Statistics solution based on Histogram and Bar graph:

The data in Table are a sample from large data set collection on people discharge from s hospital as a part of a retrospective chart review of antibiotic usages in hospitals. Dur_stay 5 10 6 11 5 14 30 11 17 3 9 3 8 8 5 5 7 4 3 7 9 11 11 9 4 Variable description: Variable Dur_stay Age Sex Temp WBC Antibio Bact_cul description Duration of hospital stay Age 1=male/2=female First temperature following admission First WBC(x1000) following admission Received antibiotics: 1=yes/2=no Age 30 73 40 47 25 82 60 56 43 50 59 4 22 33 20 32 36 69 47 22 11 19 67 43 41 Sex 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 Temp 99 98 99 98.2 98.5 96.8 99.5 98.6 98 98 97.6 97.8 99.5 98.4 98.4 99 99.2 98 97 98.2 98.2 98.6 97.6 98.6 98 WBC 8 5 12 4 11 6 8 7 7 12 7 3 11 14 11 9 6 6 5 6 10 14 4 5 5 Antibio 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 Bact_cul 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Service 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1

Received bacterial culture: 1=yes/2=no

Service

1=med/2=surg

a. b.

Classify each variable above as quantitative, ordinal, or categorical. Using Epi-info/EXCEL, generate a new variable that categories Age_gr into the following five equal categories: 4-19, 20-35, 36-51 and so on. Produce a frequency table of this new variable and describe the distribution. c. Using Epi-info/EXCEL, compute the mean; median and standard deviation for the duration of hospitalization for the 25 patients. For this data, is the mean or the median a better measure? Why? d. It is of clinical interest to know if the duration of hospitalization is effected by whether or not a patient has received antibiotics. Can you conclude (use descriptive stats only) that the hospital stay is different for antibiotic users verses non-antibiotic users. e. Using Epi-info, produced a two way table of Received antibiotics by Received bacterial culture. f. What significant test can be used to assess whether there is a relationship between receiving an antibiotic and receiving a bacterial culture, while in hospital. g. Perform the significant test. Discuss your results. h. Using Epi-info/EXCEL produced a two way scatter plot of Dur_stay against Age. Comment on the relationship between these two variables. Solution: a) Duration, Temp, WBC is quantitative variables. Sex, Service, Bact_cul and Antibio is categorical variables. Age is ordinal variable. b) Class Intervals 4-19 20-35 36-51 52-67 68-83 Frequency 3 7 8 4 3

The distribution is skewed to right. c) Using excel, Mean = Median = Mode = 8.6 8 5

Mean is a better median for duration as it measures the average duration. e) Table

Antibio Yes No Bact_cul Yes No Total 2 5 7 4 14 18

Total 6 19 25

f) The significant test is Chi-square test (Contingency table of independence). g) Null Hypothesis (Ho): There is no relationship between receiving an antibiotic and receiving a bacterial culture, while in hospital. Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): There is relationship between receiving an antibiotic and receiving a bacterial culture, while in hospital Expected frequency = (Row total x Column total)/Overall total Yes 2 0.32 0.06 5 -0.32 0.02 7 0.00 0.08 No 4 -0.32 0.02 14 0.32 0.01 18 0.00 0.03 Total 6 0.00 0.08 19 0.00 0.03 25 0.00 0.11

Yes

Observed O-E (O - E) / E

No

Observed O-E (O - E) / E Observed O-E (O - E) / E

Total

Test Statistics X = (O E) /E = 0.11

Degrees of freedom = (number of rows 1) (number of columns 1) = (2 1) (2 1)

=1 Using chi-square tables, P [X21 > 0.11] = 0.7386 Since p-value is very large, we have sufficient evidence to fail to reject the null hypothesis. We can conclude that there is no relationship between receiving an antibiotic and receiving a bacterial culture, while in hospital.

h)

Scatter plot
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Duration

There is positive relationship between the variables.

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