Statistical Method and Data Analysis

INTRODUCTION
TO
STATISTICAL METHODS & DATA ANALYSIS
What is Statistic?
Statistical Method and Data Analysis
A branch of mathematics, taking and transforming numbers into useful information for decision makers
Methods for processing & analyzing numbers Methods for helping reduce the uncertainty inherent in decision making
Decision Makers Use Statistics To:

Present and describe business data and information properly Draw conclusions about large groups of individuals or items, using Why use Statistic? information collected from subsets of the individuals or items.
Statistical Method and about a Make reliable forecasts Data Analysis business Page 2 activity
Descriptive statistics Descriptive statistics comprises the statistical methods dealing with the collection, tabulation and summarization of data, so as to present meaningful information They are simply a way to describe our data Collecting and describing data Collect data Statistical Survey Method o e.g. Present data o e.g. Tables and graphs Characterize data o e.g. Sampleand Data Analysis Statistical Method mean =
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Inferential statistics Statistical inference, on the other hand, consists of the methods involved with the analysis and interpretation of data that will enable the statistician to develop meaningful inferences about the data
Statistical Method
Drawing conclusions and/or making o decisions concerning a population based only on sample data Estimation o e.g.: Estimate the population mean weight using the sample mean weight Statistical Method and Data o Hypothesis testing Analysis o e.g.: Test the claim Page 4the that
Drawing conclusions and/or making decisions concerning a population based on sample
Type of Data
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Examples: Marital Status Political Party Eye Color (Defined categories)
Examples: Number of Children Population Defects per hour (Counted items)
Examples: Weight Voltage (Measured characteristics)
Population and Sample
Sample
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Parametric
Parametric & Non Parametric Methods
Non Parametric
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What is a Statistical Hypothesis?

A statistical hypothesis is an assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations. The truth or falsity of the assertion is never known with absolute certainty unless we examine the entire population. Due to time and cost considerations, this option is rarely feasible.
Therefore we use SAMPLES and STATISTICS
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Tests of Hypotheses 9 Standard Steps

1. Define the problem objective 2. Formulate a null and alternative hypothesis 3. Decide if the problem will be evaluated with a one-tail or two-tail test 4. Determine proper sample size to be taken. 5. Determine the appropriate statistical test to use. 6. Choose a critical value of a test statistic reflecting the degree of uncertainty that can be tolerated (alpha risk). 7. Compute the calculated value of the test statistic from the sample information 8. Compare the calculated value of the test statistic to the
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Define the Problem Objective KNOW what you want to Tests of Hypothesesprove (or disprove) BEFORE you do any data collection! Start by completing the following sentence: I am trying to prove that Formulate the Null and Alternative Hypotheses The null (H0) and alternative (H1 or Ha) hypotheses are developed from the problem statement. The problem statement (what you are trying to prove) becomes the alternative hypothesis. The null hypothesis becomes what you are trying to disprove
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Tests of Hypotheses Determine Whether You

Need a 1-Tail or a 2-Tail Test ?
This is easy --- once you have formulated your Alternative Hypothesis.
DIFFERENT () = 2 Tail Test
GREATER or LESS THAN = 1 Tail Test
One Tail Tests
If a test is established to determine whether a new population value is SMALLER or LARGER than the old population value, the risk of making an error in accepting Ha is placed on only one end of the distribution: Ho: NEW OLD Ho: NEW OLD Ha: NEW < OLD Ha: NEW > OLD
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Tests of Hypotheses
One Tail Tests
If a test is established to determine whether a new population value is SMALLER or LARGER than the old population value, the risk of making an error in accepting Ha is placed on only one end of the distribution: Ho: Ha:
NEW NEW
<
OLD OLD
Ho: Ha:
NEW NEW
>
OLD OLD
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Tests of Hypotheses
Two Tail Tests
If a test is established to determine whether a new population value is DIFFERENT than the old population value, the alpha risk is divided into two parts: Ho: Ha:
NEW NEW
OLD OLD
Tests of Hypotheses
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Statistical Method and Data Analysis - Introduction

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INTRODUCTION

STATISTICAL METHODS & DATA ANALYSIS

Decision Makers Use Statistics To:

Drawing conclusions and/or making decisions concerning a population based on sample

Examples: Marital Status Political Party Eye Color (Defined categories)

Examples: Number of Children Population Defects per hour (Counted items)

Examples: Weight Voltage (Measured characteristics)

Population and Sample