INDIAN AIRCRAFT DESIGN BUREAU Bangalore, India Document No.

JTA-125/AERO 003

Technical Report

Title : Sizing of wing planform, high lift devices, empennage and control surfaces
SUMMARY The aim of this technical report is: To estimate the wing planform design parameters To size the high lift devices or flaps based on the design requirement (Ref 1) To estimate the size of the empennage, control surfaces and their disposition

Co-ordination

Group

Name

Signature and Date

A. ARUN KUMAR

ALVIN ANTHONY Prepared By Configuration Aerodynamics N. BASKARAN

D. MUKUNDAN Released on 04th Sept 2010

Checked By

Propulsion

R. THAARIQ AHMAD

Approved By

Project Management

P. S. PREMKUMAR

Coordinated By

Released By

Configuration Aerodynamics

Issue/Revision :1.0

Document Type: Internal

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CONFIGURATION AERODYNAMICS GROUP Sizing of wing planform, high lift devices, empennage and control surfaces Technical Report

DOCUMENT CHANGE RECORD Issue / Revision 1.0 Date Reason for change First Issue Change description

Name P. S. Prem Kumar

INTERNAL DISTRIBUTION Department Project Management

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CONFIGURATION AERODYNAMICS GROUP Sizing of wing planform, high lift devices, empennage and control surfaces Technical Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. 2. 3. 4. INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................................5 AIRCRAFT CONFIGURATION TYPE.....................................................................................................5 WING PLANFORM GEOMETRY AND LATERAL CONTROL SURFACES SIZING .............................5 HIGH LIFT DEVICES SIZING .................................................................................................................6 4.1 Determination of Clean Airplane CLmax ...............................................................................................6 4.2 Sizing of high lift devices ....................................................................................................................7 5. EMPENNAGE AND CONTROL SURFACE SIZING AND DISPOSITION..............................................9 6. CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................................11

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Definition of flapped wing area .................................................................................................. 8 Figure 2 Wing planform ........................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 3 Horizontal tail geometry ........................................................................................................... 10 Figure 4 Vertical tail geometry ............................................................................................................... 10

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Wing geometric data ................................................................................................................... 5 Table 2 Lateral control surface geometry ................................................................................................ 6 Table 3 Design point requirements (Ref 1).............................................................................................. 6 Table 4 Wing airfoil parameters (based on the airfoil lift coefficients) ..................................................... 7 Table 5 Required maximum lift coefficients to be produced by the high lift devices ............................... 7 Table 6 Required sectional lift coefficient to be generated by the flaps .................................................. 8 Table 7 Empennage design parameters ............................................................................................... 11

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REFERENCES
S.No 1. 2. Reference JTA-125/AERO 002 125A 00 00001 00 000 Version 2.0 (JUNE 2010) 1.0 Title Design point estimation from Sizing parameters Three view and general arrangement Preliminary configuration design and the integration of propulsion system

3. 4. 5.

Aircraft Design

Vol. 2

TERMS & ABBREVIATIONS

A/C cf/c f HT, H.T. I/B O/B S Swf VT, V.T. Aircraft Flap chord to wing chord ratio Flap deflection Horizontal tail Inboard Outboard Wing area Flapped wing area Vertical tail

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CONFIGURATION AERODYNAMICS GROUP Sizing of wing planform, high lift devices, empennage and control surfaces Technical Report

1. INTRODUCTION
This report provides the preliminary estimation of the wing planform design, flap size, empennage and control surface size and disposition. The wing planform is designed based on the data available for the similar class of aircraft. The flap is sized based on the design requirement from Ref 1. The empennage and control surfaces and their respective locations are too sized based on the data available for the similar class of aircraft.

2. AIRCRAFT CONFIGURATION TYPE

The configuration of JTA-125 Low wing Low horizontal tail Engine installed in nacelles under the wing Wing mounted spoilers Landing gear retraction into wing/fuselage intersection Tricycle landing gear layout (nose type)

3. WING PLANFORM GEOMETRY AND LATERAL CONTROL SURFACES SIZING

The wing geometric data is arrived based on the data available for the similar class of aircraft. Table 1 shows the planform design characteristics of the wing. The wing area (S) and the Aspect ratio (AR) are 123 m2 and 9.5 respectively (Ref 1). The wing is cantilever type with the overall wing/fuselage arrangement as the low wing type.

Table 1 Wing geometric data

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The wing incidence angle and the twist angle are not specified in Table 1 and these design parameters can be estimated at later phase of design based on the requirement. Table 2 shows the typical inboard, outboard aileron and spoiler dimensions. For more detail see Ref 2.

Table 2 Lateral control surface geometry

4. HIGH LIFT DEVICES SIZING

The type and the size of high lift devices needed for the airplane is found by its capability to meet the requirements for CLmaxTO and for CLmaxL. The first step is to find whether or not the selected wing geometry parameters are consistent with the required value of clean CLmax. Table 3 shows the design point requirements obtained based on the landing and takeoff field length requirements (Ref 1).

Table 3 Design point requirements (Ref 1)

4.1 Determination of Clean Airplane CLmax

Table 4 shows the available wing lift parameters especially the CLmaxW (clean maximum lift coefficient available from the wing). From Table 3 and Table 4 it is concluded that the clean required maximum lift coefficient is 7% higher than the available lift coefficient from the wing. According to Ref 3, if the wing planform cannot meet the required value of clean maximum lift coefficient within 5% then it is necessary to redesign the wing planform and/or to select different airfoil until it does. For the time being it is assumed that the wing planform remains the same as mentioned in Table 1 until a correct type of airfoil is chosen for JTA-125.
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Note: Hence a detailed study on the airfoil type has to be done to obtain a realistic value of airfoil sectional lift coefficient. Since the values of airfoil sectional lift coefficient at root and tip 1.9 and 1.7 (Ref 3) seem too high (Table 4).

Table 4 Wing airfoil parameters (based on the airfoil lift coefficients)

4.2 Sizing of high lift devices

Based on the assumption in 4.1, the high lift devices are sized based on the same wing planform geometric data (Table 1). For this class of aircraft fowler flaps can be used as a trailing edge high lift device. Table 5 shows the incremental values of maximum lift coefficients for takeoff and landing need to be produced by the high lift devices.

Table 5 Required maximum lift coefficients to be produced by the high lift devices Based on the required incremental values of maximum lift coefficients, it is possible to compute the required incremental section maximum lift coefficients (ClmaxTO_reqd & ClmaxL_reqd) using the factor K and Swf/S (ratio of flapped wing area to the total wing area, see Figure 1). The required value of incremental section lift coefficient Cl_TO_reqd and Cl_L_reqd is computed using a factor K which is related to the flap type, flap chord ratio (where K = 0.94, for fowler flaps with cf/c = 0.3). Table 6 shows the values of required incremental section lift coefficient which the flaps must generate based on the design requirement for various values of Swf/S. Based on the high lift requirements FOWLER FLAPS are chosen as

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the primary high lift device. The available incremental section lift coefficient from the fowler flaps are (cf/c = 0.3): For take-off (f = 25 deg) : For landing (f = 40 deg) : 1.86 2.46

The above available lift coefficient are independent of Swf/S. For Swf/S = 0.9 the available section lift coefficient by the fowler flaps is 12% higher than the required section lift coefficient based on the design requirement (landing). There is sufficient lift available for takeoff as compared to the required value. Figure 2 shows the overall wing geometry.

Figure 1 Definition of flapped wing area

Table 6 Required sectional lift coefficient to be generated by the flaps

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CONFIGURATION AERODYNAMICS GROUP Sizing of wing planform, high lift devices, empennage and control surfaces Technical Report

Figure 2 Wing planform

5. EMPENNAGE AND CONTROL SURFACE SIZING AND DISPOSITION

Table 7 shows the empennage design parameters. The airplane configuration is conventional (tail aft arrangement). Horizontal and vertical tail volume coefficient is 1.14 and 0.077 respectively. The tail volume coefficients are the average of coefficients for aircrafts similar to JTA-125 (Ref 3). Figure 3 and 4 show the H.T. and V.T. geometry.

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Figure 3 Horizontal tail geometry

Figure 4 Vertical tail geometry

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Table 7 Empennage design parameters

6. CONCLUSION
The available incremental section lift coefficient from the fowler flaps is 12% higher than the required section lift coefficient for Swf/S = 0.9 (landing). To conclude a detailed study on the wing airfoil is required in order to achieve realistic values of lift coefficients for this aircraft. Initial 2-D studies on the sectional lift and drag coefficients to be carried on the airfoils available for aircrafts similar to JTA-125.

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