English For Technical Students 2

1
Helio! How are

you? My name's
Alan.
Helio! How
are you?
I'm calied
Kamal.
engineering. engmeenng.
1 Make sentences about yourseH:
Helio! How ?
___ /(name)
___ (trade)
___ (subject) ____ _
I live in
-----(city).
___ (workplace).

Hello!
I'm Ron.
I work at
I study at ____ (school). Alan, Kamal and Ron live together in
this house and share this car. Alan
and Ron repair the house, and Kamal
repairs the car.
1
-
Unit one
1 check that the switch is on.'
There is a power cut in the house. All the electricity is off. Ron, Alan and
Kamal can't see.
Check that
the switches
1 Answer like this:
Examples: (a) Yes, they're on.
(b) No, it's not closed.
It's open.
(a) Check that the switches are on.
(b) Check that the door is closed.
(e) Check that the windows are open.
( d) Check that the TV is off.
(e) Check that the shelf is straight.
(f) Check that the tank is full.
(g) Check that the car is clean.
2 Study this:
Insert the key.
Remove the key.
Rottlte the bulb.
2
a clock
clockwise
anti-clockwise
()
n
3 Put these iDstructions into the correct order:
How to check the light bulb
- Take it out of the socket.
- Tum the bulb anti-clockwise.
- Switch off the power.
- Look at it.
~
ON
Begin like tbis:
1 Switch off the power.
2
3
4
5
-Test it.
4 15__.....
rJw,
Look at the bulb.
Test the bulb.
4 What do these instructions mean? Get your answers from Exercise 2:
Example: (a) Examine the bulb. = Look at the bulb.
(a) Examine the bulb.
(b) Remove the bulb. (e) Rotate the bulb.
5 Change the questions into instructions. (Use the word CHECK):
Example:
NOTICE. Check these things before you
leave the workshop.
1 Check that all the
machines are off.
1 Are all the machines off?
2 ls the fioor clean?
3 Are the tools in the boxes?
4 Are the fire buckets full?
5 Are the goggles in the store room?
6 ls the store room closed?
7 Are the windows and doors closed?
8 Is the mains switch off?
STO RE
ROO IV\
~
3
2
1
M ove it forwards.
1
Kamal is giving instructions in the workshop.
6 Study this:
( a ) ~
(b) '(ji)
M
(d)
(e)i
!oFF ~ 0 ~
~
~
-...: .r--
(\\
to the right clockwise upwards forwards inwards
(0..----....
(g) ~
(er-r
(i)
(j)
~ ' ~
~
~
1t
7 Match these words with pictures (f}-{j) in Exercise 6:
anti-clockwise; downwards; outwards; backwards; to the left
8 Make instructions. (Look at the pictures in Exercise 6):
Example: (a) Push the lever to the right.
(a) push (f) push
(b) tum (g) tum
(e) move (h) move
( d) drive (i) drive
(e) bend (j) bend
4
9 Make instructions. Begin: 'Don't ... ':
Example: (a) Don't tum the bulb clockwise.
(a) (bulb) . Tum it anti-clockwise.
(b) (lever) . Push it forwards.
(e) (hook) . Bend it inwards.
(d) (car) . Tum it to the right.
(e) (handle) . Pull it downwards.
(f) (wheel) . Tum it clockwise.
10 Match the instructions on the left with the ones on the right:
Example: (a)- (5) Tighten the screw. Tum it clockwise.
(a) Tighten the screw. (1) Write from left to right.
(b) Switch off the power. (2) Tum it anti-clockwise.
(e) Write in English. (3) Push the switch downwards.
(d) Loosen the nut. (4) Push the switch upwards.
(e) Write in Arabic. (5) Tum it clockwise.
(f) Switch on the power. (6) Write from right to left.
11 What are these tools called? Choose words from the list below:
malletjchiselfplane/ drill/pliersfhammer fwrench
Fig. 1
Fig.2 ~
e : . . ~ r UJ
Fig.3 . y
- ~ \
--
F ~
12 Match these instructions with the pictures above:
Example: (a)- Fig. 5
(a) Press it downwards and push it forwards.
(b) M ove it forwards and backwards.
(e) Push it forwards and rotate the handle.
( d) Pull it upwards and towards yo u.
-
---
(e) Rotate the nut and move the jaws together. (Together=inwards)
(f) Pull the handles and move the jaws apart. (Apart=outwards)
5
r
!
1
3 'Turn it clockwise until it's tight.'
Ron is showing Alan how to plane wood.
Plane the wood
until it's
smooth.
13 Study this:
L
B e
AB is vertical.
BC is horizontal.
~ b i t
e > < ~
{ s--oo
D ll DO
The bit is over the
mar k.
The mark is under
the bit.
The shelf is leve/ with the top of the window.
14 Complete these instructions:
6
Examp/e: (a) Plane the wood until it's smooth.
(a) Plane the wood --+ (smooth).
(b) Tum the screws clockwise --+ (tight).
(e) Pour the water out of the tanks --+ (empty).
(d) Chisel the wood --+ (straight).
(e) Drill the holes in the wood --+ (5 mm deep).
(f) Move the shelf --+ (horizontal).
(g) Move the shelves downwards --+ (leveljwindow).
15 Match the sentences on the left with the ones on the right.
Join them together with the word UNTIL:
Example: (a)- (3). Hammer the nail in until the head is level with the
(a) Hammer the nail in.
(b) File the metal.
(1) lt's smooth.
(2) It's full.
wood. f::
(e) M ove the pole. ll pole
( d) Drill the hole in the wall.
(3) The head is level with the wood.
( 4) It's vertical.
(e) Pour petrol into the tank. (5) It's 8 mm deep.
16 Complete the sentences, using these words:
loose 1 dry 1 clean 1 closed 1 empty 1 tight
(a) Squeeze the wet rag until. . . (e) Tum the screw clockwise
(b) Pull the nail until . . . until ...
(e) Push the door until . . . (f) Pour water out of the
( d) Wash the car until . . . tank until . . .
17 Study this:
Plug in AND switch on. -+
Plug in BUT DON'Tswitch on. -+
18 Make instructions:
Example: (a) Plug in and switch on. (b) Cut the wood but don't file it.
(Note: .J =DO IT. x = DON'T DO IT.)
(a) plug in .J go into the room x
switch on .J (g) plug in .J
(b) cut the wood .J switch on x
file it x (h) empty the tank .J
(e) open the door .J clean it .J
go into the room .J (i) cut the wood .J
( d) empty the tank .J file it .J
clean it x G) tighten the screws .J
(e) drill the hole .J over-tighten them x
insert the screw x (k) clean the machine .J
(f) open the door .J switch it on x
to tighten
to OVER-tighten
1
r
4(A) Reading comprehension AUTO MOTIVE:
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

l 4 Remove the plug from the socket.
' . .
i 5 Examine the gap and check that it :j
N is clean. ll
@
H 6 lnsert the gauge in the gap. t
1 OW to check 7 Check that the is between 0.65
and 1.00 mm w1de.

a spark plug 8 Replace the plug in the socket.
;,. 9 Rotate the plug clockwise until it ..
is hand-tight.
1 Remove the cover. 10 Place the spanner over the plug =
i 2 Place the spanner over the spark and give a quarter turn clockwise. 'M
fJ: w
plug 11 CAUTION: DO NOT OVER- W:
-3 the plug anti-clockwise TIGHTEN THE PLUG. 1
1 until it is loose. 12 Replace the cover.

1 What are these objects ealled?
(Look at the words in italics in the
passage.)
Example:
(a) This is called a spark plug.
8
2 Are these instruetions eorrect?
(Answer YES or NO). Correct the
wrong ones:
(a) Turn the plug anti-clockwise,
and tighten it.
(b) Loo k at the gap and clean it.
(e) Put the gauge into the gap
and check the width.
( d) Tighten the plug with your
hand. Then use the spanner.
3 Whieh is the eorrect width of the
gap? Choose (a), (b) or (e):
(a) 0.5 mm (b) 0.85 mm
(e) 1.65 mm
4 What does 'a quarter turn' mean?
Choose (a), (b), (e) or (d):
(a) (b) (e)
(d)
) '\0
4(8) Reading comprehension CARPENTRY
.. ...
i
4 Mar k ho/es on "the wall and on the
TODAY'S JOB
Bowtoput
up a sbell
Draw a horizontal straight fine on
the wall.
2 Place the she/f on the line.
3 Place the brackets under the shelf.
humiliation
1 What are these objects called?
passage.)

Example:
(a) This is called a bracket.
shelf.
5 Make holes in the wall and in the a
shelf. Use a dril/. fi
6 Insert p/ugs in the holes in the
wall.
7 Screw the brackets to the wall.
8 CAUTION: DO NOT OVER-
TIGHTEN THE SCREWS.
t
"
.
.
.
w.
w
9 Place the shelf on the brackets.
10 Move the shelf from side to side
until the holes in the bracket are
under the holes in the shelf.
j

.
.

11 Screw the shelf on to the brackets.
12 Check that the shelf is tight.
2 Are these instructions correct?
(Answer YES or NO). Correct the
wrong ones:
(a) Draw a straight line on the
wall. Make sure that it is
horizontal.

(b) Put plugs into the holes in the
wall.
(e) Do not tighten the screws in
the wall.
( d) M ove the shelf until the holes
in the shelf are over the holes
in the bracket.
9
,
i
\
1
Unit two
1 First, you mark the hale.
Ron is showing Alan how to drill a hole in a plank of wood.
First, you mark
the hole. Then,
you place the wood
in a vice. Next,
you switch on the
drill. Finally,
you drill the
hole.
1 Match the pictures above with Ron's instructions:
Example: First, you mark the hole.- (e)
2 Put the following instructions in the correct order:
Example: 1 Mark the hole.
Take the electric
drill.
3 Complete Ron's words. Use the above instructions:
10
4 Match these pictures with the instructions:
Example: Picture (a)- 6 hammer the planks together.
(a) (d)
' -
~
~ ~ - -
(e)
1 drill the hole
2 insert new batteries
3 put in a new bulb
4 saw the pipe
{)(
5 take off the wheel
6 hammer the planks together
7 open the door
8 cut the plank
5 Put these sets of instructions in the right order:
Example: (a) 1 Insert the key. 2 Turn it clockwise. 3 Open the door.
(a) Open the door. 1 Tum it clockwise. 1 lnsert the key.
(b) Plane the planks. 1 Hammer the planks together. 1 Get a hammer and
nail.
(e) Place the pipe in a vice. 1 Mark out the cut. 1 Saw the pipe.
( d) Put the plug in. 1 Drill the hole. 1 Switch on the drill.
(e) Put in a new bulb. 1 Take it out. 1 Tum the old bulb anti-clockwise.
(f) Open the torch. 1 lnsert new batteries. 1 Take out the old batteries.
(g) Take the wheel off. 1 Remove the nuts. 1 Get a spanner.
6 Write the instructions from Exercise 5 with the words FIRST, THEN,
FINALLY:
Example: (a) First, you insert the key. Then, you tum it clockwise. Finally,
yo u open the door.
11
1
1
1
2 off befare you touch that wire.
1
Ron is plastering a wall in the house. Alan is giving a warning.
Switch off the mains
you touch that
w1re.
7 Change these pairs of instructions in the same
way:
Example: (a) Switch off the mains before you
touch that wire.
(a) First switch off the mains. Then touch that
Wire.
(b) First sharpen the chisel. Then use it.
(e) First put petrol in the car. Then drive it.
( d) First mar k the wood. Then saw it
(e) First remove the plug from the socket. Then
cut the wire.
(f) First put your goggles on. Then hammer the
stone.
(g) First put the guard down. Then grind the
chisel.
to grind
8 Read these sentences, then make seven short instructions in the correct order:
12
Begin: 1 Put the wood in a vice.
End: 7 Leave the workshop.
Put the wood in a vice before you chisel it.
Mark the hole before you drill it.
Switch off the machines before you lea ve the workshop.
Chisel the wood before you plane it.
Chisel the wood and plane it before you mark out the hole.
Drill the hole before you switch off the machines.
9 Make sentences. Building a house
Build foundations (a) Build walls
ffilj
- -..
. .
(e) Install electric

(d) Instan
p1pes

(b) Build roof
(t) Paint
walls
Examples: (a) You build the foundations before you build the walls.
(b) First, yo u build the walls. Then, yo u build the roo f.
10 Are these instructions safe or unsafe? Rewrite the unsafe ones:
Examp/es: (a) UNSAFE. Switch off the tape recorder before you repair it.
(b) SAFE.
(a) Repair the tape recorder before you switch it off.
(b) Switch off the mains before yo u take the back off the television.
(e) Grind the chisel before you put the guard down.
( d) Opera te the drilling machine before yo u put on your goggles.
(e) Check the brakes before you drive the car.
(f) Walk on the fl.oor before you clean up the oil on it.
(g) Light the match before you close the petrol can.
b([J
to light a match

13
3 IPull it firmly with a pair of pliers.
1
Kamal is showing Alan how to pull a nail out of a tyre.
Pull the
nail out
with a pair of
pliers.
11 Study this:
a pair
of

to raise
0

to lower
12 Which tools do you need for these jobs?
14
Example: (a) Use a pair of pliers.
(a) Remove a nail from a tyre.
(b) Cut an electric wire.
(e) Make a hole in a steel plate.
( d) Mar k out a trench.
(e) Twist a thick wire.
(f) Diga trench.
(g) Raise a car.
(h) Tighten a nut.
peg .
TOOLS: drilljpliers/snippers/
spanner /pickaxejshovel/
line and pegsjjack
13 Make instructions from your answers to ex. 12. Use WITH or USING:
Example: (a) Remove a nail from a tyre with a pair of pliers.
or Remove a nail from a tyre using a pair of pliers.
14 Study this:
gently
15 Complete these sentences. Use
words from the left-hand side:
(a) Tie the bag .. .
(b) Hold the pipe .. .
(e) Spread the mortar on the
briek ...
( d) Put the glass down ...
(e) Hit the stone ...
(f) Measure the line ...
)
.....
:}f
16 Match the words from the three columns and make questions and answers:
Example: (a)- (5)- (e): A: Remove this nail from the tyte.
Job
(a) removefnailftyre
(b) makefholefsteel plate
(e) joinfeables
(d) eheekfeoneretefdry
(e) eheckfwidth/shelf
(f) paintfwall
B: How?
A: Pull it firmly with a pair of pliers.
Method
(1) twist/tightly
(2) pressfgently
(3) drillfearefully
( 4) measurefearefully
( 5) pull/firmly
(6) spreadfevenly
Tool
(A) electrie drill
(B) finger
(e) pair of pliers
(o) brush
{E) ruler
15
4(A) Reading comprehension MACHINE sHoP

-:-z -$;:
1 How to drill a bote in a ;]
; steel plate

1 A (NOTE: Before you touch the
drilling check that
m the power IS Off.)
1 First, you insert the key in the
1 chuck. The!' you .rotate. the
'l'ii. key clockw1se untll the JBWS
: : are open. Next, you insert the
.Wt bit between the jaws. Finally,
8 1 Mark the hole on the plate.
2 Put the plate into a vice on
the table.
3 Move the table and the
vice until the bit is over the
mark.
4 Tighten the table and the
vice.
5 Switch on the power
6 Lower the bit and drill the
hole carefully.
th-: key anticlock-

: w1se untll the J8WS are closed.
Before you use the drill, make
1
,, sure that the bit is tight.

1 What are the objects in this
diagram called? (Look at the words
in italics in the passage.)
Drilling machine -----------.
Example: (a) This is called a chuck.
(b) These are called jaws.
16
2 Are these instructions right or
wrong? (Answer YESor NO)
Correct the wrong ones:
(a) Make sure that the power is
off. Then put the key into the
chuck.
(b) Y o u use the drill befo re yo u
check that the bit is tight.
(e) Move the table and the vice
until the mark is under the
bit.
( d) Tighten the table using the
VIce.
3 Answer these questions:
(a) How do you open the jaws?
(Y ou rota te the key __ .)
(b) How do yo u el ose the jaws?
4(8) Reading comprehension MASONRY
1 Mark out the trench with lines and pegs.
2 Dig out the trench with a pickaxe and shovel until it is about 150 mm deep
and 300 mm wide.
3 Check that the floor of the trench is horizontal using a plumb-and-level.
4 Make sure that the sides of the trench are vertical.
5 Place pegs in the floor of the trench and stretch a fine between them.
6 Check that the line is horizontal.
7 Fill up the trench evenly with concrete until it is level with the line.
8 Leave the concrete until it is hard. ,,,
9 Build the wall on the concrete. 't
1 What are these objects called?
passage.)

/

y
'-, ___
i (/ :. :.; ! : . : . . _. ... , -...
1 '_;_r! l . :< .. -....._
; ;, .. _, 1 .. . . .?
1 ./''-. : .. (} " /
1

1
1
1

<. .. :::; r ..

........ .
, .
.....
'- '
"-(
'
Examp/e: (a) This is called a trench.
(a) What is the width of the
trench?
(b) What is its depth?
(e) How do you check that the
sides of the trench are
vertical?
{ANSWER: Check it with a _ .)
( d) How do yo u check that the
line is horizontal?
3 Complete these:
(a) Between the pegs there is a_.
(b) Mar k out the trench befo re
yo u
(e) Check that the concrete is
hard before you
4 Look at this, and then answer the
questions:
(a) What does 'plumb' mean?
(b) What does 'level' mean?
Note: Use two words from the
passage.
17
Unit three
1 rhe water flows out he re.
Ron and Kamal are watching a bricklayer at work. Ron is explaining the job
to Kamal.
Watch the bricklayer.
First, he picks
up a brick.
Then, he spreads
mortar on it.
Next, he puts the
brick on the concrete.
Then, he checks
that it is level.
Then, he picks up
another brick . . .
1 Put these pictures in the correct
order:
2 Study this:
pie k he picks
spread
+s
he spreads
put he puts
check
he checks
switch
+es
he switches
go
he goes
3 Make instructions from these sentences:
18
Example: (a) 1 Get a spanner. 2 Remove the nuts. 3 Take off the wheel.
(a) First, Kamal gets a spanner. Then, he removes the nuts. Finally, he
takes off the wheel.
(b) Kamal inserts the key, tums it clockwise and starts the engine.
(e) Ron digs the trench out, pours in the concrete and checks that it is
leve l.

i
r
' 1

'
1
"
(d) First, Kamal picks up the hammer and the punch. Next, he places the
punch on the mark. Finally, he hits it with the hammer.
(e) Ron places the pegs in the ground and stretches the line between them.
(f) Kamal marks the hole, places the wood in a vice, switches on the drill
and drills the hole.
4 Complete tbis. Change the words in brackets:
Example: The water jlows out of the tap ...
The water __ (flow) out of the tap and into the pipe. It __ (go) along
the pipe and then __ (pour) out of the pipe and into the tank. Then the
water level in the tank __ (rise).
5 Make a similar description of this diagram:
--;---
6 Put these sentences into the correct order (The numbers on the diagrams
show the correct order ):
0?+,
,-_--- D
"' R - - - - - - . .-
-
(it is full of air)
- The float goes up. - The valve closes.
- The water flows into the tank. - The water level rises.
- The water stops.
Begin: 1 The water flows into the tank.
7 What happens when water flows out of pipe A and the water level goes
down? Write five sentences:
Begin: 1 Water flows out of the tank through pipe A.
19
2 'When yo u press that pedal, the car goes fast.'
Kamal is teaching Ron how to drive their car.
When you
press that
pedal, the
car goes
fas t.
8 Make eight true sentences:
---
Example: (a) When you tum this wheel clockwise, the car tums to the
right.
20
(a) you tum this wheel clockwise
(b) you press this pedal
(e) you tum this knob clockwise
( d) yo u push this button
the fan switches on
the lights go on
the radio goes on
the car goes fast
(e) you rotate this key clockwise
(f) you depress this pedal
(g) you press this switch upwards
(h) you slide this switch to the right
the car tums to the right
the engine switches on
the hom sounds
the car stops
9 Are these true or false? Correct the false ones. (See Fig. 1):
Example: (a) FALSE. It doesn't tum to the right. It tums to the left.
(a) When you tum this wheel anti-clockwise, the car tums to the right.
(b) When yo u release this pedal, the car goes fas t.
(e) When you tum this knob anti-clockwise, the radio switches on.
(d) When you release this button, the hom sounds.
(e) When you rotate this key anti-clockwise, the engine goes on.
(f) When you press this pedal, the car doesn't stop.
(g) When you press this switch downwards, the lights switch off.
(h) When you slide this switch to the left, the fan goes off.
10 Read the sentences below, and then join them, like this:
Example: When the foot presses the pedal, the pedal pushes piston A
down.
pedal
foot
BRAKE
SYSTEM
1 The foot presses the pedal.
2 The pedal pushes piston A down.
3 The piston squeezes the oil.
4 The oil pushes piston B outwards.
5 Piston B pushes the brake shoe against the wheel.
6 The wheel stops.
wheel
21
..
3 rhis makes the wheel turn.
Ron is explaining how the water supply works.
The pump
makes the
water flow
into the
tank.
PUMP
11 Make sentences. Use LETS or MAKES:
This pipe
lets the
water
flow out of
the tank.
Example: (a) The water flows down. This makes the wheel turn.
(b)
(d) (f)
22
.-"---------
--------
-
--- - - - - ~ - - .
(a) water 1 flow down --+ wheel 1 turn
(b) valve 1 open --+ water 1 flow in
(e) switch 1 touch 1 contact --+ electric current 1 flow
( d) water level 1 rise --+ float 1 rise
chain ~
~ ~ 8
(e) gear A 1 turn 1 clockwise --+ gear B 1 turn 1 anticlockwise
(f) pedal 1 go down --+ chain 1 move --+ wheel 1 rotate
12 Complete these sentences:
Example: Y ou push the handle of the pump down. This makes the water
pour out.

'
.
'
-
(a) Y ou push the handle of the pump down. This makes
tap
(b) Y ou press the ear accelerator pedal down. This fast.
(e) Y o u tum the handle of the tap anti-clockwise. This lets
(d) You tum the steering wheel to the left.
(e) You tum the handle clockwise. stop.
(f) Y ou press the brake pedal down hard.
13 Complete these. Choose the correct word from the brackets:
Example: (a) You push the handle down. This makes the piston rise.
-, piston
A

(a) You push the handle down. This makes the piston __ (risefgo
down).
(b) The piston rises. This makes val ve B __ ( open/close) and it makes
valve A __ (open/close).
(e) You pull the handle up. This makes the piston __ (risefgo down).
(d) The piston goes down. This makes valve B __ (open/close) and it
makes valve A __ (openfclose).
(e) Valve B opens. This __ (makesflets) the water :O.ow through the
piston.
23
4{A) Reading comprehension AUTO MOTIVE
Fuel warning light
Many cars have a fuel warning light. When the level of fuel (petrol) in
the tan k is very low, this light switch es on and the driver can see that he
needs more petrol. How does this
light work? B
wire
When the leve/ of the fue! falls, the f/oat moves \
downwards. When this happens, the arm also
0
moves downwards and makes the /ever touch an
J-.-...!-.-.....1 electrical contact. This switches on the fuellight in
the car.
When the driver sees the fue! warning light, he puts more petrol into the tank. This
makes the fue! leve! rise and pushes the float upwards. When the float rises, it makes
the arm move upwards and this causes the lever to move upwards also. The fue!
warning light then switches off.
1 What do the letters in the diagrams
refer to? (Look at the words in
italics in the passage.)
(b) Why does the float go down?
(e) What makes the lever m ove
downwards?
Examp/e: (a) This is called a light.
24
(a) When does the fuel warning
light go on?
( d) Does the float go up or down
when the fuel level rises?
(e) When does the lever m ove
upwards?
4(8) Reading comprehension PLUMBING

1
:::::
i
Water tap ---
11 When you turn the handle of a water tap clockwise,
: the water stops. When you turn it anti-clockwise,
it FIG.
1
the water pours out of the tap again. How does this
1 o 1
@ !
... ,,....., ... ,,....., ... ,,..,..,TI,.,., TI,.,.,TI, .... ,T1, .... ,T1,rr
1
....,,rr
1
,.n
: 'JJJJJJIJJJJIIJJJ 111111111111.1
l washer a bolt
1
1' Look at FIG. 2. The tap has a FIG.
2
handle on the top, and inside there
li is a bolt, and a washer. The washer
jjj' is o ver a hole.
i! When you turn the handle clock-
!\: wise, this makes the bolt m ove
downwards. The washer then
::r covers the hole and stops the
.ii\:: water.
g: When you turn the handle anti-
j\f, clockwise, the bolt moves upwards
t and the washer uncovers the hole
:= again. This lets the water flow through the tap again .
... ...
1 What are the objects in the
diagram called? (Look at the words
in italics in the passage.)
(e) Is the hole above or below the
washer?
Example: (a) This is called a tap.
(a) How do you tum off a tap?
(b) How do yo u tum it on?
( d) When does the washer el ose
the hole?
(e) Why does the water not flow
through the tap?
(f) How do you make the washer
move upwards?
25 - ~ - - - ~ - - - - - - - -
Unit four
1 'This ladder is longer than that one.'
Ron wants to repair the water tank.
U se this ladder.
lt's longer than
that one.
1 Complete this:
Examp/e: (a) longer
(a) long --. __
(b) short --. __
(e) strong --. __
(d) weak--. _
(e) narrow --. __
2 Study this:
heavy --. heavier
wide --. wider
thin --. thinner
3 Compare these tools. Make sentences:
Examp/e: (a) Spanner A is longer than spanner B.
(a) long (e) strong
(b) wide (f) light
(e) short (g) weak
(d) heavy (h) narrow
4 Study this:
26
flexible --. more flexible
rigid --. more rigid
brittle --. more brittle
combustible --. more combustible
\
5 Compare these materials. Make sentences:
Example: (a) Paper is more combustible than glass.
(a) paperjglass- combustible (d) steeljgold - expensive
(b) rubberjsteel- rigid (e) woodjconcrete - heavy
(e) glassjwood- brittle (f) steeljlead - hard
6 Compare these spanners. Make sentences:
~ = = -
~ ~
~ 1
mm 5 - ~ 200 mm 10
1 mm
Example: (a) Spanner A is 90 mm longer than spanner B.
A
~
'i) ...
(a) long
~ ~
(b) wide
1+--- ... ,
1
(e) short
90 110 (d) narrow
7 Study this:
A is less than 3 m long.
Bis more than 3m long.
>=more than
< =less than
(e) light (i) heavy
(f) cheap (j) expens1ve
(g) thick
(h) thin
Examples: (a) How long is a ladder?
It's usually more than
1.5 m long.
(b) What is the width of a
door? It's usually less
than 2 m wide.
(a) How long is a ladder? (> 1.5 m)
(b) What is the width of a door?
(<2m)
(e) How wide is a water pipe?
(> 13 mm)
(d) How thick is a sheet of paper?
(< 1 mm)
(e) How wide is a hand pump?
(<2m)
(f) How high is a house? ( > 2 m)
(g) What's the depth of a well?
(<100m)
2 llt's as long as that one.'
Kamal is repairing the cooling system in the car.
Use this hose. lt's as long
as that one.
9 Are these sentences TRUE or FALSE? Correct the false ones:
2
Example: (a) FALSE. CarA is shorter than car B.
B
e
LONG
A
B e
< ~ ~
e
- ~
a
V ~
WIDE
(a) ear A is longer than car B.
(b) ear A is as wide as car B.
(e) ear B is shorter than car C.
(d) ear A is as long as car C.
(e) e ar e is higher than car A.
(f) ear B is narrower than carA.
(g) ear A is as high as car B.
(h) ear Bis wider than car C.
(i) ear B is as high as car C.
10 Study this:
A has the same diameter as B.
C has a greater diameter than A and B.
A and B have a smaller diameter than C.
A ) %
'-..____/

These bolts have the same diameter but different lengths.

These have the same length but different diameters.

11 Look at this table and complete the sentences below:
Length Diameter
Bolt A 40mm 6mm
Bolt B 40mm 6.5 mm
Bolt C 40mm 7mm
Bolt D 40mm 7.5 mm
Serew E 35 mm 5 mm
Serew F 36mm 5mm
Serew G 37mm 5.5 mm
Serew H 38 mm 5.5 mm
(a) A, B, C and D have the same --
(b) E, F, G and H ha ve __ lengths.
(e) A, B, C and D have different __ .
(d) E and F have __ lengths.
(e) G and H have the same --
(f) B has a greater __ than A.
(g) F has a __ diameter than G.
(h) E has the same __ as F.
12 Look at the table in Exercise 7 again. Which bolts or screws are these?
Example: (a) Bolt B.
(a) 6.5
(b)
r--40--

V /
1-36-l
(e)
- 5
1-40-----1
(d)
5. 5
1-38-1
_9
3 'The most flexible.'
Ron is explaining about pipe materials to Kamal.
The steel pipe is the
heaviest and the least
flexible. The rubber one
is the most flexible. The
plastic one is the lightest.
13 Complete the table: 14 Make a similar table for these
words:
(a) long ~
longer
~ longest
Example: flexible ~ more
(b) hard
~ ~
flexible ~ most
(e) wide
~ ~
flexible
(d) big
~ ~
flexible 1 rigid 1 brittle 1
(e) thin
~ ~
expensive 1 combustible
(f) quiet ~ ~
(g) heavy ~ ~
heaviest
(h) easy
~ ~
(i) nmsy ~ ~
30
(a) Which is the most combustible of these three substances:
steel, wood or stone?
(b) Which is the hardest of these three substances:
wood, steel or iron?
- ~ . - , " ' - ,
/ ,--- -.;:.r
(e) Which is the least flexible of these substances:
concrete, paper or rubber?
( d) Which is the lightest of these items: a bucketful
of sand, a bucketful of nails, a bucketful of
water, or a bucketful of sawdust?
.
..
.
sawdust
(e) Which is the noisiest of these three vehicles: a car, an aeropla11e or 2.
bicycle?
(f) Which is the most expensive: a car, a bicycle or a truck?
16 Read the passage. What words go in the table?
Materials used in pipe making
Pipes are made of three main materials:
1 Metal. This is the strongest material, but it is also the heaviest, and the
most rigid. It is also the most expensive of the three materials.
2 Rubber. This is the most flexible of the three materials. But it is the
weakest.
3 Plastic. This is the lightest material. It is also the least expensive of the
three.
Property 1 (most) 2 3 (least)
1 strength metal plastic rubber
2 lightness
3 flexibility
4 cheapness
~ - -
(a) Y ou want to huy new water pipes for your house. Y ou do not ha ve
very much money. Which material do you use? Why? What's wrong
(b)
with metal?
Y o u need a pipe to carry water
from an electric pump to a water
tank. When the pump is on, it
moves a lot from side to side.
Which material do you use? Why?
Why do you not use metal?
' \'
' lo
~
: :
~
, , ::
1;
''
.
1.
,','
\ [ ~ - :::>'
(e) Whichmaterial do you use to carry oil across the desert? Why? What's
wrong with rubber?
31
4(A) Reading COmprehension AUTOMOTIVE: ENGINES
ENGINES------------
The two most common types of
engine for land vehicles are the
petrol engine and the diese!
engine.
Petrol engines are usually
lighter and smaller than diese!
engines. This makes them
cheaper, and this is why most
cars and motorbikes use petrol
engines. Petrol engines are also
less noisy than diese! engines.
They usually go fas ter. On the
other hand, diese! engines use
less fuel and last longer than
petrol engines, and this is why
larger vehicles such as trucks
and trains use them. They are
also safer than petrol engines,
because their is less danger of
fire.
There are two main types of
petrol engine-4-stroke and
2-stroke. All cars and larger
motor-cycles use 4-stroke
engines. But most smaller
motorbikes use 2-stroke
engines. These are lighter and
smaller than 4-stroke engines,
and are therefore cheaper.
1 What types of engine do these vehicles use?
2 Answer these questions: (Answer: 2-STROKE, 4-STROKE or DIESEL)
(a) Which is the lightest of the three engines?
(b) Which is the least expensive?
(e) Which is the noisiest?
( d) Which is the largest?
e) Which is the safest? Why?
( Wbich uses the least fuel?
4(8) Reading comprehension
WELLS
Look at the three types of wells in
FIG. l. Well A is the simplest of the
three. It consists of a pipe, a point and
a pump. You hammer the pipe into the
ground until the point is below water
leve!. The pipe is usually less than
10 mm wide and less than 20m long.
The width of the hale is the same as
that of the pipe.
W ell B is the cheapest beca use it has
PLUMBING/ CIVI L ENGI NEERi f\G
no pump. It uses a buck et and rap e.
The hole is usually more than 1 m wide.
Well Bis usually about the same depth
as Well A.
The best (and most expensive) well is
C. The hole is usually less than 0.3 m
wide, and the pipe has the same widt h
as the one in W ell A. The dept h is
usually more than 20 m. W ell C uses a
pum p.

FIG. 1

B e

1 What are the objects in Fig. 1 called?
(a) How wide is the hole in Well A? (Answer in millimetres)
(b) How deep is it?
(e) How deep is Well B?
( d) How wide is the pipe in Well e?
(e) Why is Well e the most expensive of the three wells?
3 Are these statements TRUE or FALSE? Correct the false ones:
(a) W ell B is wider than W ell A.
(b) Well e is eheaper than Well B.
(e) Well e is < 0.5 m wide.
(d) Well e is >20m deep.
Unit five
1 'Three quarters of it.'
Ron is showing Kamal how to make mortar. He is preparing the materials.
Put half of the cement into
the wheelbarrow.
1 What are the positions of the runners in the race?
Example: (a) 1st (first)
(j)
i
Use these words:
first 1 second 1 third 1 fourth 1 fifth 1 sixth 1 seventh 1 eighth 1 ninth 1 tenth.
2 Study this:
three
quarters
( ~ )
a half
(!)
3 Read these out:
a tenth
(-rlf)
a quarter
Ct)
an
eighth
(})
Example: (a) Put half of the cement into the wheelbarrow.
(b) Pour a quarter of the oil out of the tin.
34
a fifth
(})
(a) Put t of the cement into the
wheelbarrow.
(b) Pour t of the oil out of the tin.
(e) Throw i of the water away.
4 Study this:
-->r---50%
(fifty percent)
5 Read these out:
(a) The bottle is 50% empty.
(b) The tank is 75% full.
(e) The can is 25% empty.
(d) The bucket is 50% empty.
( d) Cut off rb- of the plank.
(e) Please give me t of the ~ a n ~ .
(f) You can use t of the gra\el .
25%
(twenty-five
percent)
75%
(seventy-five percent)
6 Say the sentences in Exercise 5 in a different way. Use the words 'a quarter',
'half', 'three quarters':
Example: (a) The bottle is half empty.
7 Look at the picture and read the sentences:
A B C Look at these bottles.
The bottle on the left is full of water.
The one in the middle is empty.
The one on the right is a third full of
water. (It is two thirds empty.)
ll:
The full bottle has one litre of water in it.
! [,3t!
~ '
..... _,
'C_.__...._
8 Now answer the questions:
(a) A third of the water from the bottle on the left goes into the bottle in
the middle. How much water is there in the bottles?
Example: (a) Bottle A: 1 1 (two thirds of a litre).
Bottle B: } 1 (a third of a litre)
Bottle C: } 1 (a third of a litre)
(b) All the water goes from the bottle on the right into the bottle in
the middle. How much water is there in the bottles?
(e) Half of the water from the bottle in the middle goes into the bottle
on the left. How much water is there in the bottles?
( d) All the water from the bottle on the left goes into the bottle on the
right. How much water is there in the bottles now?
35
2 'A little oil. A few nails.'
Ron is joining two planks together with sorne glue and sorne nails.
a lot of oil
a little oil a few nails
9 Complete the sentences. Use the correct phrase in the brackets:
(a) Use sand for this job. (a lot of/a few)
(b) Could you bring me screws, please. (a little/a few)
(e) Pour oil into the engine. (a littleja few)
(d) There are bolts in the box. (a littleja lot of)
(e) There is water in the tank. (a few/a lot of)
10 Study this:
MOST OF
THE

11 Study this:
THE
sawdust
A LITTLE OF
THE sawdust

THE
nails
A FEWOF
THE nails
ALL = 100% MOST = >50% < 100% NONE = O
36
e.g. all the nails / all of the oil
e.g. most of the nails / most of the oil
e.g. sorne of the nails / sorne of the water
e.g. a few of the nails / a little of the water
e.g. none of the nails / none of the water
12 Read this, and complete the sentences below:
In the drawer there are 23 screws, 20 bolts, 13 nuts, 25 washers aad 35
nails. In the jar there is a litre of oil. In the can there are 6 litres of
In the bottle there are 1.5 litres of water.
Example: (a) I need most of the screws.
(a) I need __ screws. (about 20)
(b) Please give me _ _ water. (about 0.1 litre)
(e) Pour out __ oil. (about 0.9 litre)
(d) Please take out __ nuts. (13)
(e) I only need _ _ washers. (about 4)
(f) Could I have __ petrol? (about 2.5 litres)
(g) You can have __ nails. (about 15)
13 Read this passage. Replace the phrases in italics with phrases from the box.
(You cannot use all of them.)
When you drive a car, the
engine becomes very hot. Why?
When the mixture of air and
petrol burns in the engine, this
produces energy. But only sorne
of this energy pushes the pistons.
Most ofit turns into heat. About
50% of this heat goes down the
exhaust pipe and about 50% of it
stays in the engine. So the engine
becomes very hot.
a / the / of / quarter/ half /
three quarters / third / two
thirds / approximately
Air and petrol
mixture burns.
engme
block

pushes
pistons
9
/' '
\
( "-' ...__ _)
\..._../'- \ l ( . : .,/
'-.-._;."
37
3 'One part cement to three parts sand.'
Ron is showing Kamal how to mix mortar.
Use one part
cement to three -----
14 Match the sentences with the correct diagrams:
Example: (a)- (3)
(a) The ratio of cement to sand is one to three.
(b) Use one part lime to three parts sand.
(e) The ratio of lime to sand is 1:2.
(d) The ratio of sand to cement is 2:1.
(e) Use one part lime to one part cement to four parts sand.
(f) The ratio of sand to lime to cement is 6:1 : l.
(3) (5)
sand
lime
cement
15 Make diagrams for these instructions:
Example: (a)
blue
paint
(a) Use two parts blue paint to one part yellow paint.
yellow paint
(b) Make the mortar using one part cement to one part lime to six parts
san d.
(e) Mix water and paste in the ratio 1:2.
(d) To make concrete, use four parts gravel to two parts sand to one part
cement.
(e) To make orange paint, mix red and yellow paint in the ratio 2:1
(red:yellow).
(f) Mix the glue and the hardener in the ratio one to one.
(a) In a box, there are twenty screws and five nails. What is the ratio of
screws to nails?
(b) On the ground there are eight kilos of sand, two kilos of lime and two
kilos of cement. What is the ratio of sand to lime to cement?
(e) In a litre of orange paint there are two parts red to one part yellow
paint. How much red paint is there?
( d) In this heap of mortar there is cement, lime and sand in the ratio 1: 1:4.
There are six kilos of mortar. How much sand is there?
(e) This concrete consists of four parts gravel to three parts sand to one
part cement (by weight). There are 8 kg of gravel. How much sand is
there in the concrete?
39
4(A) Reading comprehension FABRICATION
H o ~ to ~ e l d (Eiectric Are)
from the plate. 1 Hold the screen in front of
your eyes.
2 Hold the electrode at 80 to
the surface of the plates.
4 Strike an are between the tip
and the plate.
3 Make sure that the tip of the
electrode is less than 3 mm
5 Move the electrode steadily
backwards in a straight line
(see FIG.1).
Vou can weld the whole join (all FIG.
of it), as in FIG. 1, or you can
3
3 1
weld part of it. F
1
G
In one method (FIG. 3), you weld
4

almost all of the join. In another
3 2 3 2
method (FIG. 4) you weld most FIG------,
of it, and in a third method
5

(FIG. 5) you weld half of it.
2 3 2 3
1 What do the letters in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 refer to?
(a) What is the best distance of the tip from the plates? Choose one:
(1) 3 mm (2) 2.5 mm (3) 3.8 mm (4) 4 mm
(b) What is the ratio of weld to join in (1) Fig. 3?
(2) Fig. 4?
(3) Fig. 5?
3
3
2
4(8) Reading comprehension MASONRY
- How to mix concrete by hand- ::::
Concrete is made from cement, aggregate ::
and a small amount of water. The aggregate
is both coarse (e.g. stones and graven and
fine (e.g. sand). The coarse aggregate, fine
aggregate and cement are usually in the
ratio 4:2:1.
. 1 Put two shovelfuls of sand into a wheel-
, barrow.
::::: 2 Add a shovelful of cement.
J:, 3 Mix these thoroughly with a shovel.
: @ ~ 4 Add four shovelfuls of gravel. Mix
Jf thoroughly.
~ : I 5 Make a hollow in the middle. Add a little
W water with a hose. CAUTION: Do not
M add all of the water-only a little.
@ 6 Mix the materials thoroughly.
M: 7 Add more water and mix again until the
~ l concrete is the correct thickness.
1 What are the correct words for the spaces?
Concrete
Example: (a)- coarse aggregate.
2 What are the objects in the picture in B called?
Example: (a) This is called a wheelharrow.
(a) Y ou want to make 7 cuhic metres of concrete. Approximately how
much aggregate do you huy?
(h) How much cement do yo u huy?
(e) How much fine aggregate do yo u huy?
( d) How much coarse aggregate do yo u huy?
(e) Why do you mix two shovelfuls of sand with one of cement and four
of gravel? Why not one shovelful of each?
::.
1
41
Revision Unit A
1 What tools or equipment do you need in these trades? Name five for each
trade:
(a) carpen try
(b) electrical
(e) plumbing
( d) metalwork
(e) automotive
(f) masonry
Use these words: (You can use the same word more than once.)
punch; mallet; pickaxe; chisel; jack; plane; snippers; line; saw; pliers;
screwdriver; hammer; ruler; vice; wrench; wire; brick; spanner; gauge; drill;
plumb-and-level.
2 Name the parts. Name at least three for each item:
Examp/e: (a) Drilling machine: - Jaws
- chuck
- bit
- table, etc.
(a) drilling machine
(b) car controls
(e) car petrol tank
( d) handpump
(e) water tap
(f) float valve in a water tank
(g) well
3 Complete these sentences. Use words from the list below:
(a) When you push the of a pump down, the piston goes up.
(b) The pump at the top of a well pulls water up through a __ _
(e) When the petrol level in a car petrol tan k rises, a lever touches an
electrical and a warning switches on.
( d) When yo u turn the handle of a water tap clockwise, the covers
the hole and the water stops.
(e) When you press the brake in a car, the car stops.
(f) The water level in a tank rises. This makes the rise and the
___ closes.
se words from this list:
pedal; handle; washer; float ; brick; contact; valve; light; wheel; pipe
4 Read this passage, and then complete the sentences below:
There are three main materials used in making pipes: metal, rubber and
plastic. Metal is stronger than rubber or plastic. It is also heavier and
more rigid than rubber or plastic. Rubber is the most flexible of the three
materials, but it is the weakest. The lightest of the three materials is
plastic. It is also less expensive than either steel or rubber.
Now complete these sentences. Use the CORRECT FORM of one of the
words in brackets:
Example: (a) Rubber is weaker than metal or plastic.
(a) Rubber is than metal or plastic. (strongjweak)
(b) Rubber is also than the other two materials. (flexible/
rigid)
(e) The of the three materials is metal. (strong/weak)
(d) The of the three materials is plastic. (expensive)
(e) Plastic is than metal. (heavyjlight)
(f) Metal is the of the three materials. (heavy/light)
5 Complete this table and read it out:
(a) .
(b)
(e)
(ct) D
(e) D
cr) D
(g) D
(h)
ALL
THREE QUARTERS
AHALF
A FIFTH
A TENTH
NONE
1 1
.3_
.75
4
--
.5
l
.25
4
l
.2
5
1.
.125
8
--
.1
o o
100%
75%
_%
25%
_%
12!%
10%
0%
3:1
1:1
--
1:4
1:7
1:9
(a) You have a sack of cement. Pour three quarters of it on the ground
and lea ve the other % in the sack.
(b) Use one part cement to four parts sand, so that a of the
mixture is cement.
43
7 Make at least three instructions for each job:
Example: (a) Drilling a hole in metal.
- Mark the hole on the plate.
- Put the plate into a vice on the table.
- Lower the bit.
- Drill the hole carefully.
(a) drilling a hole in metal
(b) checking a spark plug
(e) welding
(d) putting up a shelf
(e) mixing concrete
(f) preparing a concrete foundation
(g) building a brick wall
Example: (a) You mark it out and put it in a vice.
(a) What do you do before you drill a hole in a piece of wood?
(b) What do yo u do before yo u touch a live electric wire?
(e) What do you do before you use a grinding machine?
( d) When yo u build a house, what do yo u do befo re yo u plaster and paint
the walls?
(e) What do you do first, mark out a piece of wood or saw it?
(f) What do you do before you leave a workshop and go home?
(g) Do you build a wall before you build a foundation, or do you build
the foundation first?
9 What jobs can you do with these tools? Make sentences:
Example: (a) You can dig trenches using a pickaxe.
or Y ou can dig trenches with a pickaxe.
List of tools: (a) pickaxe (g) saw
(b) punch (h) pliers
(e) chisel (i) screwdriver
(d) jack (j) hammer
(e) plan e (k) ruler
(f) smppers (1) VICe
10 Complete this passage. Use the correct forms of the words below:
44
Examples: (a) turn (b) m oves
When you (a) the handle of a water tap clockwise, the bolt (b)
downwards and the washer (e) the hole. This (d) the water. When
you (e) the handle anti-clockwise, the bolt _____{!}
washer (g) the hole again. Then the water_____{!!)_
agam.
upwards and the
through the tap
Use these words. Remember to use the CORRECT form:
cover; uncover; turn; move; flow; stop
11 Complete this passage. Use the correct forms of the words below:
Examples: (a) pour (b) rises (g) falls
When you (a) petrol into the petrol tank of your car, the level of the
petrol (b) . The float al so (e) , and this makes the arm and the lever
(d) upwards also. When the lever (e) away from the electrical
contact, the warning light in the car (f) off.
When the level of the petrol (g) again, the fioat (h) downwards.
The arm and the lever then (i) downwards also, and the lever __ill
an electrical contact. When this (k) , the warning light in the car _Q2.
on.
Use these words. Remember to use the CORRECT form:
switch; move; touch; pour; fall; rise; happen
Unit six
1 'The nuts are loosened.'
Kamal is changing a wheel on his car.
1 Study this:
Y ou can make two different sentences about
the same action:
loosen + ed
START HERE
The wheel nuts
are loosened.
2 Make sentences:
Example: (a) The wheel nuts are
loosened.
(a) You loosen the wheel nuts.
(b) Y o u turn the handle
clockwise.
or .. ............. ..... . .
START HERE
Y o u loosen the
wheel nuts.
(e) You open the door.
(d) You tighten the screw.
(e) Y o u fill the bucket.
(f) Y ou push the lever forwards.
(g) Y o u pull the handle.
(h) Y o u press the button.
3 Learn these: 4 Learn these:
turn turned lower +ed lowered
open opened
tighten tightened
fill +ed filled
push pushed
replace replaced
remo ve +d removed
ra1se raised
pull pulled put
'
put
press pressed take taken
5 Complete the blanks:
(b) Example: 1 Loosen the wheel (a) Example: 1 The wheel nuts are
loosened with a
spanner.
nuts with a spanner.
2 Raise the car with a jack.
2 The car is __ with a jack. 3 __ off the wheel nuts.
3 The wheel nuts are taken off. 4 Remove the wheel.
4 The wheel ____ . 5 __ a new wheel on.
5 A new wheel is put on. 6 Replace the wheel nuts.
6 The wheel nuts ____ .
7 The car is lowered and the jack is
7 __ the car and take away the
jack.
8 Tighten the wheel nuts.
8 The wheel nuts ____ .
6 Make instructions: 7 Learn these:
Example: (a) 1 Mark the hole.
2 Place the wood in
a VICe.
3 Switch on the drill.
4 Drill the hole.
(a) 1 The hole is marked.
2 The wood is placed in a vice.
3 The drill is switched on.
4 The hole is drilled.
(b) 1 The power is switched off.
2 The bulb is taken out of the socket.
3 A new bulb is inserted in the socket.
4 The power is switched on.
(e) 1 The brick is picked up.
2 The mortar is spread on it.
3 The brick is put on the concrete.
4 The level is checked.
mar k
switch
drill
insert
pie k
check
spread
+ed
!
marked
switched
drilled
insert
picked
checked
spread
47
2 'The fan is turned by the belt, which is t urned
by the engine.'
Kamal is explaining how the fan in the car cooling system works.
The fan is
turned by the /
belt, which
is turned by
the engine.
\
belt
engme
START HERE ......................... or ....................... START HERE
The fan is turned by
the belt, which is
turned by the engine.
(This means:
1 The fan is turned by the belt.
2 The belt is turned by the engine.)
The engine turns
the belt, which
turns the fan.
(This means:
1 The engine tums the belt.
2 The belt tums the fan.)
In both cases, the engine
makes the belt and fan turn.
CD engme (2) belt - - ~
fan
8 What does WHICH refer to in these sentences?
(a) The fan is turned by the belt, which is turned by the engine.
(b) The engine turns the belt, which tums the fan.
(e) The engine is cooled by the fan, which is tumed by the belt.
( d) The belt turns the fan, which cools the engine.
9 Join these sentences, using WHICH:
(a) The engine is cooled by the fan. The fan is turned by the belt.
(b) The fan is turned by the belt. The belt is tumed by the engine.
(e) The belt turns the fan. The fan cools the engine.
( d) The engine turns the belt. The belt turns the fan.
10 Wbat causes the actions? Make notes, as in the examples:
Examples: (a) CD foot Q) pedal (]) sproeket
(b) CD pedal Q) sproeket (]) ehain
sproeket ehain
(a) The foot presses the pedal,
whieh turns the sproeket.
(b) The ehain is pulled by the
sproeket, whieh is turned by
the pedal.
(e) The wheel is turned by the
ehain, whieh is pulled by the
sproeket.
(d) The ehain turns the wheel,
whieh makes the bieycle move
forwards.
11 Are these TRUE or FALSE? Correct the false sentences:
Example: (a) FALSE. The motor turns wheel A, whieh turns wheel B.
(a) Wheel A turns the motor,
whieh turns wheel B.
(b) Gear C is turned by gear B,
whieh is turned by gear A.
(e) Pis ton A pushes pis ton B,
whieh operates the brake.
piston B
( d) Gear D is turned by gear A,
which also turns gear B.
to 1
brake
(e) The foot is pushed by the
brake pedal, whieh is pushed
1 motor
by piston A.
(f) Wheel A is turned by the
motor, whieh also turns wheel l
c. gear D
gear e
49
3 'The current is stopped by pressing this
switch.'
All the electricity in
Y ou mean, when you switch
this off, the current is stopped?
the house is stopped by
pressing this switch.
MAINS
OFF
12 Study this:
X is stopped by switching off Y = 1 When you switch off Y, X is
stopped.
2 You switch off Y, and X is
stopped.
13 Learn these:
press pressmg
insert inserting
push +ing pushing
pull pulling
switch switching
put + t+ing putting
plug + g+ing plugging
examme
-e+ing
exammmg
remo ve removmg
14 Make sentences like Alan's:
50
Example: (a) The electricity is switched off by pressing-this button.
(a) You press this button and the electricity is switched off.
(b) When you press that pedal, the car is stopped.
(e) You turn that key and the car engine is switched on.
( d) When yo u turn the handle of the tap clockwise, the water is stopped.
(e) You hammer these nails in and the planks of wood are joined
together.
(f) When you turn this handle, the door is opened.
(g) Press the handle of the pump downwards and water is pushed out.
(h) When you pull the handle of the pump upwards, the water is stopped.
15 Look at this diagram of the circuit in Alan's house.
Then answer the questions below it:
~
ma}nsh',nl-1 '"' ' /1(
SWltC 11
'
meter ,
1: transformer
t
i ~
__ jj
~
hi-fi
pump
Example: (a) You push up the mains switch. Choose your answers from
this list:
(a) Y ou want to turn off the whole curren t.
What do you do?
(b) Y o u want to switch off the ceiling
lights. How do you do it?
(e) You want to operate the hi-fi system.
How do you do it?
(d) You want to measure the flow of current.
What do you do?
(e) You want to turn on the pump.
How do you do it?
(f) Y ou want to switch the fan on.
How do you do it?
16 Now join the above sentences together, like this:
- Y ou press up switch
3.
- Y ou insert the plug
into socket l .
- Y ou push up the
mains switch.
- Y ou put the plug into
socket 2.
- Y ou plug it into the
transformer.
- Y o u examine the
meter.
Example: (a) The whole current is turned off by pushing up the mains
switch.
51
4(A) Reading comprehension
AUTOMOTIVE: COOLING SYSTEM
A car cooling syste111
FIG. 1
( b)
Here are the stages:
1 Water flows around the engine. The
engine is cooled and the water is
heated.
2 The hot water enters the radiator
through the top hose.
3 It flows down through the radiator.
Here it is cooled by air.
4 The cool water leaves the radiator
through the bottom hose.
5 The water is pumped around the
engine again.
( a)
Most car engines are cooled by
water. The water flows around
the engine and then passes
through the radiator. It then
passes through the water pump
and around the engine again.
FIG. 2
a ir
e)
( a)
Look at FIG. 3. Air is pulled through
the radiator by a fan. This fan is turned
by a belt, which is driven by the engine.
1 What are the objects in the diagrams called?
Example: (a) is called a radiator.
52
(a) Look at Fig. 2. Is the water
hot or cold at point CD? At
point Q)?
(b) What cools the engine?
(e) What makes the water hot?
(d) What makes the water cool?
(e) What pumps the water round
the engine?
(f) What pulls air through the
radiator?
(g) What does the belt turn?
(h) What drives the belt?
4(8) Reading comprehension MASONRY/ELECTRICAL
- to install a soeket-
1 The recess and the channel (see FIG. 1) are
marked out with a pencil.

t::'
2 The plaster is cut away using a hammer and a
chisel.
3 The brickwork is removed by drilling holes in it
and then cutting it away with the hammer and
chisel.
4 The box is inserted in the recess and screwed
into place.
5 The cable is placed in the channel.
FIG. 2

( e)
FIG.l
6 lt is then pulled through the hole
in the box.
7 The cable channel is covered.
This is done by filling it with
plaster, which is then painted or
pape red.
8 The socket is connected to the
cable by inserting each wire in
the terminal and tightening the
screw (see FIG. 3).
9 The socket is screwed to the
box.

Example: (a) This is called a chisel. (b) This is called plaster.
(a) What tools do you use (i) for marking out the recess?
(ii) for removing the plaster and brickwork?
(b) How do you remove the brickwork? (ANSWER: 'First, you o o o o Then,
you. o o o')
(e) What do yo u do after yo u place the box in the recess?
( d) Y o u place the cable in the channel. Then what do yo u put in the
channel?
(e) What do yo u put on the plaster?
(f) How do you fix the cable to the socket? (ANSWER: 'First, you o o o o
Then, yo u . o o o')
53
Unit seven
1 'lt can't be bent easily.'
Kamal, Ron and Alan are building a workshop next to their house. Kamal is
putting a wooden floor down. Ron is giving him sorne advice.
Don't use wood.
Wood can be
burnt easily.
Use concrete.
1 Make sentences: 2 Learn these:
Note: .J means YES; x means NO.
Example: (a) Wood can be bumt easily.
(f) Concrete can' t be broken
easily.
Wood
(a) burn .J
(b) break .J
(e) cut .J
( d) scratch .J
(e) bend x
Concrete
(f) break x
(g) scratch x
(h) bend x
(i) burn x
G) cut x
burn +t
break !
cut
-
scratch +ed
bend
-d
+t
bumt
broken
cut
scratched
bent
3 Wbich sentences mean the same? Match the sentences on the left with those
54
on the right: Example: (a) - (3)
(a) lt can be broken easily.
(b) lt can be burnt easily.
(e) lt can't be cut easily.
( d) lt can't be broken easily.
(e) lt can't be bent easily.
(f) lt can be bent easily.
(g) lt can't be burnt easily.
(h) lt can be cut easily.
(1) lt's tough.
(2) lt's combustible.
(3) lt's brittle.
(4) lt's soft.
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
lt's flexible.
lt's non-combustible.
lt's rigid.
lt's hard.
4 Are these TRUE or FALSE? Correct the false ones:
(a) Concrete is flexible.
(b) Y o u can break glass easily.
(e) Steel can be easily broken.
( d) Y o u can burn stone easily.
(e) Petrol can be burnt easily.
(f) Rubber cannot be bent easily.
(g) Wood is non-combustible.
5 Answer these questions. Begin: Because ...
Example: (a) Because rubber can be bent easily.
or
Because rubber is flexible.
(a) Why are safety helmets not made of rubber?
(b) Why are safety goggles not made of glass?
(e) Why is petrol used in car engines?
( d) Why is there no wood in a car engine?
(e) Why are car tyres made of rubber?
6 Study this:
Safety helmets are not
made of rubber.
Rubber is
flexible.

ST ART HERE .............. or ....... ST ART HERE
Safety helmets are not
made of rubber because
rubber is flexible.
Rubber is flexible.
Therefore safety helmets
are not made of rubber.
7 Join these pairs of sentences. Use BECAUSE or THEREFORE:
Examples: (a) Safety helmets are not made of rubber because rubber is a
flexible material.
(b) It is difficult to break concrete. Therefore concrete is often
used in bridges.
(a) Safety helmets are not made of rubber. Rubber is a flexible material.
(b) It is difficult to break concrete. Concrete is often used in bridges.
(e) Wood can be burnt easily. It is not used in petrol tanks.
( d) Cooking pans are not made of glass. Glass is a brittle material.
(e) It's very easy to stretch copper. Electrical wires are made of copper.
(f) There is no gold in a car engine. Gold is very expensive.
55
2 'Piiers are for gripping things.'
Kamal is making a list of tools he needs for the new workshop in their house.
8
We need a
pair of pliers
for twisting
wires and for
gnppmg
things.
What are these tools for?
(a) pincers
(b) handsaw
(e) spanner
(d) drill
(e) chisel
Use these words:
(f) hacksaw
(g) hammer
(h) screwdriver
(i) pliers
grip things 1 cut metal pipes 1 tighten and loosen nuts 1 cut wooden planks 1
tighten and loosen screws 1 drive in nails 1 drill holes 1 pull out nails 1
cut holes in wood
Example: (a) Pincers are for pulling out nails.
9 What do you think these tools are for?
Use these words:
loosen and tighten nuts and bolts 1 break bricks 1 cut steel 1 grip pipes j
twist wires 1 break stones 1 tighten and loosen spark plugs 1 chisel plaster.
Example: (a) These are used for twisting wires.
10 Read these carefully and then do Exercises 11 and 12:
ACJ ............ ~ ~
B
c e ~ - - - - - - t
(a) Here are three types of chisel. Chisel
A is used for cutting soft mater_:ials,
such as wood, and chisel B is used for
cutting metal. Chisel C is for cutting
away old plaster and brickwork.
(b) Screwdriver A is for tightening and
loosening screws on electrical
equipment. B is for loosening very
small screws and C is for loosening
ordinary screws.
(e) Hammer A is for hammering in nails
and also for pulling nails out of wood.
Bis for breaking rocks and concrete.
Hammer C is for breaking bricks.
11 Now complete this table. Use information from Exercise 10:
Tool Job
(a) Chisel A 1 cuts soft materials
(b) Chisel B
(e) Chisel C
(d) Screwdriver A
(e) Screwdriver B
(f) Screwdriver C
12 Complete this table. Use information from Exercise 10:
Job
(a) You break bricks
(b) Y o u break concrete
(e) Y o u drive in and pull out nails
Tool
using hammer C.
57
3 'The spanner is too small for the nut.'
Kamal is checking the new tools and equipment for the new workshop.
The blade is too
short for the hacksaw.
The spanners are not
big enough for the nuts.
13 Study this:
The blade is too short
The spanners are not big enough
Object/Purpose
FOR the hacksaw.
FOR the nuts.
14 Study this:
The spanner is The spanner is
BIGENOUGH
for the nut.
The spanner is
TOO BIG NOT BIG ENOUGH
for the nut. for the nut.
15 Make sentences:
58
Example: (a) The truck is too high for the bridge.
(a) truck 3.5 m high 1 bridge 3 m high (too high)
(b) car 1.75 m wide 1 road 1.6 m wide (not wide enough)
(e) bolt 10 mm wide 1 hole 10 mm wide (big enough)
(d) truck 3.05 m high 1 bridge 2.9 m high (not high enough)
(e) car 1.45 m wide 1 road 1.35 m wide (too narrow)
(f) bolt 10 mm wide 1 hole 10 mm wide (small enough)
(g) truck 3.5 m high 1 bridge 3 m high (too low)
(h) car 1.75 m wide 1 road 1.6 m wide (not narrow enough)
16 Answer these questions and give reasons. Use the words in brackets:
Example: (a) No, because it's too combustible and too soft.
(a) Is wood a good material for making car engines with? (combustible +
soft)
(b) Is glass a safe material for safety goggles? (brittle)
(e) Is concrete safe for building bridges with? (hard + rigid)
(d) Is iron a good material for making car bodies with? (light)
(e) Is wood safe for making safety helmets with? (tough)
(f) Is steel a good material for making car tyres with? (flexible)
(g) Is aluminium a good material for making vices with? (heavy)
17 Are these the right tools for the job? If not, give reasons:
Example: (a) Wrong tool. Scissors are too sharp.
(a) Ron wants to twist electric wires together using a pair of scissors.
(b) Kamal is cutting a thick electric cable with a table knife.
(e) Alan is trying to drill a 20 mm hole in a metal plate. The drill bit has a
diameter of 25 mm.
( d) Kamal is trying to drive nails into a plank of wood by hitting them
with another piece of wood.
(e) Alan is hammering two planks of wood together using 40 mm nails.
Each plank is 30 mm thick.
(f) Kamal is using this screwdriver on this screw.
= = ! 3 ~
(g) Kamal is now hammering the nails into the plank with a hammer, but
the hammer is this kind:
~ ~
~
(h) Now Kamal is hammering the nails with this hammer:
(i) Alan is trying to chisel a piece of wood with this chisel:
~
Use these words:
w ~
short 1 heavy 1 wide 1 narrow 1 thin 1 blunt 1 soft 1 light 1 sharp
59
4(A) Reading comprehension FABRICATION
Making a car panel
This panel (FIG. 1) fits
onto the front right-hand
side of a car. It is made
by three methods.
First, sheet steel is made. This is done by pushing a piece of steel between two
rollers (see FIG. 2), which squeeze the metal and make it longer and thinner. This
method is called ROLLING. Not all metals can be rolled. For example, iron
cannot be rolled because it is too brittle. But steel can be rolled because it is
tough and malleable enough.
Next, the steel is cut into a flat shape (see FIG. 3). This is done by placing the
sheet onto a die, and then cutting a hole in it with a pune h. The method is called
PUNCHING. The steel can be cut easily because it is now very thin.
Finally, the sheet steel is bent and pressed into a rounded shape (like in FIG. 1).
This is done by putting the sheet onto a die and then bending the sheet around
the die with a press (see FIG. 4). This method is called PRESSING. It is not
difficult to press sheet steel because it is thin and malleable.
FIG 3jy(c) rr::l
sheet .

0
l)
(d)c: e:Y :;:;,
( rounded ) FIG. 4
piece of (a)
steel FlG. 2
60
(a) What makes the metallonger
and thinner?
(b) How is this done?
(e) What does the punch do?
( d) What is the press for?
(e) What are the rollers for?
(f) Is it easy to roll iron?
Why? /Why not?
(g) Is it easy to cut sheet steel?
Why? /Why not?
(h) What do you think 'malleable'
means? Choose two:
brittle / easy to break / easy
to squeeze 1 rigid 1 easy to bend
4(8) Reading comprehension PAINTING ANO
DECORATING
PAINTING EQUIPMENT-----
@)
First, you need paint brushes. There
are three main types: broad, narrow
and angled. Use the broad brush for
broad flat areas such as walls. Use the
narrow one for corners. And use the
angled one for window frames and
difficult angles.
N ext, yo u need a roller for painting flat
surfaces smoothly. Use a long exten-
sion on the handle for reaching high
places, su eh as ceilings. Y o u will also
need a tray for holding the paint and
the roller.
Next, you need a paint pot for holding
the paint and the brush. Make sure
that the mouth of the pot is wide
eriough for the widest brush, and that
it is small enough to carry.
Next, you need a stepladder for climb
ing up to the job, a scraper for scraping
off old paint and paper from the walls,
cloths for covering the furniture,
and rags for cleaning paint off the
floor.
Finally, you need turpentine for
cleaning the paint brushes and rollers.
N::::::; :;:;:;!;!;!;!;!;!;!;!;!;!;!;!;!;!; :;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:; :;:;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;. ;.;.;.; ::;::;:;::::::::::::::::::;:;: ;:;:;:;:;:; :;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;!;!;!;!;!;:::.:... ::;::;:;;:;;:;;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;::;:;:;:;:;:: ;:;:;:;: ;:;. ;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:: !!;!;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;c..
1 What are the objects in the picture called? (Note: look at the letters (a), (b),
(e), etc.)
Example: (a) This is called a roller.
2 What tools would you need for the jobs in the picture? (Note: look at the
numbers CD , @ , ~ , etc.)
Example: CD - narrow paint brush.
3 Make a fulllist of all the tools and the jobs, like this:
Tool Job
- broad brush - paints broad flat areas
61
Unit eight
1 'You might get a shock.'
Alan is warning Ron.
The electricity
might be on.
Y o u could get
a shock.
1 Study this:
It might be
on.
lt might be on.
lt could be on.
lt may be on.
2 Make warnings:
Example: (a) Be careful. You might slip.
62
(a) you might
(b) yo u could
(e) you may
(d) the petrol may
(e) you might
(f) you could
(g) get burnt
(h) cut your leg
(i) die
(j) lose a finger
3 Match the warnings with the numbers on the picture:
Example: (a) -
~ ~ . Y : : : : :
~
(a) Look out! There's sorne oil on the floor. You may slip and get hurt.
(b) Stop that man! He might cut his hand.
(e) Straighten that wire! It might overheat and start a fire.
(d) Don't touch that! You may get an electric shock and die.
(e) Be careful! You might fall off that ladder and break a leg.
(f) Put that cigarette out. And take the can away. It could explode.
(g) Put the guard down and put on a pair of goggles. The chisel could
break and you could get blinded.
4 Read these warnings and give reasons:
Example: (a) ... because the petrol might
explode.
(a) Don't smoke near a petrol tank ...
(b) Don't take the back off a TV when the TV
1s on ...
~ ~
~ \
~ ( . - ""'
/ trike a ,
match
(e) Don't use a metalladder near electrical
w1res ...
(d) ;Don't strike a match in a dark room .. .
(e) Don't support a carona pile of bricks .. .
(f) Don't climb a ladder too close to the wall
(g) When you use a drilling machine, don't
hold the workpiece with your hand ...
r
~
63
2 'You must never smoke near petral.'
Kamal and Ron are at work. Kamal is explaining a safety rule to an
apprentice. Ron is giving sorne advice.
You must
never srnoke
near petrol.
5
6
6-l
Study this:
RULES ADVICE
(Very important) (This is not as irnportant
as a RULE)
1 YOU MUST NOT 1 YOU SHOULD NOT
smoke here. use a dirty sa w.
2 YOU MUST NEVER 2 YOU SHOULD NEVER
smoke here. use a dirty sa w.
3 YOU MUST 3 YOU SHOULD
switch off. clean all tools.
4 YOU MUST ALWAYS 4 YOU SHOULD ALWAYS
switch off first. clean your tools.
Use SHOULD or MUST:
(a) You should clean your tools before you use them.
(a) Here is sorne advice: clean your tools before you use them.
(b) This is a rule: switch off the electricity befo re you touch a bare wire.
(e) Here is a rule: do not smoke near petrol.
( d) This is sorne advice: always sharpen chisels before yo u use thern.
(e) Here is a rule: always wear goggles when you grind a chisel.
(f) This is sorne advice: never use a screwdriver for opening a tin of paint.
(g) Here is sorne advice: use a narrow brush for painting corners.
(h) This is a rule: never do any welding without a helmet or goggles.
7 Study this:
X
YOU MUST NOT
DO THIS
'

LOOK OUT!
BE CAREFUL!
FIRE
--* ELECTRJCJTY
8 Match the pictures with the safety instruction. Then put the instruction in
another way. Use YOU MUST + NOT / NEVER:
Example: (a)- 3: YOU MUST NEVER put out electrical fires with water.
// (b) X
c!(;!J.I

(e) l(d) X
- ,,' o...__
1

't
1 [\1qde
X 1
1

(h)

Q,

(1) Electric wires must not be
coiled.
(2) Metal plates must never be
held by hand on drilling
machines.
(3) Electrical fires must never be
put out with water.
(4) Broken switches and sockets
must never be used.
(5) Grinding machines must
never be used without
guards.
( 6) Cars must never be
supported with bricks.
(7) Metal ladders must never be
placed onto electric wires.
(8) A match must never be
struck near gas.
(a) Why must cars never be supported on bricks?
(b) Why must metal ladders never be placed onto electric wires?
(e) Why must electric wires never be coiled?
(d) Why must grinding machines never be used without guards?
65
3 'Tools that are damaged are dangerous.'
These tools are
damaged.
Tools that are
damaged are
dangerous.
10 Study this:
These
} are dangerous.
the ---_Tools WHICH ARE DAMAGED
same:
11 Match the pictures with the sentences:

(d)
r?
(1) They're broken.
(2) They're bent.
(3) It's burnt.
( 4) They're twisted.
(5) lt's coiled.

(f)

(r
:9
(6) It's cracked.
(7) lt's blocked.
(8) They're jammed.
12 Make sentences:
66
Example: (a) These wires are broken. Don't use them.
(b) These nails are bent. Don't use them.
(a) Don't use wires which are broken.
(b) Nails that are bent should not be used.
(e) Burnt wires must be thrown away.
( d) Do not use wires which are coiled.
(e) Pipes that are blocked should not be joined to the tank.
(f) J ammed motors should be repaired.
(g) Don' t use goggles which are cracked.
(h) Seat belts that are twisted must be straightened.
13 Study this:
{
WHICH ARE MADE OF METAL.
Do not use ladders THAT ARE MADE OF METAL.
. { WHICH ARE NOT INSULATED.
Do not use w1res THAT ARE NOT INSULATED.
14 Match the pictures with the sentences:
Example: (a) - (7)
~
o. o
~
(g)
(1) This wire is not
insulated.
(2) This ladder is made of
metal.
(3) This car is supported
only by a jack.
( 4) This pipe is connected
to an electric cable.
(5) This switch is not fixed
to the wall.
(6) This wire is plugged in.
(7) This TV is switched on.
15 Complete these, using words from Exercise 14. (Use THAT or WHICH):
Example: (a) Do not go under a car which is supported only by a jack.
(a) Do not go under a car ...
(b) Y o u must not touch a pipe ...
(e) Do not take the back off a TV ...
( d) When yo u are working near electrical wires, do not use a ladder . . .
(e) Never cut a wire ...
(f) Y ou must never touch a live wire ...
(g) Y ou should not use a switch ...
67
4(A) Reading comprehension WELDING
-
rn
CAUTION: Welding can be dangerous. Any ot these
accidents might happen to you: (a) you could be blinded by
sparks; (b) you could get an electric shock; (e) your tace,
body, arms, legs or teet could be burnt; (d) there could be a
tire in the workshop.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
1 A mask or helmet must
be worn in electric are
welding. (In gas welding,
goggles can be used.)
2 Clothes must be kept dry
and clean.
3 Thick, heavy boots must
be worn.
These must be made ot
some insulating material
such as rubber.
4 Gloves, and apron and a
cap must be worn.
5 Overalls must have long
sleeves and no pockets or
cuffs.
WORKSHOP
6 The tloor must be made
ot concrete.
7 There must be a metal

1 What are the objects in Fig. 1 called?
68
(a) Why must you wear a mask or helmet?
(ANSWER: 'Because you could 1 may 1 might o o .')
(b) Why must yo u keep clothes dry?
(e) Why do you have to wear rubber boots?
( d) Why must yo u wear an apron and cap?
(e) Why must the fioor be made of concrete?
(f) Why do you need a metal container on the fioor?
4(8) Reading comprehension BUILDING
f) ,-
'

CAUTION: A ladder can be a very dangerous tool . Any of these
accidents could happen to YOU. (a) The ladder could slip on an
oily floor and you could fall off; (b) the top could fall backwards;
(e) a door could open and push the ladder backwards or to the
side; (d) a metal ladder could touch an electric wire and give you
an electric shock; (e) a ladder could fall off boxes or drums.
FOLLOW THESE RULES
1 Metal ladders, or wooden ones
with metal wires must never
be used for electrical work.
2 Wet or oily floors must be
cleaned before a ladder is
lifted.
3 When the ladder is near a
door,
3.1 the door must be locked
closed,
or 3.2 the door must be
blocked open,
or 3.3 there must be a man at
the bottom.
The foot of the ladder must be .. -
fixed.
The ladder must NEVER be
placed on drums, boxes, etc.
The top must be fixed. lt
should be tied to poles, etc,
using hooks, chains, ropes or a
strap.
(a) Which rules do Figs. 1, 2 and 3 refer to?
(b) Why must oily fioors be cleaned? (ANSWER: 'Because you
might ... ')
(e) Why do doors have to be locked closed?
(d) Why must the top be fixed to poles with ropes?
(e) Why must metal ladders not be used?
(f) Why must ladders not be placed on boxes?
(g) In Fig. 4, what are i, ii and iii?
69
Unit

1 'lf the switch is broken, repair it.'
Ron is explaining how to check the plumbing in the house.
The water
isn't fiow-
ing. Check
the stop tap.
If the stop tap
IF
tan k
OP.E.N
1
is closed, Cl..OSED
-
~
" ~ " ' ( ~
open it.
But if the
stop tap is open,
IF
OPEN
check the tank.
{ ~
CLOSED
1 Read Ron's words and then answer the questions:
lf the water doesn't fiow,
first check the stop tap. If
it's closed, you should open
it. But if it's open, check
the tank.
lf the tank is empty, switch
on the pump and fill it. But
if it's full, you should
check the pipes. (They might
be blocked.)
2 Wbo has to wash the car?
If it's a
3, you wash
the car. lf
it's a 2, 1
wash it.
70
Example: (a) Y ou check the stop tap.
(a) The water doesn't fiow. What do
you do first?
(b) The stop tap below the sink is
open. What do you do?
(e) But what do you do if it's closed?
( d) What do you do if the tank is
full?
(e) But if the tank is empty, what do
you do?
?

Who must wash
the car?
3 Study this:
IF the stop tap IS open, check the tank.
) Y ~ S 1 Check the 1 ~
tank. IF t h ~ stop tap ISN'T open, you should
open lt.
NO
Open it.
4 Complete these charts in the same way as the one above:
YES 1 If the switch is working, switch on the
electrici ty.
But if the switch isn' t working, you
must repair it first.
2 If there is any petrol in the tank, drive
the car away.
But if there isn't any petrol in it, you
must fill it first.
5 Make sentences, like the ones in Exercise 3, about these charts:
Use
them.
Y ~ S 1 Turn on
the tap.
YES 1 Unblock
them.
Insulate
them.
YES 1 Join it to
~ the other
plank.
71
2 'lt will explode.'
Kamal is warning an apprentice.
Stop! If you
strike that
match, the
petrol will
explode.
6 Study this:
IF he takes road A, he WILL
reach the mountain.
IF he takes road B, he WILL
reach the city.
IF he takes road e, he WILL
reach the sea.
IF he takes road A or road e,
he WON'T reach the city.
7 Match the left-hand column with the right-hand one, and read out the full
sentences:
72
Example: (a) If you drop a brick into a bucket of water, it will sink.
(a) If you drop a brick into a bucket
of water, ...
(b) If yo u throw a lighted match into
a can of petrol, . . .
(e) If you heat water to lOOoe, .. .
( d) If you pump air into a tyre, .. .
(e) If yo u drop a ball into a tank of
water, ...
(f) If you cool water to OOC, ...
(g) If you wear thick rubber
boots, ...
(h) If you wear thick gloves when
you are welding, . . .
. .. it will bol.
... it will become bigger.
... it won't sink.
. .. you won't get an electric
shock.
. . . i t will sin k.
. .. you won't bum your hands.
. .. it will explode.
... it will become ice.
8 Make sentences:
Examples: (a) If you press the handle down, water will pour out.
(b) If yo u pull the handle up, water won 't pour out.

l m ~ t o r
f
(a) press handle down ~ water pour out
(b) pull handle up ~ water pour out
(e) turn handle clockwise ~ water pour out
(d) turn handle anti-clockwise ~ water pour out
(e) turn wheel clockwise ~ car turn 1 right
(f) turn wheel anti-clockwise ~ car turn 1 left
(g) don't turn wheel ~ car go straight ahead
(h) press middle pedal ~ car stop
(i) press right-hand pedal ~ car go faster
(j) motor turn clockwise ~ wheel A turn
clockwise
(k) motor turn clockwise ~ wheel B turn
anticlockwise
(1) motor doesn't turn ~ wheel A turn
9 Complete these sentences. Use WILL or WON'T, and the words at the
bottom:
(a) If a beam of concrete is struck with a small hammer,
(b) If a piece of paper is lit with a match,
(e) If a bar of steel is dropped on a stone floor,
( d) If yo u bend a rubber tu be,
(e) If a pane of glass is dropped on a concrete floor,
(f) If a stone falls on a safety helmet ___ _ ________ _
(g) If an ice cube is placed in a glass of water,
Use these words: burn, break, float.
73
3 'To cut a square hale, use a chisel.'
Ron is helping an apprentice at work.
You should
use a chisel
todo that
job.
10 Study this:
Y ou can say ... Y o u should use a chisel TO DO THAT JOB.
or
TODO THAT JOB, you should use a chisel.
11 What tools do you need for these jobs?
Example: (a) pliers
(a) twisting wires together
(b) gripping things
(e) cutting metal pipes
( d) tightening and loosening nuts
(e) cutting wooden planks
(f) tightening and loosening screws
(g) driving in nails
(h) drilling holes in metal
(i) pulling out nails
G) cutting square holes in wood
12 Make full sentences about the tools named above:
Example: (a) To twist wires together, you should use a pair of pliers.
13 Read Kamal's checklist on page 75, then make instructions:
Example: (a) To check the oillevel, look at the dipstick.
74
Job
CHECKLIST OF JOBS
Method
(a) check oillevel
(b) raise oil level
(e) check water level
( d) raise water level
(e) check lights
(f) check brake lights
(g) check tyre pressure
(h) increase tyre pressure
y,LJcap
/"'j-valve
/ "------ tyre
- look at dipstick ~ cap
. . nec
- take off cap ~ k
- pour ml m ( ~ i 3 /
- take off cap ~ - -
- check level is 15 mm below neck
- pour in more water
- switch on lights
- get out of car and look
- press brake pedal
- ask your workmate to look
- remove cap
- place gauge on valve
- pump a1r m
_d) yot pump
14 Read these sentences a ~ d then complete the table below:
(a) To pump air into a tyre, you should use a foot pump.
(b) Never use a screwdriver to cut holes in wood. It should only be used
to tighten and loosen screws.
(e) To tighten and loosen nuts and bolts, you should use a wrench.
(d) Chisels are for cutting holes in wood, not for cutting holes in metal.
(e) You should cut holes in metal using a drill.
(f) A gauge should be used for checking tyre pressures.
(g) If you want to raise a car, a jack should be used, not bricks.
(h) To check oillevel in a car, a dipstick should be used.
Job Tool
(a) pump air into a tyre foot pump
(b) tightenand loosenscrews ...
(e)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
75
4(A) Reading comprehension AUTO MOTIVE

1 Finding a fault in a car--
j
~
If your car doesn't start in the
morning, you should check three
things first: the battery, the fuellevel
and the spark plugs. 1 t is easy to repair
these faults. If the battery is flat, you
should recharge it. If this doesn't
work, you should replace it. If the
petral tank is empty, fill it up. If the
spark plugs are dirty, clean them, and
if the gap in a spark plug is too narrow
or too wide, adjust it to the correct
width.
If your car still doesn't start, the petral
pump may be broken, or the fuel pipe ''.r.,:... :.,:... :
may be blocked. If the pump is broken, ,
} } ; f i C ~ ~ ~ ; , ~ ~ ; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '
jammed. If it is, you can try to release
it by pushing the car forwards and
backwards (in 2nd gear). If the car still
doesn't start, the starter motor should
be repaired or replaced.
1 Match these pictures with words from the passage:
76
(a) Y ou check the battery. lt's flat. Y ou try to recharge it. It's still flat.
What do you do next?
(b) lf the gap in a spark plug is too narrow, how do you adjust it? Do you
widen it or make it narrower?
(e) How do you know that the starter motor might be jammed? What do
you hear?
( d) Y o u push the car forwards and backwards, but the starter still doesn't
work. What do you do now?
4(8) Reading comprehension CIVIL ENGINEERING
Building a road -----
BLACKTOP
First, the earth is removed using bulldozers and diggers.
Then the ground is levelled. This is done by cutting the top layer
until it is flat and level.
Next a layer of gravel (approximately 300 mm thick) is spread
over the ground.
Finally the top layer is added. There are two main types:
blacktop and concrete. If it is a blacktop road, layers of hot
tarmacadam are poured onto the gravel and pressed down using
rollers. The total layer of blacktop materials is approximately
300 mm thick. If it is a concrete road, the concrete is laid on top
of the gravel. The concrete slabs are usually approximately
250 mm thick and 4.5 m long.
'''''';':':';';'''""'''''''''''''''''''''''')}''''''''''''''''' '""'""''':;:;:;:;:,:,:,:,,,,,.,.... . .... ,.:,.,,,:,:;:;:::'''''""''''''''""""'i:?:t;'{'''''''' '';{{}\({}'''/ {/ ?>;:::;:':'''''''')'\\'}:'''''''''''''''"""'}(;:':''''''''''''''''''""''};:;:;:,:,,,., \
1 What are (a)- (n)? Use words and numbers from the passage.
Examples: (a) ground
(d) 300 mm
~ :
(a) How do you make the ground flat and level?
(b) How is the tarmacadam pressed down?
slab layers
(e) How thick is a concrete road ( down to ground leve!)?
(d) What equipment do you use to move earth away?
77
Unit ten
1 'l've changed the plugs. Now l'm changing
the oil.'
Kamal is checking that the apprentice is doing a job on a car.
Have you
finished
the job yet?
I've changed the plugs.
I'm changing the oil
now.
1 haven't checked the
tyres yet.
1 Study this:
1 HA VEN'T CLEANED
the window yet.
I'M CLEANING
it now.
I'VE CLEANED it.
\ \ 1 1 1 1 J /'
2 Read these checklists and make sentences like the apprentice's above:
78
Example: (a) I've checked the oillevel. I'm checking the water level now.
1 haven't checked the lights yet.
Note: here '.J' means '1 have done it'.
(a) - check oil level .J (e) - repair brakes .J
- check water level - repair horn
- check lights - fix lights
(b) - paint car .J ( d) - cut wood .J
- wash it - plane it
-check tyres - chisel it
(e) - dig trench .j
- mix concrete
- pour concrete in trench
(f) - switch off .j
-test wires
- repair them
3 Ask and answer questions from Exercise 2:
Example: (a) Q: Have you checked the oillevel yet?
A: Yes, 1 have.
Q: Have you checked the water level yet?
A: No, but I'm doing it now.
Q: Have you checked the lights yet?
A: No, not yet.
4 Give the mechanic's replies to Kamal's instructions:
There's a fault in the electrical system of this car. None of the switches are
working.
(a) OK. Turn the engine on.
(b) Turn it off again.
(e) Now switch on the lights.
(d) Switch them off.
(e) Press the horn button.
(f) Push the indicator lever
to the left.
(g) Now push it to the right.
(h) OK. Stop the indicator.
(i) Now switch on the engine again.
G) Press the brake pedal.
(k) Right, now release it.
(l) Push the headlamp lever upwards.
(m) Let it go.
(n) Switch off the ignition.
Example:
(a) I've turned
it on.
let 1 ! 1 let
let it go = release it
79
2 'Don't touch the cable until you've switched
off the power.'
Alan is giving a lesson on first aid to sorne apprentices in the electrical
workshop. What should they do if a workmate gets an electric shock?
Don' t pull your
workmate off the cable
until you have
switched off the
power.
5 Make sentences:
SAFETY NOTICE
CD
SWITCH
OFF
then
0
PULL
HIM OFF
Example: (a) Don't try to put the fire out until you have called for help.
(a)
SAFETY NOTICE
(e)
Q)
PUT ON YOUR
CD
HELMET
CALL
then
FOR HELP
0
CLIMB UP THE
1
LADDER
then
0/J'r
TRYTO
(f)
~
PUT THE
CD
CHECK THE
FIRE OUT
LADDER
then
0
USEIT
(b)
CD SWITCH OFF
then
0 TAKE THE BACK OFF THE
(g)
TV
Q)
PUT ON YOUR
GOGGLES
(e)
CD SHARPEN THE TOOLS
0
then
WELD THE PLATES
then
0 USETHEM
(h)
Q)
(d)
CD PUT THE GUARD DOWN
UNCOIL THE WIRE
G)
then
then
PLUG IT IN
Q) USE THE GRINDER
80
6 Rewrite these instructions:
Example: (a) 1 Switch off the power. ~ 2 Touch the wire.
(a) Don't touch the wire until you have switched off the power.
(b) Don't use this machine u!1til you have checked it carefully.
(e) Mix the concrete well
before you use it.
(d) Don't open the tin until
you've shaken it.
(e) Sharpen the chisel before
you use it.
to
shake
(f) You should not plaster the wall until you've installed the electrical
wmng.
(g) Y ou mustn't clean and polish the car until you've changed the engine
oil.
(h) Never operate a cutting machine until you've oiled it and checked it.
7 Make sentences:
SOME SIMPLE SAFETY DEVICES
Example: (a) Y ou cannot insert the plug until you ha ve rotated the holes.
(a)
~ ~
K \ ~ Q y
~ IJJ:;Z
Y ou ro tate the socket holes.
Then you can insert the plug.
(e)
fastener
Y ou release the fastener.
Then you can cut with the snippers.
(e)
11
Y o u break the glass.
Then the alarm sounds.
(b)
button
\ lever
: @ ~
'--- 1 1 1 ' c::J!:2)
Y o u turn the lever . Then
you can press the button.
(d)
OJ [}[] 111 / f / /. 1
i
window
Y ou move the window to the right.
Then you can press the record button.
(f)
Y ou turn the hot water on.
Then the gas ftows out.
81
3 '1 tripped over a cable and fell down.'
Ron is a supervisor. He is asking a workman about an accident.
11TII

8 Study this:
push +ed pushed
stand stood
place
+d
placed
m ove moved
take too k
fall ! fell
hit hit
cut cut
9 Look at these pictures. Put the sentences into the correct order:
Begin: 'I pushed m y trolley to a stack of wood. '_ Suddenly the plank fell
a .. ;;-
./ . - _ down and cut my arm.
- - //J ' - The trolley moved and
hit the stool.
- Next I tok a plank
from the trolley and
placed it on the stack.
- I pushed my trolley to a
o stack of wood.
l\ ,' oR:; - a
, ==r 1! 4 the stack and
,t;r.::.:.ol=le.':!z__ _ _:__' ___ ___j ___ stood on it.
82
10 Write these as instructions:
Example: Begin: (a) First, mark the hole. Next, place the wood in a vice.
etc.
(a) 1 First, I marked the hole.
2 Next, I placed the wood in a vice.
3 Then, I switched on the drill.
4 Finally, I drilled the hole.
(b) 1 First, I switched off the power.
2 Next, I took the bulb out of the socket.
3 Then, I inserted a new bulb in the socket.
4 Finally, I switched on the power again.
(e) 1 First, I picked up a brick.
2 Next, I spread sorne mortar on it.
3 Then, I put the brick on the concrete.
4 Finally, I checked the level.
11 Write these as instructions. Use IF:
Example: (a) Check the bulb. If it's burnt, replace it.
(a) 1 I checked the bulb. (d) 1 I checked the batteries.
2 The bulb was burnt. 2 They were fiat.
3 I replaced it. 3 I recharged them.
(b) 1 I checked the pipes.
2 They were blocked.
3 I unblocked them.
(e) 1 I checked the tank.
2 It was empty.
3 I filled it.
12 Complete this and learn it:
mar k marked
switch switched
drill ...
insert
+ed
...
pie k ...
check ...
fill ...
JO In ...
(e) 1 I checked the electricity.
2 It was on.
3 I switched it off.
(f) 1 I checked the wires.
2 They were broken.
3 I joined them together.
place
+d
placed
recharge
...
IS
!
WAS
ARE
WERE
take too k
spread ! . ..
put . ..
83
4(A) Reading comprehension MACHINE SHOP
Accidents in the 111achine
shop-----
1 A piece of metal from the grinding machine went into M'r A's right eye and cut
it. Cause: He did not use the guard on the machine.
2 Mr B cut his hand on the drilling machine. Cause: He removed a piece of metal
from the machine with his hand.
3 Mr C cut his finger with a saw. Cause: He held the workpiece on the bench with
his hand.
4 Mr D slipped on the floor, fell against a machine and cut his head. Cause: There .
was sorne oil on the floor. Mr D walked too quickly and did not see the oil.
5 Mr E climbed a metal ladder and got an electric shock. Cause: He placed the
ladder against sorne electric wires.
6 There was a fire in the storeroom. Cause: an old switch that wasn't screwed
tightly to the wall caught fire when Mr F used it.
7 Mr G got an electric shock. Cause: He poured water onto the fire.
1 Who broke the following safety rules?
Example: (a) Mr C broke this rule.
(a) ALWAYS HOLD WORK IN A VICE
(b) ALWAYS WEAR GOGGLES AND USE THE GUARD WHEN
OPERATING GRINDER
(e) ALWAYS CLEAN MACHINES WITH A BRUSH- NEVER WITH
YOURHAND
(d) NEVER USE SWITCHES THAT ARE DAMAGED
(e) LADDERS MADE OF METAL MUST NEVER BE USED NEAR
ELECTRICAL WIRES
(f) FIRES WHICH ARE CAUSED BY ELECTRICAL FAULTS
MUST NEVER BE EXTINGUISHED WITH WATER
(e) ALWAYS KEEP WORKSHOP FLOORS CLEAN AND FREE
FROM OIL
84
(a) Why did the switch catch fire?
(b) What made Mr D slip on the fioor and fall?
(e) What cut Mr A's eye?
(d) What cut Mr D' s head?
4(8) Reading comprehension BUILDING SITE
. ::: :;:::::::::;;:;:;:;::::::: :: :::;::::: :::::: ;:;:>== :-:-:-:-::::::;:;::::::::;::::::;::::;:;:::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=: :;::::::::::;:;:: . . ::::::::;::::::;::;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:::::::::::::::::;:;:;:;:;:;:;;:;::;::
fkd
At about 10.40 yesterday morning, Bill
and 1 carried the long 8 m ladder to
the building site. We placed it near
the scaffolding. We lifted it in the
correct way:
- First, we placed the ladder on the
ground at 90 to the wall. The foot
was 2 m from the wall.
- Bill held down the foot of the
ladder.
- 1 lifted the top above my head.
- 1 then walked slowly forward,
lifting the ladder slowly upwards.
Suddenly, when the ladder was
vertical in the air, a strong wind blew.
The ladder moved to the right
towards the scaffolding. lt hit the
scaffolding and then fell downwards
and towards Jim (who was on a
platform at the bottom of the
scaffolding.) The ladder hit him and
he fell against the scaffolding and cut
his head.
FIG. 2
11
4
1 Who are A, B and C in the pictures? (Bill/Fred/Jim)
2 What are (a) and (b) in the pictures called?
(a) When the ladder was on the ground, how many metres was the top of
the ladder from the wall?
(b) When the ladder was vertical, who was between the ladder and the
wall (Jim, Fred or Bill)?
(e) Why did the ladder move towards the scaffolding?
(d) Why did Jim fall and cut his head?
4 Write sentences from the report to describe each picture.
J:l
85
Revision Unit B
1 What tools and equipment do you need for these jobs?
Example: (a) A spanner anda jack.
(a) changing the wheel of a car
(b) installing an electrical socket
(e) making a car panel
(d) painting and decorating
(e) making a road
(f) servtcmg a car
2 Complete these sentences with names of tools and equipment:
Examp/e: (a) Loosen the wheel nuts with a jack.
(a) Loosen the wheel nuts with a __ _
(b) Place the sheet steel onto a and cut a hole in it with a __ _
(e) Earth is removed using and __ _
(d) You need for cleaning the brushes and rollers.
(e) Layers ofhot tarmacadam are poured onto the gravel and pressed down
usmg __ _
(f) The oil level is checked with a __ _
(g) The cable channel is made by cutting away brickwork with a anda
Use these words:
rollers; jack; die; dipstick; bulldozers; hammer; punch; diggers; chisel;
turpentine
3 Name at least three parts of each of the following:
86
Example: (a) Bicycle: 1 pedals
(a) bicycle
2 sprocket
3 chain
4 wheels
(b) electrical circuit in a house
(e) car cooling system
( d) car fuel system
(e) car starting system
4 How do these work? Make sentences:
Example: (a) Bicyc/e: 1 The foot presses the pedal.
(a) Bicyc/e (b) Car cooling system
1 foot ... pedal 1 engine ... belt
2 pedal ... sprocket 2 belt ... fan
3 sprocket ... chain 3 fan ... water
4 chain ... wheel 4 water ... engine
5 Write pairs of instructions in the correct order. Use 'first' and 'then':
Examp/e: (a) First, sharpen the chisel. Then, use it.
(a) The chisel should not be used until you have sharpened it.
(b) Don't opera te a cutting machine until you've oiled it.
(e) Concrete should be mixed before it is used.
( d) Press the camera button after you've turned the lever.
(e) Switch off the electricity before you repair the TV.
(f) Don't paint or paper the walls until you have plastered them.
6 Give safety instructions for the following. Give at least three instructions for each:
Examp/e: (a) Electrica/ instal/ation: Safety instructions
1 Switch off the electricity before you touch a bare wire.
2 Do not use wires that are coiled.
etc.
(a) electrical installation (e.g.: bare wire/wires that are coiledjwater, electrical
fires)
(b) workshop practice (e.g.: goggles, grinding machine/sharpen chisels/
planks, vice)
(e) welding (e.g.: mask, helmet, bootsjoveralls, sleeves, pocketsjfloor,
concrete)
(d) use of ladders (e.g.: metal ladders, electrical work/ladder, boxesjoily
floors)
7 What will happen if you . . .
(a) ... drop a brick in a bucket of water?
(b) ... throw a lighted match into a can of petrol?
(e) ... hold a lighted m a t ~ h beside a concrete beam?
( d) ... drop a pane of glass on a concrete floor?
(e) ... touch abare wire when the electricity is on?
(f) ... bend a rubber tube?
Use these words: break;sink;burn;explode;get a shock
You may need to use this word: won't
87
8 Read this:
Wood is used for making shelves because it is soft and therefore can be cut
easily. It can also be used for making boxes because you can hammer nails into
them and join them together. And it can be used in fires, because it is
combustible.
9 Complete these:
(a) Concrete is for building bridges because it is rigid and therefore
cannot be easily. It also be used for roads because it
1s and therefore cannot be broken easily.
(b) Plastic be used for safety goggles beca use it is nota __ _
material and therefore does not break . It can also be for
making rulers because it is flexible and therefore can easily.
(e) Glass is used for windows, because you see through it, and
it is very and therefore cannot be scratched or cut easily. But it is
not for making guards on grinding machines it is very
brittle and therefore break easily.
Here are sorne of the words: tough; hard; bend; brittle; bent
Example: (a) If your car doesn't start, check the battery.
(a) If your car doesn't start, (battery) __ _
(b) (tank) , fill it with petrol.
(e) If the spark plug is dirty, __ _
(d) (battery) , you should recharge it.
(e) Ifthere is a loud CLICK when you tum the key, (push) __
(f) If the fuel pump is broken, (repair) __
(g) (tyres) , you should pump them up.
(h) lf the engine becomes too hot, (cooling system) __ _
11 Read this report, and answer the questions on page 89:
88
Accident with a ladder
Fred hadan accident yesterday- he cut his head badly. He's in hospital now.
What happened was this. He took the metalladder from the store room and
carried it into the machine shop. Then he put it onto sorne boxes next to the
main door ofthe workshop (which was closed, but not locked), and climbed the
ladder. While he was repairing the electric cable, someone opened the door and
walked into the workshop. The door hit the ladder, and the ladder fell over.
Fred fell from the ladder onto the fioor. He landed on his feet, but there was
sorne oil on the fioor and he slipped, and cut his head on a drilling table.
(a) Why did the door open?
(b) What was Fred doing when the door opened?
(e) Where did the accident happen?
( d) Why did the ladder fall?
(e) Did Fred cut his head on the floor?
12 Complete these safety rules:
(a) Wet or oily floors must be before a ladder is __ _
(b) Metal ladders never be used for electrical work.
(e) When you a drilling machine, always the workpiece in a
VICe.
(d) When the ladder is near a door, the door must be ___ .
(e) The ladder must never be on boxes or drums.
(f) Never a bare electric cable when the electricity is on.
13 Which of the above rules did Fred break?
Answer: He broke rules (a),(_),(_) and (_).
89
Wordlist
about ( = approx) 5
accelerator pedal 3
accident 8
accident report 10
add 5
adjust 9
advice 8
aeroplane 4
aggregate 5
air 3,6
alarm 10
aluminium 7
angled 7
anticlockwise 1
apart 1
apply 5
apprentice 8
approximately 5
apron 8
are 5
arm 3
automotive 1,3
back (n) 2
backwards 1
bag 2
bar 9
battery (-ies) 2
beam 9
become 5
bend 1
bend (vb) 7
bent (adj) 8
bicycle 4
bit ( = drill bit) 1,2
blacktop 9
blade 7
blocked (adj) 8
blunt 7
boil (vb) 9
bolt 3
boots 8
bottle 5
bottom (adj) 6
box 6
bracket 1
brakes 2
brake system 3
break (vb) 7
brick 2
bricklayer 3
brickwork 6
bridge 7
brittle 4
broad 7
broken (adj) 8
brush 2,7
bucket 3
bucketful4
build 2
building site 10
bulldozer 9
burn (vb, intr) 5, 7
burnt (adj) 8
button 3
by hand 5
cable 2
call for help 10
90
can (n) 2,5
cap 9
car 1
car controls A
carefully 2
carpentry 1
carry 4
catch fire 10
cause (n) 10
caution 1
ceiling 6
cement 5
chain 3,6,8
change 6
channel (n) 6
cheap 4
cheapness 4
check 1
chisel (vb) 1
chuck 2
circuit B
civil engineering 4
clean 1
clean (vb) 7
clean up 2
click 9
climb 7
climb up 10
clock 1
clockwise 1
close (vb) 2
close (intr) 3
closed 1
cloth 7
coarse 5
coi! (vb) 8
coiled (adj) 8
combustible 4
concrete 2
connect (vb) 6
connected (adj) 8
consist of 4
contact (n) (elec.) 3
container 8
cool (adj) 6
cool (vb) (tr) 6
cooling system 4,6
comer 7
correct (adj) 5
cover (n) 1
cover (vb) 3
cracked (adj) 8
cross section 3
cube 9
cuff 8
current (elec.) 3,6
cut (vb) 1,7
cut away 6
cut off 5
cutting machine 1 O
damaged (adj) 8
danger 4
decorating 7
deep 1
depth 4
depress ( = press down) 3
diagram 2
diameter 4
die (n) 7
diese! engine 4
dig 2
fiow (vb) 3
digger 9
fiow into 3
dipstick 9
fiow out of 3
distance 5
foot 3
door 1,4
foot (of ladder) 10
downwards 1
foot pump 9
drawer 5
forwards 1
drill (n) 1
foundations 2
drill (vb) 1
four-stroke 4
drilling machine 2
fourth 5
drive 1,3
frame 7
drive (vb) 6
from side to side 1,4
drive 1,3
fue! pipe 9
driven 6
fue! warning light 3
drive in 7
full 1,5
dry 1
fuse 1
earth 9
gap 1
easy 4
gas 8
eighth 5
gauge 1,9
electric 1
gear (n) 3
electrical A
gently 2
electrical system 1, 10
give a warning 2
electric are 5
glass 4
electricity 6
glass (nC) 2
electric pump 4
gloves 8
electrode 5
glue 5
empty 1,5
goggles 1
empty (vb) 1
go down 3,5
energy 5
gold 4
engine 1,4
go on ( = switch on) 3
engine block 5
go up 3
equipment A,9
grave! 5
evenly 1
great 4
examine 1
grind (vb) 2
exhaust pipe 5
grip (vb) 7
expensive 3
ground (n) 4
explode 8
guard (n) 2
extension 7
extinguish 1 O
hacksaw 7
half 5
fabrication 5, 7
hammer (vb) 1
fall 3,8
hand 1
fall down 10
handle 3
fan 3
hand pump 4
fan belt 6
handsaw 7
fastener 10
hand-tight 1
faster 4
hard (adj) 2
fault 9
hard (adv) 2
fifth 5
hardener 5
fifty 5
head (of nail , etc.) 1
fig. ( = figure) 2
headlamp lever 1 O
file (vb) 1
heat 5
fill up 2
heat (vb) 6
fine 5
heavy 4
finger 2
hi-fi 6
finish 10
hit (vb) 2
fire 4,8
hold 2
fire bucket 1
hole 1
firmly 2
hollow 5
first 5
hook 8
first aid 10
horizontal 1
fit onto 7
horn 3
fix 6
hose 4
fiat 7
hot 5,6
fia t (battery) 9
house 2,4
flexible 4
fiexibility 4
ice 9
fioat (n) 3
ignition 10
fioor 1
increase (vb) 9
fioor ( of trench) 2
indicator lever 1 O
91
insert (vb) 1
meter 6
inside 3
method 5
instan 2
middle 5
instructions 2
mix (vb) 5
insulated (adj) 8
mixture 5
inwards 1
mortar 2,5
iron 4
motor 3
motorbike 4
jack 2
motor-cycle 4
jammed (adj) 8
move 1
jar 5
move (intr) 3
jaws (of chuck) 2
move away (tr) 9
job l,A
mouth 7
join (n) 5
join together 5
nail (n) 1,4
narrow 4
keep clean 1 O
neck ( of bottle) 9
keep free 10
new 4
key 3
ninth 5
key ( = chuck key) 2
noisy 4
kilo 5
non-combustible 7
knife 7
note (imper) 2
knob 3
nut 3
ladder 4
object 2
land vehicle 4
off 1
large 4
oil 2,3
last (vb) 4
oil (vb) 10
!ayer 9
oily 8
lea ve ( = don't touch) 2 on 1
left 1,5 on (adj) 4
length 4 open (adj) 1
Jet go (tr) 1 O operate 2
leve! ( ad j) 2 outwards 1
leve! (n) 3 overa11s 8
leve! (with) 1 overheat 8
light (adj) 4 over-tighten 1
light (vb) 2
light bulb 1 paint (n) 5
lightness 4 paint (vb) 2
lights (n) 3 painting 7
lime 4 pair 2,7
line 1,2 pane 9
litre 4 panel 7
live (adj) (elec.) A paper 4
look at 1
paper (vb) 6
long 4
partA
loose 1
part (n) 5
loosen 1
pass through 6
lower (vb) 2
paste 5
pedal 3
machine 1
peg 2
machine stop 2
per cent 5
made of 4
petrol 1
main (adj) 4
petrol engine 4
mains 1
petrol pump 9
mains switch 6
pickup 3
make sure 1
pickaxe 2
ma11eable 7
piece 9
ma11et 1
piJe 8
mark (n) 1,3 pincers 7
mark (vb) 2 pipe 2,3
mark out 2 piston 3
mask 8 place (vb) 1
masonry 2 plane (vb) 1
match (n) 2 plank 2
material 4 plaster (vb) 2
meas u re (vb) 2,6 plastic 3
mechanic 10 plate (metal) 5
metal! plate (steel) 2
metalwork A platform 10
92
pliers 1.2
plug 1
plug in 1
plug in (to) 6
plurnb ~
pl umb-and-level (n) 2
pl urnbing 3
poclcer 8
poinr (n) 4.6
polish (vb) 10
position 5
por-
pour 1
pour in 3
pour (inrr) 3
pour our (i ntr) 3
power 3
prepare 2
press 1
press (n) 7
press (vb) 3
pressing 7
pressure 9
produce 5
property ( = characteristic, n) 4
pull 1
pull off 10
pull through 6
pull up 3
pump 3
pump (vb) 6
punch 7
punch (n) 3
punching 7
push 1
push down 3
push up 3
put down 2
put in 2
put on 2,6
put out (e.g. tire) 10
put up 1
quarter 1,4
quiet 4
radiator 6
radio 2
rag 1,7
raise 2
ratio 5
recess (n) 6
recharge (vb) 9
release (vb) 2
remove 1
repair 2
repair (vb) 4
replace 1
report 10
right 1,5
right-hand 7
rigid 4
rise (vb) 2
roof 2
roller 7
rolling 7
rotate 1
rotate (intr) 3
rounded 7
rubber 4
rule 8
ruler 2
sack A
safe 2,4
safety helmet 7
safety notice 10
sand 4,5
saw (vb) 2
sawdust 4
scaffolding 1 O
scissors 7
scraper 7
scratch (vb) 7
screen 5
screw 4
screw (n) 1
seat belts 8
second (adj) 4
service (vb) B
seventh 5
seventy-five 5
shake 10
shape 7
sharp 7
sharpen 2
sheet of paper 4
sheet steel 7
shelf 1
shock (e lec.) 8
short 4
shovel 2
shovelful 5
side 1,2
simple 4
sink (vb) 9
sixth 5
slabs 9
sleeves 8
slide (vb) 2
slip (vb) 8
smooth 1
snippers 2
socket 1,6
soft 7
sound (intr) 2
spanner 1,4
spark 8
spark plug 1
spread (vb) 2
sprocket 6
square (adj) 9
squeeze 1,2
stack 10
stage 6
start 2
starter motor 9
steadily 5
steel 4
steering wheel 3
stepladder 7
stone 2,4
stool 10
stop (tr) 3,6
stop (intr) 2
stop tap 9
store room 1
straight 1
straighten 8
strap 8
strength 4
stretch ( vb) 2
strike an are 5
strike a match 8
93
strong 4
supervisor 1 O
support ( vb) 8
switch 1
switch (n) 2
switch off 1
switch on 1
table ( = chart) 4
table ( = drilling table) 2
tank 1,2
taKe 2
take away 6
take off 2,6
take out 2
tap 2
tape recorder 2
tarmacadam 9
tenth 5
terminal (n) 6
test 1
thick 2
thickness 5
thin 4
third 5
thoroughly 5
three q uarters 5
throw away 5
tie (vb) 2
tight 1
tighten 1
tightly 2
tin (n) 5
tip 5
together 1
tooii,A
top 1,3
top (adj) 6
torch 1
touch 2
touch (intr) 3
tough 7
trade A
train 4
transformer 1,6
tray 7
trench 2
trip over 10
trolley 10
truck 4
tube 9
tum 1
tum (intr) 2
tum off 3
tum on 3
turpentine 7
94
TV 1
twenty-five 5
two-stroke 4
two thirds 5
twist 2
twist (vb) 7
twisted (adj) 8
type 4
tyre 2
unblock 9
uncoiiiO
uncover 3
unsafe 2
upwards 1
use 2
use (vb) 4
used 4
using ( = with) 2
valve 2,3
vehicle 4
vertical 1
vice 2
walll
wam 9
wash 1
washer 3
water supply pump 2
water tap 3
water wheel 2
weak 4
weight 5
weld (n) 5
weld (vb) 5
well (n) 4
wet 1
wheel2
wheelbarrow 5
wheel nut 6
wide 1,4
width 1
window 1
wire 2
wiring 10
with ( = using) 2
wood 2,4
wooden 7
work (intr) 3
working 1
workmate 9
workpiece 8
workshop 2, 7
wrench 1,9
write 1

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