1. "The just war". Is there any twentieth century conflict which can be described in this way? (82) 2.

Are military alliances, even when defensive, more likely to cause wars than to prevent them? (84) 3. Analyse the causes of any one civil war in the twentieth century. What effect did the war of your choice have on the unity and stability of the country concerned? (85) Note this question asks for effects as well as causes. 4. What was the importance of each of the following in bringing about the First World War: the Alliance system before 1914; Anglo-German naval rivalry; colonial rivalry; the Sarajevo incident? (86) 5. "Wars are basically exercises in military power for the achievement of nationalistic goals." How reasonable is this statement as a summary of one of the following wars? (a) the First World War; (b) the Arab-Israeli Wars; (c) the Vietnam War. (87) 6. "By definition, the immediate causes of war pose a greater threat to peace and are, therefore, more important than the long term or basic causes." Consider the validity of this assertion in the case of any twentieth century war of your choice. (88) 7. As causes of war since 1945, assess the importance of: (a) nationalist aspirations; (b) ideological conflicts; and (c) religious differences. Answer with reference to at least two wars. (89) 8. "Wars may be started by a single incident. They are never caused by such an incident." With reference to any one twentieth century war show how far you agree with this statement. (90) 9. How far do you agree that the reasons used to justify going to war are often modified during the course of war? Answers should make reference to at least two twentieth century wars. (91) 10. How valid is it to claim that Europe "stumbled into" a world war in 1914? (92) 11. With reference to any civil war of the twentieth century, examine the social, economic and political background to the divisions in the society involved. To what extent were the problems which produced the war resolved in the post war period? (92) Note this question asks for effects as well as causes. 12. "Wars are caused by the miscalculations of the aggressor and the failure of politicians and diplomats to exercise crisis management." Discuss the validity of this statement with reference to one twentieth century war. (93) 13. "Political factors, not economic considerations, are the major cause of modern war." With reference to one twentieth century war, discuss this view. (94) 14. What were the original causes of the Arab-Israeli conflict? In what ways have the causes changed since 1948? (94) 15. "War is much too serious a thing to be left to military men" (Talleyrand). With reference to at least two twentieth century wars, each chosen from a different region, estimate the importance of generals in: (a) influencing the decisions to go to war; (b) shaping military strategy; and (c) establishing war aims. (94) Note you need to know more than the causes of the chosen wars to answer this question. 16."Germany must bear the ultimate responsibility for the outbreak of the First World War." How far do you agree with this judgement? (95) 17. Was President Wilson correct in isolating old diplomacy and lack of self-determination as main causes of the First World War, and to what extent were these two factors eliminated after the war?

1. Compare the effects of war on the home affairs of any two developed countries during the period 1939-1945. (82) 2. What are the main characteristics of "total war"? (84) 3. Compare the two world wars from the point of view of: (a) weaponry; (b) strategy; and (c) the impact of these two factors on combatants and civilians. (85) 4. What do you understand by the term "total war"? To what extent have wars become more "total" as methods of waging war have changed in this century? (86) 5. Compare the First and Second World Wars from the point of view of the impact of weaponry on: (a) tactics and strategy; (b) the role and involvement of civilians. (87) 6. With reference to any one war of national liberation since 1945 show how and why that war was successful in achieving its objective of victory over, and independence from, the oppressor. (87) 7. With reference to either the two world wars or any two twentieth century wars of your choice, show how the use of aircraft has changed the nature and the practices of war. Reference should be made to: (a) war on land; (b) war at sea; (c) war in the air; (d) psychological warfare; and (e) any other relevant aspect. (88) 8. Choose two battles or campaigns from either the First or the Second World War and show how they affected the subsequent course and eventual outcome of the war. (89) 9. "Scientific and technological advance play an important part in the nature and outcome of wars." Compare the two world wars with this claim in mind. (89) 10. How comprehensively are the characteristics of "total war" illustrated by the Second World War? (90) 11. "Guerrilla warfare is a most effective weapon of the weak against the strong, for the oppressed against the oppressor." With reference to any wars in which guerrilla fighting has been used, discuss the validity of this claim. (90) 12. "Countries are seldom left to fight their own civil wars." With reference to two civil wars in the twentieth century assess the validity of this claim. (91) 13. How and to what extent are the course and outcome of a war determined by its location? Answers should refer to: (a) the terrain and theatre of the war; (b) communications and supply lines; (c) distribution of population; (d) types of weapons / armaments. Answer with reference to any one war in the twentieth century. (91) 14. Discuss briefly the immediate effects that the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 had on the progress of the Second World War. Comment on how the existence of "the bomb" has subsequently affected the practices of war in terms of global conflict. (92) 15. Assess the significance and importance of air power in any two twentieth century wars. (93) 16. "War is much too serious a thing to be left to military men" (Talleyrand). With reference to at least two twentieth century wars, each chosen from a different region, estimate the importance of generals in: (a) influencing the decisions to go to war; (b) shaping military strategy; and (c) establishing war aims. (94) 17. Compare and contrast the role of technology in one world war and one civil war of your choice. (94)

18. Explain the success or failure of two guerrilla wars each chosen from a different region. (95) 19. With reference to one civil war, evaluate the impact of outside nations on (a) the conduct and (b) the results of the war. (95) 1. Assess the political and economic effects of the Second World War on any two third world countries. (82) 2. "Peace settlements, so far from making the world safe from war, often unwittingly sow the seeds of the next war." How valid is this claim in relation to the wars of the twentieth century? (84) 3. Analyze the causes of any one civil war in the twentieth century. What effect did the war of your choice have on the unity and stability of the country concerned? (85) Note this question asks for causes as well as effects. 4. "The wars between the Arabs and Israelis have resolved none of the issues which divide the two peoples." How valid is this assertion? (85) 5. "Wars settle nothing"; "war, the final arbiter". With reference to at least two wars, explain which of these two statements you feel to be the more valid. (86) 6. How did the decisions reached at Yalta and Potsdam affect either post-war Europe or post-war Asia? Consider: (a) political stability; (b) national boundaries; (c) economic reconstruction and development. (87) 7. "The effects of civil war may include the healing of rifts in society and the promotion of national unity." To what extent is this claim borne out or refuted by any civil wars you have studied in the twentieth century? (88) 8. How true is it to claim that the Arab-Israeli wars since 1948 have aggravated rather than solved the issues which divide the two sides? (88) 9. "Wars settle nothing." Examine the validity of this claim with reference to any twentieth century war you have studied. (89) 10. To what extent has any guerrilla war in the twentieth century settled the issues that caused it? (90) 11. "A victors peace will not last unless the defeated side is destroyed completely. Peace settlements negotiated on a basis of equality are much more likely to be durable." Does twentieth century history support this assertion? (91) 12. With reference to any civil war of the twentieth century, examine the social, economic and political background to the divisions in the society involved. To what extent were the problems which produced the war resolved in the post war period? (92) Note this question asks for causes as well as effects. 13. "Wars create more problems than they solve." Discuss this claim with reference to the causes and results of any two wars (each chosen from a different region) during the twentieth century. (92) Note this question asks for causes as well as effects. 14. Why do wartime alliances tend to change to post-war rivalries? Illustrate your answer with reference to at least two twentieth century wars. (93) 15. "Peace settlements are ineffective unless accompanied by total military victory." Does twentieth century warfare bear this out? (93) 16. "This is not a peace. It is an armistice for twenty years." How accurate was Marshal Fochs assessment of the Treaty of Versailles? (95)

17. Assess the international consequences of any one limited war since 1945. 18. Compare and contrast the peace settlements of 1919 and 1945. 1. "It is evident that the conflict after 1947 between the United States and the Soviet Union was not simply a clash of ideologies but a struggle of competing interests....The forces bringing the two countries into collision as world powers would have operated in much the same way if the Bolshevik revolution had never occurred." How far do you agree with this claim? (85) 2. Analyse the main stages of the build-up of the Cold War between 1945 and 1955. (89) 3. Account for the emergence after the Second World War of the two superpowers and explain why they had become enemies by 1948. (92) 4. "The last crusade" - how useful is it to emphasise ideology when studying the United States policy of containment after 1945? (93) 5. In what ways could Stalin be held responsible for the origin and development of the Cold War? (95) 6. What were the causes of the Cold War? 7. Trace and explain the breakdown of the wartime alliance against Germany between 1945 and 1953. [Answer: a) alliance had been marriage of convenience, b) strains evident over Poland from outset, c) further disputes in Europe, 1945-49, d) conflicting interests in SE Asia.] 8. Why did the Cold War extend from Europe into East Asia? 9. "Ruling groups in the USSR and USA need the Cold War, to control their own client states, to justify their privileges and expenditures, and to silence dissent". (E.P.Thompson, 1981). Discuss the validity of this statement. 1. To what extent has there been a thaw in East / West relations since 1953? (82) 2. What were the reasons for the growth of dtente between East and West? How successful was dtente in lessening tension by the late 1970s? (86) 3. What were the principle features of East / West relations , 1953 to 1960? (94) 1. Estimate the success of efforts to control the manufacture and proliferation of nuclear weapons. (84) 2. Analyze the successes and failures in the attempts to control the arms race since the end of the Second World War. (85) 3. How and why have the arms race and attempts to control it affected the emergence and intensity of the Cold War? (87) 4. In what ways and with what success have the eastern and western blocs attempted to control the arms race since the start of the Cold War? (89) 1. "An Iron Curtain has descended upon the continent." What did Winston Churchill mean by this statement in 1946 and what evidence can be given to support it at the time and in succeeding years? (84) 2. "The first major battle of the Cold War was waged over an isolated western outpost behind Churchills iron curtain." Explain the origins of the Berlin crisis, how it was resolved and its results. (86)

3. To what extent did the powers attending the Yalta Conference abide by the decisions reached there in their policies in Europe between 1945 and 1950? (88) 4. Why have some European powers followed a policy of neutrality since the Second World War, and what factors have enabled them to do so? (88) 5. The Soviet Union faced challenges to its influence and control in Hungary (1956), Czechoslovakia (1968) and Poland (1980-1). Consider: the nature of the challenge; the Soviet response; the reaction of the western powers. (88) 6. Why, how and with what results did the USA establish a sphere of influence in Europe after 1945? (90) 7. Explain the different of Russia and the Western Allies towards Germany in general and Berlin in particular after the Second World War and show how these differences affected East / West relations to 1960. (91) 8. How was the Soviet Union able to establish control over Eastern Europe between 1945 and 1950, and how far was she able to maintain that control over the next twenty years? (91) 9. "No area illustrates more vividly than Germany the differences that emerged between the former wartime allies." How far is this a valid assertion for the years 1945 to 1962? (93 and 94) 10. Explain the circumstances in which NATO and the Warsaw Pact were formed. What contribution did each make to the intensification of the Cold War? (95) 11. What factors prompted the Soviet Unions desire to dominate Eastern Europe immediately after the Second World War?

1. What do you understand by the "domino theory"? How reliable has it proved as a guide to developments in South East Asia since 1945? (82) 2. For what reasons have relations between China and the western powers changed since 1972? (82) 3. Explain how and why Chinas relationship with non-communist powers has changed since 1956. (84) 4. How true is it to claim that the emergence of communist China has strengthened rather than weakened the position of the West in its confrontation with the Soviet bloc? (85) 5. Why did the outcome of the Korean War not prevent the further of communism in Asia? (86) 6. "Paradoxically the emergence of communist China in 1949 has worked to the advantage rather than the disadvantage of the West in its confrontation with the Soviet bloc." How far do you agree? (89) 7. Assess the effectiveness of the USA policy of containment in Asia. (90) 8. Explain the significance of the Sino-Soviet split with respect to relations between East and West. (93) 9. To what extent did war in East Asia influence East / West relations, 1950 to 1975? (94) 10. Explain how relations between the United States and the Soviet Union were affected by the relations of each with China. (95)

11. Discuss the influence of the Sino-Soviet rift on East-West relations.

1. Describe the causes, events and immediate results of the Cuba Crisis of October 1962 and explain its significance in US / Soviet relations. (84) 2. Show in what ways and for what reasons the Cuban Crisis of 1962 may be regarded as a turning point in relations between the USA and the Soviet Union. (85) 3. Explain the important role played by Cuba in East / West relations since 1945. (87) 4. In what respects and with what justification can the Cuban Crisis of 1962 be claimed to have marked a turning point in East / West relations? (91) 5. It has been argued that the head-to-head confrontation of the superpowers during the Cuban Missile Crisis was the result of serious miscalculation on the part of Nikita Khrushchev and recklessness on the part of John F. Kennedy. To what degree can you support this assertion? (94)

1. How far do you agree with the view that NATO now needs a "global strategy"? Give reasons for your answer. (82) 2. Explain the concept of spheres of influence. How useful is this concept in understanding and explaining development in East / West relations since 1945 in one of the following regions: Africa; East / SE Asia; the Middle East; Latin America? (86) 3. How was East / West rivalry illustrated and affected by: the division of Germany; the founding of NATO; the Korean War? (87) 4. Show how and why the non-aligned movement began. To what extent has the movement remained faithful to its principles and aims of its founders and remained genuinely non-aligned? (87) 5. When, and how widely, did the Cold War spread beyond Europe? (88) 6. How far has recognition of spheres of influence played a vital part in preventing the Cold War becoming a Hot War? Your answer should use evidence from three of the following areas: Europe; Asia; the Middle East; Latin America; Africa. (89) 7. Assess the significance of each of the following in the intensification and spread of the Cold War: the Truman Doctrine; the Marshall Plan; the Korean War; the construction of the Berlin Wall; the Cuban Missile Crisis; changes in political leadership in the USA and USSR. (90) 8. Why and with what success have some countries adopted a policy of non-alignment in the period since the Second World War? (90) 9. How did East / West relations affect, and how were they affected by, developments in one of the following regions: the Middle East; Africa; Latin America? (91) 10. Discuss the view that the tension between the superpowers led to the support of undemocratic regimes by the United States. Give evidence from at least two countries. (92) 11. What were the advantages of: (a) neutrality; and (b) non-alignment during periods of tension between the power

blocs? Refer to at least two regions. (92) 12. Assess the relative importance of the following for raising the temperature of the Cold War: the arrival of Chinese volunteers to support the North Koreans, 1950-51; the building of the Berlin Wall, 1961; the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962. (92) 13. Assess the implications for the course of the Cold War of three of the following: (a) the proclamation of the Korean Peoples Democratic Republic, 1948; (b) the expulsion of Yugoslavia from the Soviet bloc, 1948; (c) the entry of Greece and Turkey into NATO, 1952; (d) the battle of Dien Bien Phu, 1954; (e) events in Hungary, 1956. (93) 14. Assess John F. Kennedys handling of Cold War problems during his presidency. (95) 15. To what extent can one talk about a unified communist movement since 1945? Why did Nicholas II survive the 1905 revolution, but lose his throne in the February/March 1917 revolution? Explain who you consider were the winners and losers of the Vienna Settlement (1814 / 1815). (95) Explain Bismarcks success in establishing a united Germany. (87) 2. Account for the changing balance of power between Prussia and Austria between 1815 and 1870. (88) 3. To what extent were Bismarcks problems at home and abroad after 1870 the result of his policies before that date? (88) 4. Why did Bismarck succeed, and the Frankfurt liberals fail, in their plans for uniting Germany? (89) 5. Why did Prussia replace Austria as the leading German power between 1815 and 1870? (90) 6. "Bismarcks reputation as a statesman depends more on his work before than after 1871." How far do you accept this statement? (91) 7. Explain and analyze Bismarcks use of limited warfare as an instrument of policy. (92) 8. Show how the policies of Metternich and Bismarck contributed to the defeat of Austria by Prussia in 1866. (93) 9. What were the main political, social and religious problems which affected the German Empire between 1871 and 1914? (93) 10.In what ways were the seeds of German unification sown between 1800 and 1815 and how much progress had been made towards this goal by 1853? (94) 11."Bismarcks greatness lay not in mastering events but in going with events so as to seem to master them." How far do you agree with this judgment? (94) 12."No man has had so great an effect on Germany and none a more profound effect on Europe." evaluate this quotation on the career and importance of Bismarck. (95) 1. How far do you accept the view that the Tsars both relieved and intensified the problems of Russian society between 1815 and 1870? (87) 2. "Reform followed by reaction is a dangerous strategy for any government to follow". How far is this

demonstrated by the reigns of Alexander II and Nicholas II of Russia? (90) 3. How far does Alexander IIs belief that "it was his duty to improve the structure of the state when necessary" explain his domestic policies? (91) 4. How far is it true to say that Nicholas I bequeathed more problems to Russia than he inherited? (92) 5. What problems did Alexander II face in 1855 and how far was he successful in solving them? (93) 6. How far was either Alexander II or Napoleon III responsible for the dangers that overwhelmed him? (94) 7. To what extent did the reforms of Alexander II fulfil his aims? (95) 1. Explain the recurring concern of the European powers with the Ottoman Empire in the period to 1878. (83) 2. Examine the factors that led European powers to adopt a policy of aggressive imperialism in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. (83) 3. Why during the period 1856 to 1914 did the Eastern Question persistently elude any lasting settlement? (87) 45. Why was the Ottoman Empire the "sick man of Europe" in the nineteenth century? Show how this condition affected international relations either between 1853 and 1878 or between 1878 and 1914. (88) 6. Why was there a resurgence of imperialism among European powers in the late nineteenth century? (88) 7. How appropriate is it to speak of Britains "splendid isolation" after 1870? When and why did she end her "isolation"? (90) 8. Analyze the main features, and assess the achievements, of British foreign policy in Europe either between 1789 and 1856 or between 1856 and 1914. (91) 9. Why did European powers compete with one another for colonies in Africa after 1875? (91) 10. How important to the policies of European rulers between 1880 and 1914, were conflicts of interest in Africa and the Far East? (92) 11. Account for the determination of the western European powers, between 1854 and 1878, to maintain the Ottoman Empire. (93) 1. To what extent was it the failure of Tsarist domestic policies that led to the outbreak of the Russian Revolution of March 1917? (83) 2. Why did the communist revolutionaries succeed in Russia but fail in Germany at the end of the First World War? 3. Explain why the Bolsheviks triumphed over their domestic and foreign opponents between 1917 and 1921. (88) 4. "After 1905 reaction at home coupled with defeat in war made the fall of Tsardom in Russia inevitable." How far do you agree? (89) 5. Compare and contrast the contributions of Lenin and Trotsky to the establishment of the USSR between 1917 and 1924. (90)

6. Why were there two revolutions in Russia in 1917? (91) 7. Why did the movements for parliamentary government in Russia between 1881 and 1917 fail? How far was the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917 the result of this failure? (92) 8. Compare and contrast the roles of Lenin and Trotsky in the Russian Revolution and the establishment of the Bolshevik regime. (93) 9. With what justification can it be said that the First World War affected the timing of the 1917 Russian Revolutions but not their outcome? (94) 10. Account for the survival of Nicholas II in 1905 and his overthrow in 1917. (95) 1. Why did the First World War last so long? (87) 2. Why were the Central Powers defeated in the First World War? (88) 3. How far would you support the view that "amongst the causes of the First World War, which was essentially a European war, colonial issues were of little importance"? (89) 4. "Both sides expected the war to be over by Christmas". Why, the, did the First World War last for over four years? (89) 5. Why did the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand cause a European war, not merely a war between Austria and Serbia? (91) 6. Explain why Germany and her allies failed to win the First World War. (92) 7. Why were diplomatic efforts unable to prevent the outbreak of war in 1914? (93)