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Abstract:
All kinds of structures are susceptible to fire hazards. After a fire, detailed evaluation and assessment of the structure needs to be conducted by experienced structural engineers to assess the extent of damage. Then, rehabilitation of old masonry buildings (or) restoration of heritage structures presents a special case for repair. Here, in most cases, the construction materials used are unconventional like natural stones, wood and lime mortars and plasters as compared contemporary materials of today. Then, another special case of repair strategy, under water repair of structures. It needs much care and cost effective supervision. Here, in our paper, we have presented 360 deep discussion about these three repair strategies for different (Fire damaged / Masonry & heritage / Underwater) structural types. We have given all steps to be done for a good repair system such as the initial procedure for evaluation of damaged structures, then, the preparation before carrying repair & various repair methods that can be done for the respective repair & problem.
1. Repair Systems for Fire damaged Structures 1.1 Material behavior affected by Fire
The type of course aggregate has a significant effect on the damage to the concrete structural element. Based on studies done in the past, it is well established that Siliceous aggregate concrete retains approximately half its capacity @ 650C (1200F) while carbonate and light weight aggregate concretes exhibits near full capacity @ 650C (1200F) Reinforcing bars heated beyond 500C (932F) lose significant amounts of yield strength and ultimate strength. Both typical structural steel and high strength alloy steels used in the construction
industry, retain approximately 90% of their strength to nearly 315C (600F) as described in the National Codes and Standards Council of the Concrete and Masonry Industries (1994)
Fig 1: 5 Step Procedure for Fire Investigation & Repair Generically the extent of damage and repairs will fit in one of the following categories. Extensive Damage: Economically not feasible to repair. Demolish the structure. Significant Damage: Total replacement required of several structural elements due to either severe distortion (or) degradation in strength; other areas repairable.
Repairable Damage: Various elements damaged, can be economically repaired. Superficial Damage: Minor repairs needed such as patching of concrete and replacing some bolts in steel structures. No Damage: No repair is needed. Structure can support the code required loads.
In spite of excellent bonding characteristics of epoxy mortars, such repair mortars should not be used for exterior applications due to a wide disparity in coefficients of thermal expansions between the parent concrete & epoxy repair mortars. A better and less expensive alternate is to use polymer cementitious mortars which have a coefficient of thermal expansion compatible with the parent concrete. The polymer in such polymer cementitious concrete repair mortars functions as plasticizers that improves the bonding characteristics while reducing the amount of water required to make a workable mix and also decreasing the permeability of hardened mortar.
The resins in such composite FRP sheets provide the bond to the concrete surface to be repaired. The primary advantage of using FRP materials is their high tensile strength.
Tensile strength of CFRP ranges between 1720MP to 6200MP. Tensile strength of GFRP ranges between 1860MP to 4825MP. Another advantage os that the weight of FRP is approximately 1/3rd of steel and the thin sheets make it particularly easy to handle in the field. Flexural and shear capacities of concrete beams can be effectively repaired using such CFRP materials. Flexural capacity of both one way & two way slabs have also been successfully repaired using CFRP. Column axial load capacities can be restored to distressed sections by wrapping the columns around the perimeter to provide additional hoop restraint.
2. Repair Systems for Masonry & Heritage Structures 2.1 Evaluation of structures for Repair
First and foremost, it should be checked that overall structure is structurally sound. This may not be a concern as most old buildings were normally designed with higher safety factors. Some of the key factors to be considered are: If columns have cracks and deteriorated bases and bottom spalling If iron oxide formations are observed, in case old iron part are embedded If there is flooding at the bottom of the structure due to level differences between the new roads and the old structures If dampness, rising dampness as well as growth of fungus and vegetation is observed in basement / plinth area. If there is dampness (or) condensation (or) deterioration associated with biological growth.
Fig 9: Efflorescence
Final step, would be to apply a water proof plaster / render. This material should ideally be a ready-made product. The bottoms of the pillars can be repaired using epoxy mortars if needed. In areas where major repairs are to be done, one can also resort to using polymer mortars by incorporating correct acrylic polymers (or) SBR based mortars / repair polymers. Roofs can be re-water proofed and protected by using polymer based flexible water proofing systems, which can be easily over coated with the required final finish.
Epoxy resin must be low viscosity solvent free underwater-grades in order that the water in the crack is replaced by a structural material. For small repairs, the use of hand-held cartridge injection guns is a satisfactory procedure.
Fig 12: Form work for under-water Repair The mix design for underwater repair may require certain modifications depending upon the nature of the work. The cement content is then raised by approximately 25%. Lean mixes of less than 350kg / m3 are not likely to be suitable due to washout of cement. Conclusion When complete demolition and total removal and replacement have been ruled out, various strategies are available to the engineer to resolve the integrity of fire damaged structures. The primary cause of masonry / heritage structures needing repairs, is moisture and salt transport through the masonry / load bearing elements, causing structural failure. This puts the role of construction chemicals only during the actual repairs, but the application and initial investigations are equally important.
References ACI 546R 04 (2004): Concrete Repair Guide, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan 48333, USA Neville ,A.M (1995): Properties of Concrete, 4th Edition, Pearson Education Limited. An Article of Repair systems for Masonry and Heritage Structures by Sunny Surlaker MC Bachemie India Limited. Concrete Technology by M.L.Gambhir Building Construction by P.C.V arghese Pre stressed Concrete Bridges by N.KrishnaRaju