Appendix A1

Heat generation and temperature rise

Figure A1.3

The results of semi-adiabatic tests on mortar with different levels of ggbs (Dhir et al, 2006)
16 GGBS concrete 14 Temperature rise ( o C/100kg)
CEM I

CEM I 30% 50%

30%

12

70%

10
50%

8
70%

CIRIA 135

4 1000

1500

2000 Thickness (mm)

2500

3000

Figure A1.4

Unit temperature rise in relation to section thickness for concretes containing ggbs (Bamforth and Price, 1995). To obtain T1 values 5 oC should be added to the calculated temperature rise

At normal concrete placing temperatures, both the rate of heat evolution and the total heat evolved of CEM I /ggbs blends is lower than in the plain CEM I. The reactivity of ggbs is more sensitive to temperature than CEM I, increasing more rapidly with increasing temperature, and decreasing more rapidly with decreasing temperatures, particularly as the proportion of ggbs in the binder increases. At higher placing temperatures and with low levels of ggbs, the temperature rise per unit weight of binder may exceed that of CEM I In practice, however, the temperature rises is normally lower when CEM I /ggbs concretes are used. The time taken for the peak temperature to occur is longer than for the plain CEM I concrete. This peak temperature occurs in the form of a plateau value which can last for around 20 h, depending on the section thickness.

A1.4.2 Fly ash

This report concerns itself mainly with the use and application of fly ash from coal fired power stations complying with BS EN450-1:2005 Category S or Category N fly ash for use as a Type II addition in structural concrete or the equivalent fly ash based cements such as CEM II B-V or CEM IV B-V. Fly ash to the quality and specification for Category S, is very restrictive and is a high quality fly ash product. The application of the procedures given in this guide should give safe solutions when using Category N fly ash. In the context of European Standards (see Table A1.1) the proportion of fly ash in a cement or combination may vary from 6 to 65 per cent but in practice it is most commonly used in the range from 20 to 40 per cent. As the strength development for concrete cured at 20 C is slower for fly ash based mixtures, these concretes generally require a lower w/b ratio than CEM I concrete of the same strength class. Some reduction in w/b may be achieved by the use of the fly ash itself and an additional reduction may be achieved through the use of admixtures. However, it is likely an increase in the binder content will be needed compared with CEM I concrete to achieve a particlur strength class and this needs to be taken into account when estimating the temperature rise. In general, this will only partially offset the benefit of reduced heat generation and the use of fly ash will, in most cases, be beneficial with regard to the lowering of temperature rise. The extent to which the binder content has to be increased compared with CEM I concrete of the same strength class may be minimised by extending the time allowed to achieve the specified strength to 56 days or longer.

CIRIA C660