Anacardium occidentale ANACARDIACEAE gajus Tropical America. Decoction of bark for diabetes, diarrhoea and mouth ulcers.

Decoction of leaf and root for tooth ache and washing the eyes. Young leaves eaten as ulam, but older ones and fruit poisonous unless cooked.

Andrographis paniculata ACANTHACEAE hempedu bumi, bidara India. Used to treat dysentry, gastroenteritis. Tonsillitis, pneumonia, infected wounds, pulmonary TB. Pain killer for snake bites.

Angiopterus evecta MARATTIACEAE paku gajah Big stemless fern found in moist tropical Africa, Asia and eastwards through the Pacific. In Malaya a decoction of roots is used to arrest the discharge of blood after miscarriage, and the pounded plant is applied for coughs.

Archidendron jiringa / Pithecelobium jiringa LEGUMINOSAE subfamily Mimosoideae jering Burma, Thailand, W. Malesia. Fruit eaten raw or blanched. Pounded with ginger and boiled, to eliminate bladder stones. Purple dye from pods.

Areca catechu ARECACEAE pinang sireh, betel SE Asia. Widely cultivated. Seed treats diarrhea, half-ripe seed pounded for skin ointment. Mild narcotic, sliced endosperm of the seed eaten with betel leaves, lime, gambier or cutch.

Areca catechu var. alba ARECACEAE pinang putih This specimen from Dato Lim Chong Keat 6/05

Averrhoa belimbi OLAXIDACEAE belimbing buluh Moluku? Widely cultivated throughout SE Asia. Edible sour fruit, eaten raw as ulam, & in curries to give sour taste. Leaf infusion treats cough, & as tonic after childbirth; flower infusion for cough and thrush. Leaves treat venereal and rectal disease.

Begonia equilateralis BEGONIACEA

Begonia kingiana BEGONIACEA

Begonia lengguanii BEGONIACEA

Belamcanda chinensis IRIDACEAE leopard flower China. Bitter, cool, antipyretic, antitoxic, liquifies sputum. For cough and wheezing, sore throat, rice field dermatitis.

Boesenbergia plicata var. lurida ZINGIBERACEAE

Boesenbergia rotunda ZINGIBERACEAE temu kunci India and S. China (Yunnan)? Widely cultivated sp. for its key-like rhizomes that are used in Thai & Malaysian cooking. Inflorescence covered by leaf sheaths. Flowers, uniformly pink, appear one by one.

Bromheadia finlaysoniana ORCHIDACEAE

Cananga odorata ANNONACEAE kenanga Tropical Asia to N. Australia. Cult. Ornamental. Flowers give ylang-ylang oil for hair, leaves a poultice for itch.

Carica papaya CARICACEAE betik, papaya Tropical America. Shoots can be blanched and eaten as vegetable, flowers eaten as kerabu. Treats stomachache, warts (apply sap twice a day) and high fever.

Catharanthus roseus APOCYNACEAE kemunting cina, Madagascar periwinkle Madagascar. Contains vincristine and other alkaloids with retarding effect on leukemia. Decoction of leaves drunk to relieve menstrual pain & applied for insect bites.

Centella asiatica UMBELLIFERAE pegaga Pan tropical. Salad or ulam. To stimulate appetite, aid digestion, used to treat bowel complaints in children, sores, ulcers and skin problems.

Cinnamomum verum LAURACEAE kayu manis, cinnamon India. Cooking spice. Roots treat rheumatism and fever. Tree bark used in many medicinal powders and tinctures, tonics for diarrhea and colic.

Citrus aurantifolia var. microcarpa RUTACEAE limau kasturi Up to 4m. small fruits used for juice. These planted in memory of Hj. Kasturi Hj. Idris.

Citrus hystrix RUTACEAE limau purut Leaf blade 1 -2" long, almost as wide, slightly toothed: leaf stalk widely winged, as to appear like the other half of a blade divided in two. Fruit has wrinkled skin, used for ritual bathing. Rind used in ubat jamu to drive away evil spirits, worms in children and headache. Leaf an essential ingredient in cooking. Citrus sp. RUTACEAE limau purut This unidentified hybrid is more hardy than the common limau purut, but retains the strong pungency of leaves and fruit, and produces excellent juice.

Clerodendron bungei VERBENACEAE China. Cultivated. Many tropical species from this genera are attributed with spiritual & magical properties.

Clerodendron fragrans VERBENACEAE popkok rabu kambang, exhilaration tree China. Used by Malays for rheumatism and ague, or with other substances fro treating skin diseases.

Clerodendron paniculatum VERBENACEAE panggil panggil Burma, s. China to Java, but not known in the wild. Summons spirits. One of the plants used to sprinkle tepung tawar in weddings, blessing fish stakes & 'in the taking of the rice-soul' (Burkill). Infusion is purgative. Elephant medicine, to protect them from harm.

Clitoria ternatea LEGUMINOSAE Brazil? Pantropic. Slender climber with pinnate leaves and pea-like solitary showy blue edible flowers, used to colour food such as sweet glutinous rice.

Costus speciosus COSTACEAE setawar halia Malaysia. Whole plant boiled for a decoction to bathe patients with high fever & for smallpox. Stem scrapings for leprous skin. Juice of rhizome is purgative. Malays attribute magical properties: drives away spirits causing illness.

Crinum asiaticum AMARYLLIDACEAE bakong, rumput tembaga suasa SE Asia to Pacific, seashores. Leaves used in poultices for joint pain, sometimes with pepper and gendarusa for fevers, lumbago, headaches, swellings. Chewed roots can induce vomiting.

Curculigo latifolia HYPOXIDACEAE lumbah Indo-Malaya. Fruits give sweet sensation and improve appetite. Decoction of leaves & hibiscus root used as eye drop for sore eyes. Roots eaten raw treat high fever. Decoction drunk for tumours smallpox and kidney stones. Fibre for fish nets.

Curcuma aeruginosa ZINGIBERACEAE temu hitam Burma, Indo China. Cult. Rhizomes used in post natal tonics and jamu (traditional health tonic).

Curcuma longa ZINGIBERACEAE kunyit, turmeric SE Asia, precise origin unknown. One of the oldest spice plants known, dried rhizomes ground for curries, dyes, used to relieve flatulence and diarrhea.

Cymbopogon citratus GRAMINEAE serai Only known in cultivation. Used widely in cooking and fragrance. For headache, pound leaves and apply to forehead. Apply paste as insect repellent or to joints for rheumatism. Boil and drink water for urinary & stomach problems.

Cymbopogon nardus GRAMINEAE serai wangi Sri Lanka, S. India. Introduced to SE Asia. Acrid, warm, anti-inflammatory, analgesic. Digestive. Headache, stomach ache, diarrhea. Rheumatism. Irregular menses, post partum edema. Main source of citronella oil.

Cyrtandra cupulata GESNERIACEAE

Datura fastuosa SOLANACEAE kecubung Widely distributed village plant. All parts poisonous, particularly seeds, but occasionally used as an internal medication for lack of virility. Most common criminally used poison, rendering subject insensible without killing him. Crushed seeds administered in coffee / tea.

Dianella ensifolia LILIACEAE akar siak, chi chiak Indo-Malaya. Leaf poultice used with Ardisia as poultice for wounds. Roots used in post natal tonics.

Dillenia philippinensis DILLENIACEAE simpoh Philippines. (J.J. Dillenius, 1684-1747, German botanist, professor at Oxford). Flowers large, solitary, petals falling first day, fruit covered by thick fleshy edible sepals that make cough syrup & shampoo. Bark yields a red dye.

Diospyros discolor EBENACEAE buah mentega Native to Philippines. Twigs velvety, Occasionally cultivated in Malaya for edible fruits. Separate male and female flowers, fruit a berry with fibrous to fleshy pericarp. (Lat. having many colours).

Elatostemma sp. URTICACEAE This from Taman Negara (1056 2000).

Emblica officinalis EUPHORBIACEAE melaka SE Asia, frequent in villages and lowland forest. Cooked fruits eaten as a sour relish. Bark is used for tanning and dyeing. Leaves, roots and raw fruits are medicinal & rich in vitamin C. Slow growing to 20 m. Burkill states the name of the river and town is believed to have come from this tree & that origin is Sanskrit. Etlingera elatior ALPINIEAE kantan Mauritius. Of all gingers in the peninsula, Etlingeras have the most colourful inflorescence and fruits, but this introduced species is widely used for its edible flower cooked in laksa and sliced in salads.

Etlingera littoralis ALPINIEAE Gingers with tall leafy shoots and inflorescence on separate side shoots that may be some distance from the leafy shoot.

Eryngium foetidum APIACEAE ketumbar Jawa America, introduced by Chinese. Young leaves a substitute for coriander. Many medicinal uses in Americas: diuretic, febrifuge, mild stimulant, laxative. Decoction of whole plant lowers blood pressure, & as an aphrodisiac.

Euricles amboinensis AMARYLLIDACEAE sepenoh Sea shore plant through archipelago. Cult. as a magic plant; Malays use leaves in magic brush to sprinkle consecrated rice-gruel in harvesting, fishing and wedding ceremonies. Plant expels ghosts and evil spirits from house. Leaves applied to swellings, bulb to relieve oppression.

Freycinetia montana PANDANACEAE pandan tikus SE Asia to Pacific. 6 spp. in Malaya. Stems slender and climbing by means of air roots; inflorescence bract brightly coloured. Used in jamu and for women's ailments.

Garcinia atroviridis GUTTIFERAE assam gelugor Malay peninsula, Burma. Edible fruit, dried segments used as condiment. Leaf sap used in post natal tonics.

Globba cernua ZINGIBERACEA

Globba corneri ZINGIBERACEAE

Globba fragilis ZINGIBERACEA

Globba cf patens ZINGIBERACEA This from Gunung Bunga Buah, Genting. Gnetum gnemon GNETACEAE belinjau, meninjau Cultivated, seasonal, most likely introduced from eastern Indonesia. Fruit edible, seed roasted, flattened, dried and fried for empeng crackers.

Hanguana cf bognori HANGUANACEA Two varieties, one has red leaf backs.

Hedychium coronarium ZINGIBERACEAE ganda suli Burma, India, southern China. Decoction of leaves drunk for indigestion. Leaves eaten with betel to treat abdominal pains. Stem sap applied to soothe swellings.

Helminthostachys zeylanica OPHIOGLOSSACAE tanjuk langit Sri Lanka, India, S. China through Malesia to New Caledonia. Rhizome is eaten with betel leaves as a tonic and for whooping cough. Used as an aphrodisiac, for fever, syphilis, diarrhea, flu. Ulam, ie. eaten raw as 'salad'.

Henckelia floribunda GESNERIACEAE This from Cemurung, Terengganu.

Henckelia miniata GESNERIACEAE Homalomena confusa ARACEAE

Hoya carnosa ASCLEPIADACEAE akar setebal/akar serapat East Asia to Australia and Pacific. Epiphytic herb. Toxic and narcotic latex. Fresh leaf juice with honey used for pneumonia and bronchitis; antiinflammatory.

Jasminum sambac OLEACEAE melor Tropical Asia? Flowers to scent tea, decoction of leaves & roots for fever, headaches, to stimulate lactation. Roots are used to treat asthma.

Justicia gendarussa ACANTHACEAE gendarusa, urat sugi SE Asia. Decoction of leaves used to treat fever, jaundice, flatulence.

Kaempferia galanga ZINGIBERACEAE cekur, kencur India. Rhizome, spice and scent, boiled with other roots for post natal tonic. Crushed leaves used as hot compress on swellings. To treat itchy throat, chew a piece of rhizome with salt.

Kaempferia pulchra HEDYCHIEAE Malaya. Small herbs with short rhizome and

tuberous roots, flowers arise in midst of a few leaves. Labisia pumila MYSINACEAE kacip fatimah Sumatra, Malaya, Java, Borneo. Decoction of plant use to fortify women before labour and after childbirth, treats flatulence and irregular menses. Leaf decoction drunk for dysentery.

Lawsonia inermis LYTHRACEAE inai India. Leaves are pounded and applied to fingers of brides for orange colour. Hair dye. Also treats superficial wounds. Boil leaves & gargle for sore throat.

Limonia acidissima RUTACEAE belinggai, gelinggai India, Burma. Common in Perlis villages, needs monsoonal climate to fruit, slow growth and fruiting, brown pulp edible but resinous.

Lycoris radiata AMARYLLIDACEAE bawang jabu Myanmar to S. China. Bulbs cleaned , crushed and boiled. Decoction drunk to relieve fevers and coughs. White flowers open late afternoon, smell of dusty rooms. Manihot esculenta 'Variegata' EUPHORBIACEAE tapioca / ubi kayu Tropical America, brought to Asia in 17th cent. by Portuguese. Roots need to be grated, washed and cooked to make edible. Cassareep, a powerful antiseptic, is a by-product from boiling down the poisonous juice of bitter cassava.

Mapania caudata CYPERACEAE

Maranta arundinaceae MARANTACEAE West Indian arrowroot, ubi garut Tropical America. Widely cultivated for starchy tubers that are grated, washed, sifted and cooked before rendering edible. Also used in making computer print paper.

Melastoma malabathricum MELASTOMATACEAE senduduk Madagascar, India to Australia. Common in open places, always flowering. Species very variable. Gr., melas (black) stoma (mouth), from the berries blackening the tongue.

Melia azaderach MELIACEAE mindi kecil, Persian lilac Nowhere wild, foothills of the Himalayas? Cultivated for scent and shade. Arabs and Persians use leaf juice as vermifuge and diuretic. Used as fish poison, 6-8 seeds will kill a man. Poultice of leaves used for headaches, of flowers kills lice.

Melia indica MELIACEAE neem Wild in India & Java, otherwise cultivated for medicines. All parts of tree effective. Dried leaves in books deter insects. Identified by delicate and curiously curved toothed leaflets. Root bark for fever and anti-malarial, leaf poultice for ulcers.

Melissa officinalis LABIATAE lemon balm Southern Europe. Culinary, cosmetic and medicinal herb. Mild sedative properties in refreshing tea, relieves wind, reduces fever, increases perspiration.

Mentah arvensis LABIATAE pudina For headaches, pound leaves with lime juice, apply paste to forehead. Boil leaves to make a cough mixture.

Morus alba MORACEAE Indian mulberry, besaram North India. Leaves fed to silk worms or cattle. To Chinese, all parts medicinal: restorative, tonic & astringent for nervous disorders. Young leaves good for nursing mothers. Leaf decoction treats the blood, gonorrhoea, & poisoned wounds.

Murraya koenigii RUTACEAE daun kari Leaves used for flavour and fragrance. Mixed with ubat periuk to regulate the menstrual cycle.

Murraya paniculata RUTACEAE kemuning India to Australia, S. China, Melanesia. Ornamental. Yellow (kuning) root wood used for kris handles. Infusion of leaves for tapeworm and stomach herpes. Flowers for cosmetics and to scent hair.

Myristica fragrans MYRISTICACEAE pala, nutmeg Maluku. Fruit is pickled as food. Shoots eaten as vegetable with rice to treat hypertension. Red mace for flavouring fish and cakes. Seed kernel gives commercial nutmeg. Oil is medicinal and used to flavour tonics.

Nepenthes mirabilis NEPENTHACEAE

Ocimum basilicum LABIATACEAE selasih, basil Cooking herb. Boil and drink for flatulence and cough. Apply extract to ringworm, insect bites and toothache. Drunk after childbirth & to relieve irregular menstrual cycles. Soaked seeds help soothe stomach and stimulate bowel movement.

Orchidantha longiflora LOWIACEAE Endemic to Perak and Selangor in lowland Dipterocarp forest. Boiled leaves a poultice for chest and back pains.

Orthosiphon aristatus LAMIACEAE misai kucing, cat's whiskers Indo Pacific. Brewed leaves are a diuretic, used to eliminate bladder stones. Dried leaves were exported to Europe as early as 1886.

Pandanus amaryllifolius PANDANACEAE pandan wangi Moluku? Widely cultivated. Leaves used to flavour food and in hair wash. Leaf ash mixed with vinegar used as a lotion for measles.

Pereskia bleo CACTACEAE Brazil. Decoction of leaves drunk for cancer.

Phyllanthus acidus EUPHORBIACEAE cermai, Malay gooseberry One species, cultivated, origin unknown. Common village tree, especially in north. Fruits cooked as a sour flavouring or acar; root is medicinal but poisonous: boiled and steam inhaled for cough, weak infusion drunk for asthma.

Piper betel PIPERACEAE sirih Malay archipelago. Leaves are eaten with gambir for treating diarrhea. Mild stimulant, applied in poultices for stomach pains, coughs and asthma. Leaf sap applied to soothe oral sores and ulcers.

Piper nigrum PIPERACEAE lada hitam Introduced (from India?) Marco Polo reported in 1280 that it was in Malaya. Cultivation followed land clearance, need for highly organic soils favored shifting cultivation, creating wide grass wastes in Singapore mid 19th century. Essential ingredient of jamu.

Piper sarmentosum PIPERACEAE kadok SE Asia. Leaves used in embrocation for skin discoloration and a throat poultice for coughs. Roots chewed with areca nut to treat persistent coughs and asthma.

Pipthospatha ridleyi ARACEAE

Plectranthus amboinicus LAMACEAE bangun bangun, po hor, Indian borage NE Africa. Cult. from India to SE Asia. Decoction used to treat asthma, fever, nausea, rheumatism, colic, urinary tract infections cough, epilepsy and convulsion. Boil with rock sugar for sore throat.

Plumeria rubra APOCYNACEAE bunga kemboja Central America. Flowers sweet, cool, fragrant. Used to prevent heat stroke & to treat enteritis & dysentry. Helps indigestion and poor absorption of infantile nutrition.

Pollia griffithii COMMELINACEAE

Polygonum minus POLYGONACEAE kesum Old World tropics. Cooking herb. All parts used in post-natal tonics. Leaves used to treat indigestion (boil and drink) and dandruff (pound leaves, extract oil, mix with water & apply to scalp for a few minutes).

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa MYRTACEAE kemunting Use leaves fruits and roots. Fruit for stomach ache and diarrhea, roots as an ingredient for women after childbirth.

Ruta graveolens RUTACEAE rue, ingu S. Europe, N. Africa, no longer found in the wild. Bitter, acrid, cool. Anti-inflammatory, dispels stagnant blood, analgesic. For colds, fever, infantile convulsion, amenorrhea. Infantile eczema. Traumatic injury. Snake and insect bites.

Sambucus javanica CAPRIFOLIACEAE elderberry, bungan kepapah (Bali) Indonesia. Sweet and mildly bitter. Use roots (antispasm and anti swelling) stems and leaves (diuretic, anti swelling and analgesic).

Scaphoclamys sp. HEDYCHIEAE This sp. located by stream bank at Bukit Kabut, Belum, Perak. Leaves dark green with purple lower surface.

Schismatoglottis calyptrata ARACEAE

Scindapsus pictus ARACEAE

Selaginella frondosa SELAGINELLACEAE

Selaginella plana SELAGINELLACEAE paka merak Malay peninsula. Various spp. used for stomach ache, rheumatism, coughs, asthma, post-natal tonics.

Strobilantes dyerianus ACANTHACEAE Persian shield Burma. Introduced to the Botanical Gardens Singapore by collector Boxall and having done well was sent to Kew and brought into wider cultivation 1893.

Stauranthera grandiflora GESNERIACEAE

Syzigium aromaticum MYRTACEAE cingkeh, clove Traditionally added to cigarettes (kretek) and food for fragrance. Shoots and leaves chewed for bad breath and to relieve toothache. Sun dried flower buds are the cloves of commerce.

Tacca integrifolia TACCACEAE keladi murai, kelemoyang air (Sel.) Common tuberous herb in deep shaded forest. Flowers arranged in clusters of 5+ surrounded by leaf like bracts, with pendant thread like bracts. Pulped tubers treat skin irritations caused by ulat bulu darat, stinging black caterpillars (Bentong).

Tamarindus indica LEGUMINOSAE asam jawa Africa; introduced by Arab traders to India & SEAsia (tamar-ul-Hind, 'the date of India'). Young shoots eaten raw; decoction of leaves treats fever. Pulp of fruit added to curry for sourness; bark a poultice for sores and boils.

Telosma cordata ASCLEPIADACEAE bunga siam, melati tongkeng, Tonkin creeper China, India. Edible fragrant flowers and leaves. Chinese in Java make sweetmeat of the fleshy roots. Flowers used in soup to treat weak eyes.

Tinospora crispa MENISPERMACEAE patawali India~Indo-China, Malaya, Philippines, Java. Antibacterial and antimalarial. Treats stomach ache, fever, gonorrhea and for deworming. Boil the stem and strain, drink once a day. Antiseptic: pound stem with sulphur and apply to wound.

Tradescantia spathacea COMMELINACEAE daun kepah, boat lily Central American ornamental herb. Previously known as Rhoea discolor.

Typhonium flagelliforme ARACEAE rat's tuber / birah kecil India to Australia. Decoction of leaves for mouth ulcers and some cancers.

Vallaris glabra APOCYNACEAE kesidang, kerak nasi Java. Widely cultivated in Malaysia for its strong pandan smelling flowers. "The scent is mousy but agreeable to the natives of the East, who like it, as they like rice and yams with a mousy smell". (Burkill)

Wrightia religiosa APOCYNACEAE mok (Thai) Old World tropics. Cultivated for fragrant flowers and for bonsai.

Zingiber griffithii ZINGIBERACEAE

Zingiber malaysianum ZINGIBERACEAE Zingiber officinale var. ZINGIBERACEAE halia bara Smaller variety of commercial ginger, does better in tropics. Rhizome decoction for indigestion (Perak) and after childbirth (Kel.), fever lotion (Batu Gajah); part of an elaborate cosmetic for entire body in cases of suspected lunacy.

Zingiber spectabile ZINGIBERACEAE tepus tundok, chadak Malaya, Sumatra. Sometimes used for flavouring. Leaves pounded to poultice swellings, cold leaf infusion to bathe eyelids. Name chadak infers connection with the occult (Burkill). Recently become a popular cut flower.