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Acknowledgments
This research was authored by Judi Lerman and edited by Eleni Delimpaltadaki Janis, Juhu Thukral, and Jason Drucker. The Opportunity Agendas Immigrant Opportunity initiative is funded with project support from Carnegie Corporation of New York, Four Freedoms Fund, U.S. Human Rights Fund, Oak Foundation, Unbound Philanthropy, and the Ford Foundation, with general operating support from Open Society Foundations. The statements made and views expressed are those of The Opportunity Agenda.
August 2012
Table of Contents
Executive Summary Introduction Methodology Findings
Attitudes toward Immigrants and Immigration
Immigrant impact on American society Immigrant integration
1 3 4 5 5 5 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 11 13 14 15 16 17
Executive Summary
This memo analyzes existing public opinion research from 20062011 regarding attitudes of young people (1829 years old1) toward immigrants and immigration, and how their opinions compare to the general populations. This memo is intended to identify trends in public opinion and reveal opportunities as well as challenges to promoting pro-immigrant communications and policies among young people, often referred to as Millennials. Generally, Millennials hold a more positive view of immigrants impact on their communities, except with regard to the job market, and are more supportive of pro-immigrant policies than the general population. Further research and analysis is needed to determine whether or not the current generation of young people will maintain their higher level of acceptance and support for immigrants in the future.
Key findings
Millennials are significantly more supportive and accepting of immigrants than the population in general. For example, overall, just one out of two Americans thought that immigrants strengthen American society (49 percent) compared to fully 65 percent of Millennials who held that opinion.2 Millennials also more strongly oppose mass deportation of undocumented immigrants than their elders (67 percent to 56 percent).3 In addition, compared to the general population, young people tended to show greater support for: u the principle of citizenship for all American-born children as guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution (73 percent to 57 percent);4 u in-state college tuition for qualified children of undocumented immigrants (57 percent to 44 percent);5 u a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants (81 percent to 72 percent);6 and u the DREAM Act (66 percent to 54 percent).7 Jobs are the only key area where young peoples opinions were aligned with those of the general population and other age groups. Millennials agreed or felt more strongly than their elders that immigrants threaten their jobs or U.S. jobs in general. This perceived threat may correlate with the fact that Millennials tend to be less established in the workplace than their elders and that they entered the job market during the recent economic recession.
1 Young people or Millennials are generally defined as people born after 1980 and most frequently defined in public opinion research as 18-29 years old, which is reflected in the sample of studies we analyzed in this report. However, there are a few exceptions in the sample where the age range of young people in a survey differed by a few years, such as in a Quinnipiac survey where the range was 18-34 years old. 2 2010 Annual Religion and Public Life Survey, Pew Research Center, 6. 3 Jones and Cox, Religion, Values, and Immigration Reform, 14. 4 Public Favors Tougher Border Controls, Pew Research Center. 5 Quinnipiac University National Poll, November 2011. 6 The Generation Gap and the 2012 Election, Pew Research Center, 95. 7 Slim Majority of Americans Would Vote for DREAM Act Law, Gallup Poll.
Introduction
This memo synthesizes and analyzes public opinion research around immigration and immigrants in the United States, focusing on the views of younger people (generally 1829 years old).8 Research shows that, in comparison to other age cohorts, younger adults are more positive about immigrants role in American society and are more welcoming to them. Younger people are also less anxious about the issue of immigration in general. This study sheds light on the potential of this age group, often called Millennials, to contribute to a more immigrant-friendly environment that is accepting and welcoming of immigrants and will result in good immigration policies. Millennials are more ethnically and racially diverse than older adults. Theyre less religious, less likely to have served in the military, and are on track to become the most educated generation in American history. Their entry into careers and first jobs has been badly set back by the Great Recession, but they are more upbeat than their elders about their own economic futures as well as about the overall state of the nation. They are historys first always connected generation,9 with more than eight-in-ten saying they sleep with a cell phone glowing by their bed. Millennials present an unprecedented opportunity for pro-immigrant advocates and spokespeople to connect and talk to a persuadable audience.
8 Young people or Millennials are generally defined as people born after 1980 and most frequently defined in public opinion research as 18-29 years old, which is reflected in the sample of studies we analyzed in this report. However, there are a few exceptions in the sample where the age range of young people in a survey differed by a few years, such as in a Quinnipiac survey where the range was 18-34 years old. 9 Millennials, A Portrait of Generation Next. Confident. Connected. Open to Change. Pew Research Center.
Methodology
This report draws on information from more than 30 public opinion research studies conducted between 2006 and 2012 by nationally known and reputable research organizations. All of the data examined is publicly available. The studies referenced in this report meet The Opportunity Agendas standards and best practices for high quality and objective public opinion research, including appropriate sample size, a methodologically sound design and research instrument, and a balanced questionnaire. The studies are listed in the Appendix. The young people we refer to as Millennials are most often defined in quantitative research studies (e.g., by the Research Center, Public Religion Research Institute, Brookings Institution) as being 1829 years of age. In a few studies (i.e., Quinnipiac University and Gallup polls), young people are defined as 1834 years old. For the purposes of this report, both age ranges and the term young people will be used interchangeably. This study variously uses different terms to describe the same racial categories in an attempt to be consistent with the terminology used in each study cited. Overall, we use the racial categories applied by the federal government, which have been largely adopted by opinion researchers. The categories are defined as follows: u White: any person who self-identifies as white only and non-Hispanic u Black: any person who self-identifies as black or African American only u Hispanic: any person of any race who self-identifies as Latino or Hispanic u Asian: any person who self-identifies as Asian only Finally, the analysis of the views of different demographic groups was limited to existing public opinion research available for this study.
Findings
Do native-born Americans think that the United States benefits from immigrants? Is immigration a positive contributor to our culture and economic success? What should become of the approximately 11 million undocumented immigrants currently in the country? This analysis identifies young Americans views on these and related topics, as compared to other age cohorts. The findings of this study are presented below, organized in the following categories: u Attitudes toward immigrants and immigration u Attitudes toward immigrant access to public services u Attitudes toward immigration policies
10 11 12
Trends in Political Values and Core Attitudes Pew Research Center. Murray, Mark, On Immigration, Racial Divide Runs Deep. Klinkner et al., Immigration and Racial Change, 4.
on
united states
68% 60+ 11% 22% 58% 45-59 18% 53% 30-44 23% 25% 42% 18-29 27% 30% No impact Somewhat/very positive 25%
Somewhat/very negative
Younger Americans were also much more likely than their elders to see value in the growing number of immigrants in the United States. In a 2010 Pew Research Center study, 65 percent of Millennials agreed that immigrants strengthen American society compared to 51 percent of 3049-year-olds, 44 percent of 5064-year-olds, and 34 percent of those 65 and older. White and African-American Millennials equally agreed with this statement (at 62 percent) while Latino young people were more enthusiastic (75 percent). Overall, roughly half of the general population (49 percent) saw immigrants as strengthening society while 38 percent said immigrants threaten traditional American customs and values.13 Support for the proposition that immigrants strengthen American society dropped drastically among Millennials when they were asked to consider the impact of immigrants on jobs and resources. Forty percent said that immigrants burden the country because they take our jobs, housing, and health care (compared to 27 percent who said immigrants threaten American values) while 51 percent agreed that immigrants strengthen the country because of their hard work and talents (compared to 65 percent who agreed that immigrants strengthen American society). Millennials opinions on this issue reflected those of the general population: 45 percent said that immigrants burden the country because they take our jobs, housing, and health care compared to 42 percent who said immigrants strengthen it because of their hard work and talents.14
13 14
2010 Annual Religion and Public Life Survey, Pew Research Center, 6. 2010 Annual Religion and Public Life Survey, Pew Research Center, 6.
Figure 2. do immigrants
or burden the country because they take our jobs, housing and healthcare?
51
55 46 39 30 42 39 42 46 45
53 39 41 41 33 43
54
59 51 52
Burden Total
Sources: No Consensus on Immigration Problem, March 2006, and 2010 Annual Religion and Public Life Survey, Pew Research Center.
Americans concerns about competing for jobs against immigrants is further illustrated in the Hamilton College poll which asked: Do immigrants threaten your job or economic well-being? There was no significant difference between young Americans and older generations on this question: 35 percent of 1829-year-old people thought immigrants threaten their jobs or economic well-being, as did 36 percent of 3044-year-olds, 39 percent of 4559-year-olds, and 36 percent of those age 60 or over.15 When asked about illegal immigration, significantly more Millennials (34 percent) than other age cohorts were concerned about the presumed burden on jobs by illegal immigrants (Figure 4). Among Millennials, African Americans (48 percent) were concerned about the presumed burden of illegal immigration on the country more than whites (34 percent) and Hispanics (29 percent). The racial composition of those concerned about this issue among the overall population was similar: 27 percent of white respondents said illegal immigration hurt U.S. jobs, compared to 39 percent of African Americans and 16 percent of Hispanics. 16 Millennials attitudes regarding immigrants and jobs may correlate with young peoples relatively low status in the employment market, and the difficulty many of them may have had in the job market of the past few years.
Figure 3: millennials concerned illegal immigration hurts u.s.
jobs
African American 18-29 Hispanic 18-29 White 18-29 Total 18-29 29% 34% 29%
Source: Public Favors Tougher Border Controls, Pew Research Center, February 2011. 15 16 Klinkner, Immigration and Racial Change, 4. Public Favors Tougher Border Controls, Pew Research Center.
48%
Millennials greater acceptance of immigrants and Americas increasing diversity in general, compared to that of their elders, is correlated with patterns of social relations.17 Young people were more likely to report interactions with Hispanics, African Americans, and Muslims than their most of their elders, especially people 50 years old and older. People 30 to 49 years old reported patterns of social interactions similar to those of Millennials, as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. rePorting social interaction at least
once a day with selected grouPs
Daily conversation with African Americans 60% 51 49 50% 44 40% 30% 20% 10% 18-29 9
42
41
43 37 25 17 36
8 30-49 50-64
5 65+
6 1 Total
Source: Jones, Cox, Galston, & Dionne, What It Means to Be American, September 2011.
Immigrant integration
When given a choice between wanting the country to do more to enforce laws against illegal immigration or wanting the U.S. to offer more support for helping immigrants to integrate into American society, young people were more likely to choose support for immigrants than their elders, keeping in line with the overall trend of more positive attitudes toward immigrants among young people than any other age group. Almost one out of two Millennials (48 percent) thought that supporting immigrants integration into the society was the right approach, compared to 37 percent of 3044-year-olds, 25 percent of 4559-year-olds, and 23 percent of those age 60 or over.18 At the same time, Americans question immigrants willingness to adapt to American society. Forty-four percent said that todays immigrants are less willing.19 Slightly more, 49 percent, thought that todays immigrants are about as willing (30 percent) or more willing (19 percent) to adapt into American society than immigrants of the early 1900s. Echoing these perceptions, more than 7-in-10 (72 percent) of Americans also believed immigrants mostly keep to themselves, and one out of two of the overall population (51 percent) said immigrants do not make an effort to learn English. On the latter question, Millennials had the most positive assessment, with 59 percent who said that immigrants do make an effort to learn English.20 The perception that immigrants do not try to learn English may be related to the increasing frequency of Americans having contact with immigrants who speak limited English or not at all. In 2006, 49 percent of Americans said that they often come in contact with immigrants, as compared to 29 percent who said so in 1993.
17 18 19 20 Jones, Cox, Galston, & Dionne, What It Means to Be American, 35. Klinkner, p. 6. No Consensus on Immigration Problem. Pew Research Center, 26. Jones, Cox, Galston & Dionne, What it Means to Be American.
english?
Never
Rarely
Sometimes
Often
1993
15%
30%
26%
29%
1997
17%
32%
23%
28%
2006 6%
19%
25%
49%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
In each study, the researchers followed up by asking, When that happens, does it bother you, or not bother you? Among those polled, consistent and growing majorities said that being in contact with immigrants whose English is severely limited does not bother them.21
Figure 6. does it bother you or not being in contact with immigrants
whose
english is severely
limited?
Does bother
21 22
No Consensus on Immigration Problem, Pew Research Center, 68. Many Would Deny Illegal Immigrants Access, LA Times/Bloomberg.
One out of two Americans (48 percent) and 55 percent of Millennials believed that the human rights of illegal immigrants are violated when they are denied access to medical care. Support gradually decreased as the age of respondents increased, reaching a low of 42 percent among those 65 and older.23 A third poll measured support for whether immigrants should be eligible for government-provided social services (this survey did not define the services to which they were referring). Opposition to services increased by more than a two-to-one margin. Again, Millennials were more supportive of immigrants eligibility than their elders, but still, a significant majority opposed it.24 This indicates that when proimmigrant spokespeople advocate for immigrant access to social services, they might be more persuasive if they name each of the services rather than asking generally for government-paid services for immigrants.
80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%
Figure 7. should immigrants be eligible For social services?
70 57 40 28 23
71
65
67
27
29
18-29
30-49 Yes
50-64 No
65+
Total
In-state tuition
Recent polling showed a sharp divide in the country over whether immigrant children who successfully complete high school should be qualified for in-state public college tuition discounts. When asked, Do you think an illegal immigrant who went to high school in your state and is accepted to a public college should be eligible for the in-state tuition rate, or shouldnt they, 48 percent of respondents thought that they should be eligible, while 46 percent thought they should not. Again, we see a divide by age grouping, where Millennials were the only segment with majority agreement on in-state tuition. Eligibility was favored by 61 percent of 1829-year-olds, by 49 percent of 3049-year-olds, by 45 percent of 5064-yearolds, and by only 38 percent of those over 65.25 The Quinnipiac poll taken around the same period found 44 percent of respondents thought that undocumented students should qualify for the lower tuition, but 52 percent disagreed.26
Public schools
One area of debate and fluctuating opinion is whether to continue allowing children of undocumented immigrants to attend K-12 public schools. In a 2010 poll conducted by the Christian Science Monitor Americans were split on this issue: 47 percent in favor of providing K-12 education to immigrant children, 49 percent opposed.27 In a 2006 poll, two-thirds of respondents opposed prohibiting children
23 Human Rights in the U.S., The Opportunity Agenda. 24 No Consensus on Immigration Problem, Pew Research Center, 22. 25 Public Split Over In-State Tuition for Illegal Immigrants, Pew Research Center, 4. 26 Question 69, Should an illegal immigrant who graduated from a high school in your state and is accepted to a state public college qualify for the in-state college tuition, or shouldnt they?, on Quinnipiacs 2011 poll yielded that response. 27 Americans Split Over Public Education, Christian Science Monitor.
10
from attending, while one-third were in favor of the proposal.28 A 2007 survey found only 40 percent of registered voters in support of access to public schools when the question was framed as providing social services to illegal immigrants.29 In 2006, when asked if children of immigrants should be able to attend public schools, 71 percent said yes while 26 percent said no. In this poll, there were not any real differences of opinion among the various age cohorts.30
Source: Slim Majority of Americans Would Vote for DREAM Act Law, Gallup March 2010. Findings are also supported by 2012 surveys, such as Religion and Politics Tracking Survey, June 2012.
11
Americans favor (6-in-10 strongly favor) a policy that requires illegal immigrants to register with the government, work, pay taxes, and learn English before having the opportunity to apply for citizenship.33 Pew Research has conducted multiple surveys examining opinions by age cohort on this issue. Respondents were asked if they are in favor of a way for undocumented immigrants to gain citizenship. As one can see from the chart below, a positive trend is seen both generally and across age groups. While young people showed the most support, the greatest movement towards support was seen among the two oldest age groups.34
Figure 9. Path to citizenshiP?
73 75 71 76
67 51
67 70 58 58
62 65 52 53 48
57
63
58
63
68
30-49
50-64
Dec. 2007
Sources: Mixed Views on Immigration Bill, Pew Research Center; Keeter, Where the Public Stands on Immigration Reform; Obamas Ratings Little Affected by Recent Turmoil, Pew Research Center.
This positive trend of support toward a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants across all age groups continued in 2011: 81 percent of Millennials (1830 years old); 76 percent of Generation X (3146); 68 percent of Boomers (4765); 61 percent of the Silent Generation (over 65); and 72 percent of the total, according to another survey by the Pew Research Center.35 Overall, a slight majority (54 percent) of Americans favored granting amnesty to undocumented immigrants if they pass background checks, pay fines and have jobs. Again, there were significant differences between the age cohorts, with Millennials being the most supportive.36
33 Jones and Cox. Religion, Values, and Immigration Reform, 2. 34 Mixed Views on Immigration Bill, Pew Research Center; Keeter, Where the Public Stands on Immigration Reform,; Growing Opposition to Increased Offshore Drilling; Obamas Ratings Little Affected by Recent Turmoil, Pew Research Center. 35 The Generation Gap and the 2012 Election, Pew Research Center. The grouping of survey respondents by age in this survey is slightly different than the grouping of the surveys shown in Figure 9. 36 Mixed Views on Immigration Bill, Pew Research Center, 13.
12
67 57
Favor
Oppose 54 39
47 36 27
48
42
47
18-29
30-49
50-64
65+
Total
Source: Mixed Views on Immigration Bill, Pew Research Center, June 2007.
Keep law 64 48 31 46
Change law 53 41 48
46
18-34
35-54
55+
Total
37
13
When the question is worded differently to ask whether the U.S. should amend the Constitution to bar citizenship for American-born children or not, instead of asking whether to keep or change the law, significantly more people wanted the U.S. to continue its birthright citizenship (57 percent to 39 percent). Young peoples support for leaving the Constitution as it stands was greater than any other group at 73 percent (Figure 12).38
Figure 12. amend the constitution
to bar citizenshiP to
80% 60%
46 47
18-34
66 52 50 54 54 36 42
30-49
50-64
70 58 50 56 56 47
65+
Total
73 57 39 45 50 39 39 57 57
40% 20%
33
38 30
41 41
25
Amend
Keep
Amend
Keep
Amend
Keep
March 2006
June 2010
Feb. 2011
Sources: No Consensus on Immigration Problem, Obamas Ratings Little Affected by Recent Turmoil, Public Favors Tougher Border Controls, Pew Research Center.
Approve 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 18-29 30-49 50-64 53 43 33 32 64 63
Disapprove 63 61
30
34
65+
Total
Source: Public Favors Tougher Border Controls, Pew Research Center, February 2011.
38 39
14
Support or opposition for the law differed significantly between white Millennials and African-American and Hispanic Millennials, similarly to the general population. Sixty-seven percent of whites supported the law while 58 and 70 percent of African Americans and Hispanics opposed it (compared to 42 percent of African Americans and 30 of Latinos who approved).40
Deportation
More Americans opposed (56 percent) than supported (42 percent) deportation of undocumented immigrants, the policy of sending people back to their country of origin. Among Millennials, twothirds opposed deportation while only one-third supported it.41 Much of the opposition may speak to a widespread belief that wholesale deportation is unrealistic: 66 percent of Americans strongly or somewhat agreed with that belief.42
40 41 42
Public Favors Tougher Border Controls, Pew Research Center. Jones and Cox, Religion, Values, and Immigration Reform, 14. Pat Young, DREAM Act Supported by Strong Majority.
15
16
Keeter, Scott. Where the Public Stands on Immigration Reform. November 23, 2009. Pew Research Center. Accessed February 28, 2012. http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1421/where-the-public-stands-onimmigration-reform. Klinkner, Philip A., Colleen Callaghan, Caroline Epstein, James Grebey, Margaret Kremer, et al. Immigration and Racial Change: Are All Generations On The Same Page? A Survey of Attitudes toward Race, Immigration, and Ethnicity, Arthur Levitt Public Affairs Center at Hamilton College, Clinton, New York. Survey, May 12, 2011. Accessed March 8, 2012. http://www.hamilton.edu/documents/ HamiltonCollegeSurvey-Attitudes-toward-Race-Immigration-and-Ethnicity.pdf. Lake, Celina, David Mermin, & Zach Young/Lake Research Partners. Findings from a Survey of 800 Registered Voters Nationwide, with an Oversample of 300 Latino Registered Voters. Last modified May 2010. Accessed February 28, 2012. http://amvoice.3cdn.net/ed19366f359576c518_tcm6ini0a.pdf. Many Would Deny Illegal Immigrants Access to Basic Social Services But Path to Citizenship Still Finding Wide Support. Poll, Los Angeles Times/Bloomberg. December 5, 2007. Accessed March 15, 2012. http://www.latimes.com/media/acrobat/2007-12/34119655.pdf. Millennials, A Portrait of Generation Next. Confident. Connected. Open to Change. Pew Research Center. February 2010. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2010/02/24/millennials-confident-connectedopen-to-change. Mixed Views on Immigration Bill. Survey, Pew Research Center for the People & the Press. June 7, 2007. Accessed February 28, 2012. http://www.people-press.org/files/legacy-pdf/335.pdf. Murray, Mark. On Immigration, Racial Divide Runs Deep. NBC News. May 26, 2010. Accessed March 30, 2012. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/37344303/ns/us_news-immigration_a_nation_divided. National Survey of Voter Attitudes on Immigration Reform. Poll, Manhattan Institute. March 26-28, 2006. Accessed March 12, 2012. http://www.manhattan-institute.org/pdf/ImmigrationPresentation.pdf. No Consensus on Immigration Problem or Proposed Fixes: Americas Immigration Quandary. Survey, Pew Research Center for the People & the Press/Pew Hispanic Center. March 30, 2006. Accessed March 1, 2012. http://www.pewhispanic.org/files/reports/63.pdf. Public Discourse on Immigration in 2010: An Analysis of Print and Broadcast Media Coverage and Web 2.0 Discourse in 2010: A Meta-Analysis of Public Opinion Research, The Opportunity Agenda. March 2011. Accessed April 2, 2010. http://opportunityagenda.org/files/field_file/Public%20Discourse%20 on%20Immigration%20in%202010%20-%20DIGITAL.pdf. Public Favors Tougher Border Controls and Path to Citizenship: Most Oppose Ending Birthright Citizenship, Survey, Pew Research Center. February 24, 2011. Accessed February 21, 2012. http:// pewresearch.org/pubs/1904/poll-illegal-immigration-border-security-path-to-citizenship--birthrightcitizenship-arizona-law. Religion and Politics Tracking Survey, Public Religion Research Institute. June 2012. Public Split Over In-State Tuition for Illegal Immigrants: Illegal Immigration: Gaps Between and Within Parties, Pew Research Center for the People & the Press. December 6, 2011. Accessed February 27, 2012. http://www.people-press.org/files/legacy-pdf/12-6-11%20Immigration%20Release.pdf. Public Support for the DREAM Act, Poll, First Focus/Opinion Research Corporation. June 10-13, 2010. http://www.firstfocus.net/library/polling-and-opinion-research/public-support-for-the-dream-act.
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Religion and the Issues: Few Say Religion Shapes Immigration, Environment Views: Results from the 2010 Annual Religion and Public Life Survey, Pew Research Center for the People & the Press/Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. September 17, 2010. Accessed March 15, 2012. http://www.pewforum. org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Issues/Politics_and_Elections/immigration-environment-views-fullreport.pdf. Singer, P.W., Heather Messera, & Brendan Orino. D.C.s New Guard: What Does the Next Generation of American Leaders Think? Foreign Policy at Brookings. February 2011. Accessed March 8, 2012. http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2011/02_young_leaders_singer/02_young_leaders_ singer.pdf. Slim Majority of Americans Would Vote for DREAM Act Law. Poll, Gallup. December 10, 2010. Accessed March 19, 2012. www.gallup.com/poll/145136/slim-majority-americans-vote-dream-act-law. aspx?version=print. Trends in Political Values and Core Attitudes: 1987-2009: Independents Take Center Stage in Obama Era. Survey, Pew Research Center for the People & the Press. May 21, 2009. http://www.people-press. org/files/legacy-pdf/517.pdf. Two-thirds of Americans Say Children of Illegal Immigrants Should Be Allowed to Attend U.S. Public Schools. Pie chart. Public Agenda. August 28, 2009. Accessed March 15, 2012. http://www.publicagenda. org/charts/two-thirds-americans-say-children-illegal-immigrants-should-be-allowed-attend-us-publicschools. U.S. Voters Say Super Committee Will Fail to Cut Debt, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Occupy Wall Street Less Unpopular than Tea Party. Quinnipiac University. November 3, 2011. Accessed March 5, 2012. http://www.quinnipiac.edu/institutes-and-centers/polling-institute/national/releasedetail?ReleaseID=1670. Young, Pat. Poll-DREAM Act Supported by Strong Majority, Poll, New York State Immigrant Action Fund/Lake Research Partners. November 15, 2010. Accessed March 19, 1012. http://nysiaf. org/2010/11/15/poll-dream-act-supported-by-strong-majority.
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