AVAILABALE ACCOUNTING SOFTWARES For small and medium size businesses, Peachtree and QuickBooks are very good

accounting software. You can choose any one of them depending on your requirements. Cloud hosting of either Peachtree or QuickBooks accounting software offers enormous benefits to users. With cloud computing, you get super-fast and remote accessibility for multiple users, utmost security, high reliability, extreme scalability, rolling data backup, and 24 by 7 free support services. RTDS hosting service facilitates complete access to your QuickBooks file(s) just as you would access on your local desktop, from anywhere in an "always on" mode. The QuickBooks accounting software application runs on our high speed remote Terminal Servers in a secure data center and not on your local network. RTDS QuickBooks Remote Access is extremely fast allowing users access from anywhere at anytime via the Internet. We are simply the best and most cost-effective option for your QuickBooks hosting requirements. http://www.myrealdata.com/quickbooks-hosting.html Hosting Peachtree Accounting Software is an option for a business if : The client does not have an established IT network to run the Peachtree Accounting software or they do not want to invest the huge upfront cost involved in establishing the local network The client do not want to be bothered with the day to day IT support costs and management and instead want it to be managed by a third party ASP. The business necessities requires that the Peachtree Accounting software is accessible from anytime anyplace as well as supports multiuser access so that collaboration among different users is possible in real time without regard to geographical barriers.Peachtree hosting enables anytime anywhere access. Besides Peachtree hosting, Client want to use one or many of Peachtree software Add-ons and want to Host it on terminal servers as well, so that there is an effective integration with the accounting software. The client uses other application such as ACT! By sage CRM application and want to integrated it with Peachtree. http://www.myrealdata.com/peachtree-software-hosting.html NEW HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT Previously identified and current trends in the development of computer systems and in the use of computers for health care applications are reviewed. Trends identified in a 1982 article were increasing miniaturization and archival ability, increasing software costs, increasing software independence, user empowerment through new software technologies, shorter computer-system life cycles, and more rapid development and support of pharmaceutical services. Most of these trends continue today. Current trends in hardware and software include the increasing use of reduced instruction-set computing, migration to the UNIX operating system, the development of large software libraries, microprocessor-based smart terminals that allow remote validation of data, speech synthesis and recognition, application generators, fourth-generation languages, computer-aided software engineering, object-oriented technologies, and artificial intelligence. Current trends specific to pharmacy and hospitals are the withdrawal of vendors of hospital information systems from the pharmacy market, improved linkage of information systems within hospitals, and increased regulation by government. The computer industry

and its products continue to undergo dynamic change. Software development continues to lag behind hardware, and its high cost is offsetting the savings provided by hardware. NEW DEVELOPMENT IN SOFTWARE An operating system (OS) is the first layer of software installed on a computer that talks directly with the hardware. All other applications are installed on top of the OS and make use of its drivers and function calls to run. Some examples are: - Windows - Linux - Unix - MacOS http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_some_examples_of_operating_system_software#ixzz24fG5Fgj8 DOS DOS (Disk Operating System) was the first widely-installed operating system for personal computers. It is a master control program that is automatically run when you start your PC. DOS stays in the computer all the time letting you run a program and manage files. It is a single-user operating system from Microsoft for the PC. It was the first OS for the PC and is the underlying control program for Windows 3.1, 95, 98 and ME. Windows NT, 2000 and XP emulate DOS in order to support existing DOS applications. To use DOS, you must know where your programs and data are stored and how to talk to DOS.

UNIX UNIX operating systems are used in widely-sold workstation products from Sun Microsystems, Silicon Graphics, IBM, and a number of other companies. The UNIX environment and the client/server program model were important elements in the development of the Internet and the reshaping of computing as centered in networks rather than in individual computers.Linux, a UNIX derivative available in both "free software" and commercial versions, is increasing in popularity as an alternative to proprietary operating systems. UNIX is written in C. Both UNIX and C were developed by AT&T and freely distributed to government and academic institutions, causing it to be ported to a wider variety of machine families than any other operating system. As a result, UNIX became synonymous with "open systems."

UNIX is made up of the kernel, file system and shell(command line interface). The major shells are the Bourne shell (original), C shell and Korn shell. The UNIX vocabulary is exhaustive with more than 600 commands that manipulate data and text in every way conceivable. Many commands are cryptic, but just as Windows hid the DOS prompt, the Motif GUI presents a friendlier image to UNIX users. Even with its many versions, UNIX is widely used in mission critical applications for client/server and transaction processing systems. The UNIX versions that are widely used are Sun's Solaris, Digital's UNIX, HP's HP-UX, IBM's AIX and SCO's UnixWare. A large number of IBM mainframes also run UNIX applications, because the UNIX interfaces were added to MVS and OS/390, which have obtained UNIX branding. Linux, another variant of UNIX, is also gaining enormous popularity.

WINDOWS Windows is a personal computer operating system fromMicrosoft that, together with some commonly used business applications such as Microsoft Word and Excel, has become a de facto "standard" for individual users in most corporations as well as in most homes. Windows contains built-in networking, which allows users to share files and applications with each other if their PCs are connected to a network. In large enterprises, Windows clients are often connected to a network of UNIX and NetWare servers. The server versions ofWindows NT and 2000> are gaining market share, providing a Windows-only solution for both the client and server. Windows is supported by Microsoft, the largest software company in the world, as well as the Windows industry at large, which includes tens of thousands of software developers. This network effect is the reason Windows became successful in the first place. However, Windows 95, 98, ME, NT, 2000 andXP are complicated operating environments. Certain combinations of hardware and software running together can cause problems, and troubleshooting can be daunting. Each new version of Windows has interface changes that constantly confuse users and keep support people busy, and Installing Windows applications is problematic too. Microsoft has worked hard to make Windows 2000 and Windows XP more resilient to installation problems and crashes in general.

MACINTOSH The Macintosh (often called "the Mac"), introduced in 1984 byApple Computer, was the first widely-sold personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI). The Mac was designed to provide users with a natural, intuitively understandable, and, in general, "user-friendly" computer interface. This includes the mouse, the use of icons or small visual images to represent objects or actions, the point-and-click and click-and-drag actions, and a number of window operation ideas. Microsoft was successful in adapting user interface concepts first made popular by the Mac in its first Windows operating system. The primary disadvantage of the Mac is that there are fewer Mac applications on the market than for Windows. However, all the fundamental applications are available, and the Macintosh is a perfectly useful machine for almost everybody. Data compatibility between Windows and Mac is an issue, although it is often overblown and readily solved. The Macintosh has its own operating system, Mac OS which, in its latest version is called Mac OS X. Originally built on Motorola's 68000 series microprocessors, Mac versions today are powered by the PowerPC microprocessor, which was developed jointly by Apple, Motorola, and IBM. While Mac users represent only about 5% of the total numbers of personal computer users, Macs are highly popular and almost a cultural necessity among graphic designers and online visual artists and the companies they work for. In general, Mac users tend to be enthusiasts. http://homepages.uel.ac.uk/u0114365/sec4.html

SAMPLE SUPER, MAINFRAME and MINI COMPUTERS Super Computers Since 1993, the fastest supercomputers have been ranked on the TOP500 list according to their LINPACK benchmark results. The list does not claim to be unbiased or definitive, but it is a widely cited current definition of the "fastest" supercomputer available at any given time. This is a recent list of the computers which appeared at the top of the Top500 list, and the "Peak speed" is given as the "Rmax" rating. For more historical data see History of supercomputing. Peak speed (Rmax)

Year

Supercomputer

Location

1.026 PFLOPS 2008 IBM Roadrunner 1.105 PFLOPS New Mexico, USA

2009 Cray Jaguar

1.759 PFLOPS Oak Ridge, USA

2010 Tianhe-IA

2.566 PFLOPS Tianjin, China

2011 Fujitsu K computer 10.51 PFLOPS Kobe, Japan

2012 IBM Sequoia

16.32 PFLOPS Livermore, USA

The Sequoia is the world's fastest supercomputer at 16.32 petaflops, consuming 7890.0 kW

[69]

Until 2011, the K computer was the worlds fastest supercomputer at 10.51 petaflops. It consists of 88,000 SPARC64 VIIIfx CPUs, and spans 864 server racks. In November 2011, the power consumption was reported to be 12659.89 kW
[70] [71]

The operating costs for the system are about $10M per year.

Research and development trends IBM is developing the Cyclops64 architecture, intended to create a "supercomputer on a chip". IBM is also constructing a 20 PFLOPs supercomputer at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, named Sequoia, based on the Blue Gene architecture which is scheduled to go online in 2012.

Given the current speed of progress, supercomputers are projected to reach 1 exaflops (10 ) (one quintillion FLOPS) in 2019. Using the Intel MIC multi-core processor architecture, which is Intel's response to GPU systems, SGI plans to achieve a 500 times increase in performance by 2018 to achieve an exaflop. Samples of MIC chips with 32 cores which combine vector processing units with standard CPU have become available. On October 11, 2011, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory announced they were building a 20 petaflop supercomputer, named Titan, which will become operational in 2012, the hybrid Titan system will combine AMD Opteron processors with Nvidia GeForce 600 "Kepler"graphic processing unit (GPU) technologies.
[30]

18

At about the
[83]

same time Fujitsu announced that the 20 peta flop follow up system for the K computer, called the PRIMEHPC FX10 will use the same 6 dimensional torus interconnect, but still only one SPARC processor per node.
21

Erik P. DeBenedictis of Sandia National Laboratories theorizes that a zettaflops (10 ) (one sextillion FLOPS) computer is required to accomplish full weather modeling, which could cover a two week time span accurately.
[84] [85]

Such systems might be built around 2030.

The Indian government has stated that it committed about $940 million to develop what could become the world's fastest supercomputer by 2017, if the plans succeed. According to the Planning Commission of India, ISRO and the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore have planned to develop a supercomputer with a performance of 132.8 exaflops, about 1,000 times faster than the 2012 fastest computers. MAINFRAME COMPUTERS Mainframe computers (colloquially referred to as "big iron" ) are powerfulcomputers used primarily by corporate and governmental organizations for critical applications, bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and transaction processing. The term originally referred to the large cabinets that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers. was used to distinguish high-end commercial machines from less powerful units.
[citation needed] [2][3] [1]

Later, the term

Most large-scale

computer system architectures were established in the 1960s, but continue to evolve. Most modern mainframe design is not so much defined by single task computational speed, typically defined as MIPS rate or FLOPS in the case of floating point calculations, as much as by their redundant internal engineering and resulting high reliability and security, extensive input-output facilities, strict backward compatibility with older software, and high hardware and computational utilization rates to support massive throughput. These machines often run for long periods of time without interruption, given their inherent high stability and reliability. Software upgrades usually require setting up the operating system or portions thereof, and are non-disruptive only when using virtualizing facilities such as IBM's Z/OS and Parallel Sysplex, or Unisys' XPCL, which support workload sharing so that one system can take over another's application while it is being refreshed. Mainframes are defined by high availability, one of the main reasons for their longevity, since they are typically used in applications where

downtime would be costly or catastrophic. The term reliability, availability and serviceability (RAS) is a defining characteristic of mainframe computers. Proper planning and implementation is required to exploit these features, and if improperly implemented, may serve to inhibit the benefits provided. In addition, mainframes are more secure than other computer types. The NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology vulnerabilities database, US-CERT, rates traditional mainframes such as IBM zSeries, Unisys Dorado and Unisys Libra as among the most secure with vulnerabilities in the low single digits as compared with thousands for Windows, Linux and Unix.
[4]

In the early 1960s, most mainframes had no explicitly interactive interface. They accepted sets of punched cards, paper tape, or magnetic tape to transfer data and programs. They operated in batch mode to support back office functions, such as customer billing, and supported interactive terminals almost exclusively for applications rather than program development. Typewriter and Teletypedevices were also common control consoles for system operators through the 1970s, although ultimately supplanted bykeyboard/display devices. By the early 1970s, many mainframes acquired interactive user interfaces and operated as timesharingcomputers, supporting hundreds of users simultaneously along with batch processing. Users gained access through specializedterminals or, later, from personal computers equipped with terminal emulation software. By the 1980s, many mainframes supported graphical terminals, and terminal emulation, but not graphical user interfaces. This format of end-user computing reached mainstream obsolescence in the 1990s due to the advent of personal computers provided with GUIs. After 2000, most modern mainframes have partially or entirely phased out classic terminal access for end-users in favour of Web-style user interfaces. Historically, mainframes acquired their name in part because of their substantial size, and because of requirements for specialized heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), and electrical power, essentially posing a "main framework"
[citation needed]

of dedicated infrastructure. The requirements of high-infrastructure design were drastically

reduced during the mid-1990s with CMOS mainframe designs replacing the older bipolar technology. IBM claimed that its newer mainframes can reduce data center energy costs for power and cooling, and that they could reduce physical space requirements compared to server farms. Characteristics Nearly all mainframes have the ability to run (or host) multiple operating systems, and thereby operate as a host of a collective of virtual machines. In this role, a single mainframe can replace higher-functioning hardware services available to conventional servers. While mainframes pioneered this capability, virtualization is now available on most families of computer systems, though not always to the same degree or level of sophistication
[citation needed] [5]

Mainframes can add or hot swap system capacity without disrupting system function, with specificity and granularity to a level of sophistication not usually available with most server solutions
[citation needed]

. Modern

mainframes, notably the IBM zSeries, System z9and System z10 servers, offer two levels of virtualization: logical partitions (LPARs, via the PR/SM facility) and virtual machines (via thez/VM operating system). Many mainframe

customers run two machines: one in their primary data center, and one in their backup data centerfully active, partially active, or on standbyin case there is a catastrophe affecting the first building. Test, development, training, and production workload for applications and databases can run on a single machine, except for extremely large demands where the capacity of one machine might be limiting. Such a two-mainframe installation can support continuous business service, avoiding both planned and unplanned outages. In practice many customers use multiple mainframes linked either by Parallel Sysplexand shared DASD (in IBM's case) with shared, geographically dispersed storage provided by EMC or Hitachi. Mainframes are designed to handle very high volume input and output (I/O) and emphasize throughput computing. Since the mid-1960s, mainframe designs have included several subsidiary computers (called channels or peripheral processors) which manage the I/O devices, leaving the CPU free to deal only with high-speed memory. It is common in mainframe shops to deal with massive databasesand files. Gigabyte to terabyte-size record files are not unusual. Compared to a typical PC, mainframes commonly have hundreds to thousands of times as much data storage online, and can access it much faster. also offload I/O processing and emphasize throughput computing. Mainframe return on investment (ROI), like any other computing platform, is dependent on its ability to scale, support mixed workloads, reduce labor costs, deliver uninterrupted service for critical business applications, and several other risk-adjusted cost factors. Mainframes also have execution integrity characteristics for fault tolerant computing. For example, z900, z990, System z9, and System z10 servers effectively execute result-oriented instructions twice, compare results, arbitrate between any differences (through instruction retry and failure isolation), then shift workloads "in flight" to functioning processors, including spares, without any impact to operating systems, applications, or users. This hardware-level feature, also found in HP's NonStop systems, is known as lock-stepping, because both processors take their "steps" (i.e. instructions) together. Not all applications absolutely need the assured integrity that these systems provide, but many do, such as financial transaction processing Market IBM mainframes dominate the mainframe market at well over 90% market share. Unisys manufactures ClearPath mainframes, based on earlier Burroughs products and ClearPath mainframes based on OS1100 product lines. In 2002, Hitachi co-developed the zSeriesz800 with IBM to share expenses, but subsequently the two companies have not collaborated on new Hitachi models. HewlettPackardsells its unique NonStop systems, which it acquired with Tandem Computers and which some analysts classify as mainframes. Groupe Bull's DPS, Fujitsu (formerly Siemens) BS2000, and Fujitsu-ICL VME mainframes are still available in Europe. Fujitsu, Hitachi, andNEC (the "JCMs") still maintain mainframe hardware businesses in the Japanese market.
[8][9] [7] [citation needed] [citation needed] [6] [citation needed]

, or

Other server families

The amount of vendor investment in mainframe development varies with market share. Fujitsu and Hitachi both continue to use custom S/390-compatible processors, as well as other CPUs (including POWER, SPARC, MIPS, and Xeon) for lower-end systems. Bull uses a mixture of custom and Xeon processors. NEC and Bull both use a mixture of Xeon and Itanium processors for their mainframes. IBM continues to pursue a different business strategy of mainframe investment and growth
[citation needed]

. IBM has its own large research and development organization

designing new, homegrown CPUs, including mainframe processors such as 2008's 4.4 GHz quad-core z10 mainframe microprocessor. Unisys produces code compatible mainframe systems that range from laptops to cabinet sized mainframes that utilize homegrown CPUs as well as Xeon processors. IBM is rapidly expanding its software business, including its mainframe software portfolio, to seek additional revenue and profits. History Several manufacturers produced mainframe computers from the late 1950s through the 1970s. The group of manufacturers was first known as "IBM and the Seven Dwarfs": IBM, Burroughs, UNIVAC, NCR, Control Data, Honeywell, General Electric and RCA. Later, shrinking, it was referred to as IBM and the BUNCH. IBM's dominance grew out of their 700/7000 series and, later, the development of the 360 series mainframes. The latter architecture has continued to evolve into their current zSeries mainframes which, along with the then Burroughs and Sperry (now Unisys) MCP-based and OS1100 mainframes, are among the few mainframe architectures still extant that can trace their roots to this early period. That said, while IBM's zSeries can still run 24-bit System/360 code, the 64-bit zSeries and System z9 CMOS servers have nothing physically in common with the older systems. Notable manufacturers outside the USA wereSiemens and Telefunken in Germany, ICL in the United Kingdom, Olivetti in Italy, and Fujitsu, Hitachi, Oki, and NEC in Japan. TheSoviet Union and Warsaw Pact countries manufactured close copies of IBM mainframes during the Cold War; the BESM series andStrela are examples of an independently designed Soviet computer. Shrinking demand and tough competition started a shakeout in the market in the early 1970s RCA sold out to UNIVAC and GE also left; in the 1980s Honeywell was bought out by Bull; UNIVAC became a division of Sperry, which later merged with Burroughs to formUnisys Corporation in 1986. In 1991, AT&T briefly owned NCR. During the same period, companies found that servers based on microcomputer designs could be deployed at a fraction of the acquisition price and offer local users much greater control over their own systems given the IT policies and practices at that time. Terminals used for interacting with mainframe systems were gradually replaced by personal computers. Consequently, demand plummeted and new mainframe installations were restricted mainly to financial services and government. In the early 1990s, there was a rough consensus among industry analysts that the mainframe was a dying market as mainframe platforms were increasingly replaced by personal computer networks. InfoWorld's Stewart Alsop famously predicted that the last mainframe would be unplugged in 1996. That trend started to turn around in the late 1990s as corporations found new uses for their existing mainframes and as the price of data networking collapsed in most parts of the world, encouraging trends toward more
[10][11]

centralized computing. The growth of e-business also dramatically increased the number of back-end transactions processed by mainframe software as well as the size and throughput of databases. Batch processing, such as billing, became even more important (and larger) with the growth of e-business, and mainframes are particularly adept at large scale batch computing. Another factor currently increasing mainframe use is the development of the Linuxoperating system, which arrived on IBM mainframe systems in 1999 and is typically run in scores or hundreds of virtual machines on a single mainframe. Linux allows users to take advantage of open source software combined with mainframe hardware RAS. Rapid expansion and development in emerging markets, particularly People's Republic of China, is also spurring major mainframe investments to solve exceptionally difficult computing problems, e.g. providing unified, extremely high volume online transaction processing databases for 1 billion consumers across multiple industries (banking, insurance, credit reporting, government services, etc.) In late 2000 IBM introduced 64-bit z/Architecture, acquired numerous software companies such as Cognos and introduced those software products to the mainframe. IBM's quarterly and annual reports in the 2000s usually reported increasing mainframe revenues and capacity shipments. However, IBM's mainframe hardware business has not been immune to the recent overall downturn in the server hardware market or to model cycle effects. For example, in the 4th quarter of 2009, IBM's System z hardware revenues decreased by 27% year over year. But MIPS shipments (a measure of mainframe capacity) increased 4% per year over the past two years.
[12]

In 2012, NASA powered down its last mainframe, an IBM System z9. MINICOMPUTERS

[13

A mini computer is smaller than a mainframe (i.e. a Cray Supercomputer) but larger than a Microcomputer (A PC). Examples of Minicomputer would be: MAI Basic4 DEC PDP and VAX Series Prime Computer Prime 50 Data General Nova Wang Laboratories 2200 and VS Series Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Examples_of_mini_computers#ixzz24fD8doO6 APPLICATION OF B2B in ACCOUNTING First Point Creation Offering the best and supportive B2B and B2C application in India. Through B2B application development, businesses can automate the expensive error-prone processes of acquisition and distribution. As a result, businesses can reduce their operating costs and focus on the tasks of providing support to customers and selling products. t allows businesses of all sizes to securely and efficiently communicate and transact with partners, customers and vendors. Our B2C application development services come as packaged or custom solutions. The most obvious difference between B2B and B2C is the customer requirement. B2C focuses on individual customer transactions.

First Point Creation has been carved a niche as a one of the Online Business Accounting Outsourcing services company in India. We have a great specialty in this field. We have experts team who always works hard and continuously making the best quality ever. Specific to accounting and finances,BusinessManagement,Starting Accounting Business,Accounting Business Planning,Business Management, the market and political environment are continually changing. In order to process payroll, pay suppliers and stay on budget with customers one must stay abreast of current tax information. When various circumstances come in the way of self-sufficiency, businesses turn to the viable option of outsourcing business. First Point Creation has been carved a niche as a one of the Online Business Accounting Outsourcing services company in India. We have a great specialty in this field. We have experts team who always works hard and continuously making the best quality ever. Specific to accounting and finances,BusinessManagement,Starting Accounting Business,Accounting Business Planning,Business Management, the market and political environment are continually changing. In order to process payroll, pay suppliers and stay on budget with customers one must stay abreast of current tax information. When various circumstances come in the way of self-sufficiency, businesses turn to the viable option of outsourcing business.