 0.630000 0.650000 0.680000 0.700000 0.730000 0.750000 0.770000
0.800000 0.830000 0.850000 0.870000 0.890000 0.920000 0.940000 0.950000 0.960000 0.970000 0.980000 0.990000 1.000000

-0.058800 -0.054300 -0.050900 -0.045100 -0.041000 -0.034600 -0.030200 -0.023500 -0.019200 -0.015000
-0.009300 -0.004800 -0.002400 -0.001300 -0.000800 -0.001600 -0.003500 -0.004900 -0.006600 -0.008500 -0.010900 -0.013700 -0.016300

A2: Airfoil data for NACA 4412 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0005000 0.0023390 0.0010000 0.0037271 0 0 0
56

0.0020000 0.0058025 0.0040000 0.0089238 0.0080000 0.0137350 0.0120000 0.0178581 0.0200000 0.0253735 0.0300000 0.0330215 0.0400000 0.0391283 0.0500000 0.0442753 0.0600000 0.0487571 0.0800000 0.0564308 0.1000000 0.0629981 0.1200000 0.0686204 0.1400000 0.0734360 0.1600000 0.0775707 0.1800000 0.0810687 0.2000000 0.0839202 0.2200000 0.0861433 0.2400000 0.0878308 0.2600000 0.0890840 0.2800000 0.0900016 0.3000000 0.0906804 0.3200000 0.0911857 0.3400000 0.0915079 0.3600000 0.0916266 0.3800000 0.0915212 0.4000000 0.0911712 0.4200000 0.0905657

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
57

0.4400000 0.0897175 0.4600000 0.0886427 0.4800000 0.0873572 0.5000000 0.0858772 0.5200000 0.0842145 0.5400000 0.0823712 0.5600000 0.0803480 0.5800000 0.0781451 0.6000000 0.0757633 0.6200000 0.0732055 0.6400000 0.0704822 0.6600000 0.0676046 0.6800000 0.0645843 0.7000000 0.0614329 0.7200000 0.0581599 0.7400000 0.0547675 0.7600000 0.0512565 0.7800000 0.0476281 0.8000000 0.0438836 0.8200000 0.0400245 0.8400000 0.0360536 0.8600000 0.0319740 0.8800000 0.0277891 0.9000000 0.0235025 0.9200000 0.0191156 0.9400000 0.0146239 0.9600000 0.0100232

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
58

0.9700000 0.0076868 0.9800000 0.0053335 0.9900000 0.0029690 1.0000000 0 0

0 0 0

0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0005000 -.0046700 0.0010000 -.0059418 0.0020000 -.0078113 0.0040000 -.0105126 0.0080000 -.0142862 0.0120000 -.0169733 0.0200000 -.0202723 0.0300000 -.0226056 0.0400000 -.0245211 0.0500000 -.0260452 0.0600000 -.0271277 0.0800000 -.0284595 0.1000000 -.0293786 0.1200000 -.0299633 0.1400000 -.0302404 0.1600000 -.0302546 0.1800000 -.0300490 0.2000000 -.0296656 0.2200000 -.0291445 0.2400000 -.0285181 0.2600000 -.0278164 0.2800000 -.0270696

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
59

0.3000000 -.0263079 0.3200000 -.0255565 0.3400000 -.0248176 0.3600000 -.0240870 0.3800000 -.0233606 0.4000000 -.0226341 0.4200000 -.0219042 0.4400000 -.0211708 0.4600000 -.0204353 0.4800000 -.0196986 0.5000000 -.0189619 0.5200000 -.0182262 0.5400000 -.0174914 0.5600000 -.0167572 0.5800000 -.0160232 0.6000000 -.0152893 0.6200000 -.0145551 0.6400000 -.0138207 0.6600000 -.0130862 0.6800000 -.0123515 0.7000000 -.0116169 0.7200000 -.0108823 0.7400000 -.0101478 0.7600000 -.0094133 0.7800000 -.0086788 0.8000000 -.0079443 0.8200000 -.0072098

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
60

0.8400000 -.0064753 0.8600000 -.0057408 0.8800000 -.0050063 0.9000000 -.0042718 0.9200000 -.0035373 0.9400000 -.0028028 0.9600000 -.0020683 0.9700000 -.0017011 0.9800000 -.0013339 0.9900000 -.0009666 1.0000000 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

61