ONE

Concepts, Definitions, and Basic Principles

1.1FE

1.2FE

1.3FE

1.4FE

1.5FE

1.6FE

1.7FE

1.8FE

J = Nm =

1.9FE

p = h = gh. 101 000 = 600 9.8 h. h = 17.18 m

1.10FE

p = h = gh. 200 000 = (13.6 1000) 9.8 h.

h = 1.50 m or 1500 mm

1.11FE

pA = Kx. 400 000 0.022 = 800 x. x = 0.628 m

1.12FE

Sum forces in the vertical direction:

N
m

m3 = Pa m3

pA = W + Kx or p 0.12 = 40 9.8 + 2000 0.40.

p = 37 900 Pa gage or 137 900 Pa
1.13FE

p = h. F = pA.
F = hA = 9800 300 0.42 = 1 480 000 N

1.14FE

1.1

boundary
system

c.s.

steam
c.s.

system
c.v.

c.v.
c.s.

c.v.
(c)

boundary
(b)

(a)

(e)

(d)

1.2

air

Extensive: (a), (b), (e). Intensive: (c), (d), (f).

a) W = m g = 10 9.77 = 97.7 N
b) 30 / 75 = 0.4 J/kg
e) 75 / 75 = 1 kg/kg

1.3

a) Yes
b) No. The pressure would not be uniform throughout the volume.
c) No. The temperature would not be uniform throughout the volume.

1.4

No. The different temperatures of the sides would create air motions inside the
volume. After a period of time, the sides of the isolated volume would all
approach the same temperature and thermodynamic equilibrium would be
attained.

1.5

No. A small change would cause solidification.

1.6

a) Power = force velocity = N m/s = kg m/s 2 m/s = kg m 2 / s3

b) Heat flux = heat transfer / time = J/s = N m/s = kg m/s 2 m / s = kg m 2 / s3
c) Specific weight = weight / volume = N/m3 = kg m/s 2 / m3 = kg/(m 2 s 2 )

1.7

a) 6 0.3048 = 1.829 m
c) 2 14.59 = 29.18 kg

b) 4 16.39 = 65.56 cm3

d) 40 1.356 = 54.24 N m
f) 150 0.7457 = 111.9 kW

e) 2000 1.356 = 2712 W

g) 10 0.02832 = 0.2832 m3 /s
1.8
1.9

W = m g = 10 9.77 = 97.7 N
20
20
32.2 =
60. F = 57.27 lbf .
32.2
32.2
Note: The mass is 20/32.2 slugs. The m in the above equation must be measured in
slugs. The weight W is mg where we assume g = 32.2 ft/sec2 since it is not specified in
the problem statement.
F = ma. F W = ma. F

1.10

F = ma. 0.6 1100 9.81 = 1100a. a = 5.886 m/s 2 .

1.11

1.12

W = mg =

1.13

F = ma. F W = ma. F 20, 000 =

1.14

W (9800 / 9.80) 9.77

=
= 9770 N/m3 .
V
1

m 9800 / 9.80
=
= 1000 kg/m3 .
V
1

40
(9.81 3.32 106 10 103 ) = 39.86 kN.
9.81
20, 000
100. F = 82,110 lbf .
32.2

a) The mass is independent of elevation:

m=

W 100 000
=
= 10194 kg .
g
9.81

b) Gravity on the planets surface, with h = 0, is g = 4 m/s2 . Thus

W = mg = 10194 4 = 40 780 N.
c) At h = 200 000 m, gravity is g = 4 (1.6 106 )(2 105 ) = 3.68 m/s 2 . The
probes weight at 200 km is
W = mg = 10194 3.68 = 37 510 N
a) F = ma. 0.6 2200 9.81 = 2200a. a = 5.886 m/s 2 .

1.15

b) F = ma. 0.6 1100 9.81 = 1100a. a = 5.886 m/s 2 .

1.16

1.17

g=

6.67 1011 5.97 1024

3 2

(7250 10 )

= 7.55 m/s 2

(6.67 1011 ) (7.37 1022 ) (1.97 1030 )

F=
+
=

(150 109 ) 2

2
(6.67 1011 ) (7.37 1022 ) (5.95 1024 ) 1/ 2
= 4.75 1020 N
+

6 2
(380 10 )

Fs2

Fe2

1.18

a) F =

km1m2

b) 9.81 =

= m1 g .

R2
6.671011 me
3 2

(6370 10 )

g =
.

kme
R2

with m2 = me .

me = 5.97 1024 kg

V2

1.19

a) 9.81 =

.
V = 8210 m/s
6870 103
(27 000 000 / 3600) 2
g
=
= 7.76 m/s 2
b)
3
7250 10
6.67 1011 5.97 1024
g=
= 7.55 m/s 2
3 2
(7250 10 )

1.20

a) pgage = 6.671 80 = 73.33 kPa.

m = V = 0.05 10 = 0.5 kg.

6671
= 0.680 m
w 9810
W = V = 0.4905 10 = 4.905 N
hw =

1 1
= = 0.5 m3/kg.
= g = 2 9.81 = 19.62 N/m3
2
m = V = 2 10 = 20 kg.
W = V = 19.62 10 = 196.2 N

b) v =

4
1
1
=
= 0.4077 kg/m3.
v= =
= 2.452 m3 / kg
g 9.81
0.4077
m = V = 0.4077 10 = 4.077 kg.
W = V = 4 10 = 40 N

c) =

d) =

m 100
=
= 10 kg/m3.
V
10

v=

= g = 10 9.81 = 98.1 N/m3 .

1 1
=
= 0.1 m3 / kg
10
W = V = 98.1 10 = 981 N

W 100

10
=
= 10 N/m3 .
= =
= 1.019 kg/m3
V
10
g 9.81
1
1
v= =
= 0.981 m3 / kg.
m= V = 1.019 10 = 10.19 kg
1.019

e) =

1.21

1.22

1 1
=
= 0.1 lbm/ft3.
= g = 0.1 32.2 = 3.22 lbf/ft3
v 10
m = V = 0.1 200 = 20 lbm.
W = V = 3.22 200 = 644 lbf

pabs = pgage + patm = 5 + 100 = 105 kPa.

hHg =

1.23

Hg

105000
1000 = 787 mm.
9810 13.6

hw =

p = Hg hHg = (9810 13.6) 0.050 = 6671 Pa or 6.671 kPa

105000
= 10.7 m
9810

pgage = 6.671 80 = 73.33 kPa.

1.24

1.25
you go up:

1.26

hw =

6671
= 0.680 m
9810

Neglect the weight of the air column. The gage pressure is the pressure due to the 3m-column of mercury:
pair = gh = 13.6 1000 9.81 3 = 400 250 Pa
Begin at the water pipe, add pressure when you go down and subtract pressure when
pw + 9810 2 (9810 13.6) 4 = po .

pw po = 514 000 Pa

patm = Hg hHg = (9810 13.6) 0.720 = 96 060 Pa

p1 = p A + patm = 300 + 96 = 396 kPa.
pB = p1 p2 .
p2 = 396 120 = 276 kPa.
pC = p2 patm = 276 96 = 180 kPa

1.27

p = h = 62.4 6 = 374.4 psf gage

1.28

p = Hg hHg = (9810 13.6) (0.760 0.700) = 8005 Pa

F = pgage A = Hg hHg A = (9810 3.6) 0.700 0.01252 = 4584 N

1.29

Take moments of the forces about the hinge:

F d = pA r.
F 2 = 9810 5 12 1.
1.30

T = 26 + 273 = 299 K.

F = 77 050 N

9
TF = 26 + 32 = 78.8oF
5

T = 78.8 + 460 = 538.8oR

1.31

KE + PE = 0.
1 2
V2 = 9.81 5.
2

1
m(V22 V12 ) + mg ( h2 h1 ) = 0.
2
V2 = 9.90 m/s

1
1
m( V22 V12 ) + K ( x22 x12 ) = 0. Let V2 = 0 and x1 = 0.
2
2
2
2
7
2000 10 = 2 K 0.1 .
K = 10 N/m

1.32

KE + PE = 0.

1.33

PE = mg avg h =

40 000 9.81 + 9.777

6

10 000 = 399.3 10 J
9.81
2

Note: To check the units on energy, the mass is in slugs (there are 32.2 lbm/slug) which,
by using F = ma, allows us to use slug = lbf-sec2/ft.
1.34

KE + U = 0.

U = KE

2
2
2
1
1
60 1000
90 1000
2
3
= V2a
1500
+
V

1000

2b

= 521 10 J
2
3600
2
3600

1.35

1
1 40 000 900 1000
6
mV 2 =

= 127.4 10 J
2
2 9.81 3600
40 000 9.81 + 9.777
6
b) PE = mg avg h =

10 000 = 399.3 10 J
9.81
2

We have used the equation to find g at 10 000 m to be 9.777 m/s2.

a) KE =