Hipparchus (190 120 BCE) Hipparchus lived in Nicaea He defined the chord function, derived some of its properties

s andconstructed a table of chords for angles that are multiples of 7.5 using a circle of radius R = 60 360/(2) This his motivation for choosing this value of R. In this circle, the circumference is360 times 60. Therefore, the length of the arc of a sector equals the angle of the sector measuredin minutes. Hipparchus used crd and crd (180 )as his trigonometric functions.Hipparchus used the following properties in his computations:[crd (180 )]2 = 4R2 (crd )2 which is equivalent to the Pythagorean identity, cos2 /2= 1 sin2 /2. Menelaus (ca 100 CE) Menelaus of Alexandria wrote Chords in a Circle consisting of six books which contain manyadvanc in spherical geometry and some of the basic formulas used to solve spherical triangles.Here are three of his results.1. The sum of two sides of a spherical triangle is greater than the third side while the sum of itsangles is greater than 180.2. If two spherical triangles have the same angles then they are congruent.3. Menelaus Theorem was used by the Greeks to prove the identities. Ptolemy (100 178 CE) Ptolemy lived in Alexandria His work on astronomy included a sophisticated geometric modelof the solar system as well as methods of computation of celestial phenomena. To do this, heextended the work of Hipparchus ontrigonometry and the work of Menelaus on sphericaltrigonometry

which he applied to solve the spherical triangles that arise in astronomy. His book,the Almagest, was the basis for astronomy in the Hellenist world,in the Islam world and in Europe until the Renaissance. Liu Hui He wrote a collection of nine problems called Haidao Suanjing (Sea Island MathematicalManual) to compute lengths indirectly. Liu Huis solutions use areas. However, later solutionsused similar triangles and led to the introduction of the tangent function to make calculations. Rheticus (1542) He is a student of Copernicus, defined the sine as a function of an angle rather than a functionof the corresponding arc of a circle. He used the Indian sine function crd 2 = Rsin . Aryabhata (476550 CE) He was the first in the line of great mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indianmathematics and Indianastronomy. His most famous works are in the Aryabhatiya and theArya-siddhanta . Aryabhata's treatise, contains table of sines calculating the approximate valuesat intervals of 90/24 = 3 45'. He also introduced the versine (versin = 1 - cosine) intotrigonometry. Aryabhatta used the words jya for sine, kojya for cosine, utkrama-jya for versine,and otkram jya for inverse sine. as a function of an angle rather than a functionof the corresponding arc of a circle. He used the Indian sine function crd 2 = Rsin .

Abul Wafa of Baghdad The idea of setting R = 1 in the chord function, which leads to the modern trigonometric functions, originated in the 10th century with Abul Wafa of Baghdad and was also suggested byRawlinson of Oxford ca 1660. However, this idea was ignored until 1748 when it wasreintroduced simultaneously in the texts of Leonhard Euler and Thomas Simpson

Bhskara II
Trigonometry
The Siddhanta Shiromani (written in 1150) demonstrates Bhaskara's knowledge of trigonometry, including the sine table and relationships between different trigonometric functions. He also discovered spherical trigonometry, along with other interestingtrigonometrical results. In particular Bhaskara seemed more interested in trigonometry for its own sake than his predecessors who saw it only as a tool for calculation. Among the many interesting results given by Bhaskara, discoveries first found in his works include the now well known results for and :

Aryabhata

Trigonometry
In Ganitapada 6, Aryabhata gives the area of a triangle as tribhujasya phalashariram samadalakoti bhujardhasamvargah that translates to: "for a triangle, the result of a perpendicular with the half-side is the area."[14]

Aryabhata discussed the concept of sine in his work by the name of ardha-jya. Literally, it means "half-chord". For simplicity, people started calling it jya. When Arabic writers translated his works from Sanskrit into Arabic, they referred it as jiba. However, in Arabic writings, vowels are omitted, and it was abbreviated as jb. Later writers substituted it with jaib, meaning "pocket" or "fold (in a garment)". (In Arabic, jiba is a meaningless word.) Later in the 12th century, when Gherardo of Cremona translated these writings from Arabic into Latin, he replaced the Arabic jaib with its Latin counterpart, sinus, which means "cove" or "bay". And after that, the sinusbecame sine in English.Alphabetic code has been used by him to define a set of increments. If we use Aryabhata's table and calculate the value of sin(30) (corresponding to hasjha) which is 1719/3438 = 0.5; the value is correct. His alphabetic code is commonly known as the Aryabhata cipher.