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Fiberglass
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Toolbox Print/export Languages Catal esky Dansk Deutsch Espaol Esperanto Franais Italiano Lietuvi Nederlands norsk (bokml) Portugus Simple English / Uyghurche Contents [hide] 1 Fiber 1.1 Production 1.2 Sizing 2 Properties 3 Applications 3.1 Storage tanks 3.2 House building 3.3 Piping 4 Construction methods 4.1 Fiberglass hand lay-up operation 4.2 Fiberglass spray lay-up operation 4.3 Pultrusion operation 4.4 Chopped strand mat 5 Health problems 6 Examples of fiberglass use 7 See also 8 References

This article is about the plastic composite. For insulation material, see glass wool. For the fiber itself, see glass fiber. Fiberglass (or fibreglass) (also called glass-reinforced plastic, GRP,[1] glass-fiber reinforced plastic, or GFRP [2] ), is a fiber reinforced polymer made of a plastic matrix reinforced by fine fibers of glass. It is also known as GFK (for German: Glasfaserverstrkter Kunststoff). Fiberglass is a lightweight, extremely strong, and robust material. Although strength properties are somewhat lower than carbon fiber and it is less stiff, the material is typically far less brittle, and the raw materials are much less expensive. Its bulk strength and weight properties are also very favorable when compared to metals, and it can be easily formed using molding processes. The plastic matrix may be epoxy, a thermosetting plastic (most often polyester or vinylester) or thermoplastic. Common uses of fiberglass include boats, automobiles, baths, hot tubs, water tanks, roofing, pipes, cladding, casts and external door skins.

Fiber

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Unlike glass fibers used for insulation, for the final structure to be strong, the fiber's surfaces must be almost entirely free of defects, as this permits the fibers to reach gigapascal tensile strengths. If a bulk piece of glass were to be defect free, then it would be equally as strong as glass fibers; however, it is generally impractical to produce bulk material in a defect-free state outside of laboratory conditions. [3]

Production

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Fiberglass - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The manufacturing process for glass fibers suitable for reinforcement uses large furnaces to gradually melt the silica sand, limestone, kaolin clay, fluorspar, colemanite, dolomite and other minerals to liquid form. Then it is extruded through bushings, which are bundles of very small orifices (typically 525 micrometres in diameter for E-Glass, 9 micrometres for S-Glass). These filaments are then sized (coated) with a chemical solution. The individual filaments are now bundled together in large numbers to provide a roving. The diameter of the filaments, as well as the number of filaments in the roving determine its weight. This is typically expressed in yield-yards per pound (how many yards of fiber in one pound of material, thus a smaller number means a heavier roving, example of standard yields are 225yield, 450yield, 675yield) or in tex-grams per km (how many grams 1 km of roving weighs, this is inverted from yield, thus a smaller number means a lighter roving, examples of standard tex are 750tex, 1100tex, 2200tex). These rovings are then either used directly in a composite application such as pultrusion, filament winding (pipe), gun roving (automated gun chops the glass into short lengths and drops it into a jet of resin, projected onto the surface of a mold), or used in an intermediary step, to manufacture fabrics such as chopped strand mat (CSM) (made of randomly oriented small cut lengths of fiber all bonded together), woven fabrics, knit fabrics or uni-directional fabrics.

Sizing

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A sort of coating, or primer, is used which both helps protect the glass filaments for processing/manipulation as well as ensure proper bonding to the resin matrix, thus allowing for transfer of shear loads from the glass fibers to the thermoset plastic. Without this bonding, the fibers can 'slip' in the matrix and localised failure would ensue. [citation needed] .

Properties

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An individual structural glass fiber is both stiff and strong in tension and compressionthat is, along its axis. Although it might be assumed that the fiber is weak in compression, it is actually only the long aspect ratio of the fiber which makes it seem so; i.e., because a typical fiber is long and narrow, it buckles easily. On the other hand, the glass fiber is weak in shearthat is, across its axis. Therefore if a collection of fibers can be arranged permanently in a preferred direction within a material, and if the fibers can be prevented from buckling in compression, then that material will become preferentially strong in that direction. Furthermore, by laying multiple layers of fiber on top of one another, with each layer oriented in various preferred directions, the stiffness and strength properties of the overall material can be controlled in an efficient manner. In the case of fiberglass, it is the plastic matrix which permanently constrains the structural glass fibers to directions chosen by the designer. With chopped strand mat, this directionality is essentially an entire two dimensional plane; with woven fabrics or unidirectional layers, directionality of stiffness and strength can be more precisely controlled within the plane. A fiberglass component is typically of a thin "shell" construction, sometimes filled on the inside with structural foam, as in the case of surfboards. The component may be of nearly arbitrary shape, limited only by the complexity and tolerances of the mold used for manufacturing the shell. Material Polyester resin (Not reinforced) [4] Polyester and Chopped Strand Mat Laminate 30% E-glass [4] Polyester and Woven Rovings Laminate 45% E-glass [4] Polyester and Satin Weave Cloth Laminate 55% E-glass [4] Polyester and Continuous Rovings Laminate 70% E-glass [4]
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Specific gravity 1.28 1.4

Tensile strength Compressive strength MPa (ksi) MPa (ksi) 55 (7.98) 100 (14.5) 140 (20.3) 150 (21.8)

1.6

250 (36.3)

150 (21.8)

1.7

300 (43.5)

250 (36.3)

1.9 1.99

800 (116) 1,770 (257)

350 (50.8)

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Fiberglass - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

E-Glass Epoxy composite S-Glass Epoxy composite [5] 1.95 2,358 (342)

Applications
Fiberglass is an immensely versatile material which combines its light weight with an inherent strength to provide a weather resistant finish, with a variety of surface textures.

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The development of fiber reinforced plastic for commercial use was being extensively researched in the 1930s. It was particularly of interest to the aviation industry. Mass production of glass strands was accidentally discovered in 1932 when a researcher at the Owens-Illinois accidentally directed a jet of compressed air at a stream of molten glass and produced fibers. Owens joined up with the Corning company in 1935 and the method was adapted by Owens Corning to produce its patented "Fiberglas" (one "s"). A suitable resin for combining the "Fiberglas" with a plastic was developed in 1936 by du Pont. The first ancestor of modern polyester resins is Cyanamid's of 1942. Peroxide curing systems were used by then. During World War II it was developed as a replacement for the molded plywood used in aircraft radomes (fiberglass being transparent to microwaves). Its first main civilian application was for building of boats and sports car bodies, where it gained acceptance in the 1950s. Its use has broadened to the automotive and sport equipment sectors as well as aircraft, although its use there is now partly being taken over by carbon fiber which weighs less per given volume and is stronger both by volume and by weight. Fiberglass uses also include hot tubs, pipes for drinking water and sewers, office plant display containers and flat roof systems. Advanced manufacturing techniques such as pre-pregs and fiber rovings extend the applications and the tensile strength possible with fiber-reinforced plastics. Fiberglass is also used in the telecommunications industry for shrouding the visual appearance of antennas, due to its RF permeability and low signal attenuation properties. It may also be used to shroud the visual appearance of other equipment where no signal permeability is required, such as equipment cabinets and steel support structures, due to the ease with which it can be molded, manufactured and painted to custom designs, to blend in with existing structures or brickwork. Other uses include sheet form made electrical insulators and other structural components commonly found in the power industries. Because of fiberglass' light weight and durability, it is often used in protective equipment, such as helmets. Many sports utilize fiberglass protective gear, such as modern goaltender masks and newer baseball catcher's masks.

Storage tanks
Storage tanks can be made of fiberglass with capacities up to about 300 tonnes. The smaller tanks can be made with chopped strand mat cast over a thermoplastic inner tank which acts as a preform during construction. Much more reliable tanks are made using woven mat or filament wound fibre with the fibre orientation at right angles to the hoop stress imposed in the side wall by the contents. They tend to be used for chemical storage because the plastic liner (often polypropylene) is resistant to a wide range of strong chemicals. Fiberglass tanks are also used for septic tanks.

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House building

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Several large fiberglass tanks at an airport

Glass reinforced plastics are also used in the house building market for the production of roofing laminate, door surrounds, over-door canopies, window canopies and dormers, chimneys, coping systems, heads with keystones and sills. The use of fiberglass for these applications provides for a much faster installation and due to the reduced weight manual handling issues are reduced. With

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Fiberglass - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

the advent of high volume manufacturing processes it is possible to construct fiberglass brick effect panels which can be used in the construction of composite housing. These panels can be constructed with the appropriate insulation which reduces heat loss.

Piping

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A fiberglass dome house in Davis, California

GRP and GRE pipe systems can be used for a variety of applications, above and under the ground. Firewater systems Cooling water systems Drinking water systems Waste water systems/Sewage systems Gas systems

Construction methods
Fiberglass hand lay-up operation

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A release agent, usually in either wax or liquid form, is applied to the chosen mold. This will allow the finished product to be removed cleanly from the mold. Resin typically a 2-part polyester, vinyl or epoxy is mixed with its hardener and applied to the surface. Sheets of fibreglass matting are laid into the mold, then more resin mixture is added using a brush or roller. The material must conform to the mold, and air must not be trapped between the fiberglass and the mold. Additional resin is applied and possibly additional sheets of fiberglass. Hand pressure, vacuum or rollers are used to make sure the resin saturates and fully wets all layers, and any air pockets are removed. The work must be done quickly enough to complete the job before the resin starts to cure, unless high temperature resins are used which will not cure until the part is warmed in an oven.[6] In some cases, the work is covered with plastic sheets and vacuum is drawn on the work to remove air bubbles and press the fiberglass to the shape of the mold.[7]

Fiberglass spray lay-up operation

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The fiberglass spray lay-up process is similar to the hand lay-up process but the difference comes from the application of the fiber and resin material to the mold. Spray-up is an open-molding composites fabrication process where resin and reinforcements are sprayed onto a mold. The resin and glass may be applied separately or simultaneously "chopped" in a combined stream from a chopper gun. Workers roll out the spray-up to compact the laminate. Wood, foam or other core material may then be added, and a secondary spray-up layer imbeds the core between the laminates. The part is then cured, cooled and removed from the reusable mold.

Pultrusion operation
Pultrusion is a manufacturing method used to make strong light weight composite materials, in this case fiberglass. Fibers (the glass material) are pulled from spools through a device that coats them with a resin. They are then typically heat treated and cut to length. Pultrusions can be made in a variety of shapes or cross-sections such as a W or S cross-section. The word pultrusion describes the method of moving the fibers through the machinery. It is pulled through using either a

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Diagram of the pultrusion process.

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hand over hand method or a continuous roller method. This is opposed to an extrusion, which would push the material through dies.

Chopped strand mat

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Chopped strand mat or CSM is a form of reinforcement used in fiberglass. It consists of glass-fibers laid randomly across each other and held together by a binder. It is typically processed using the hand lay-up technique, where sheets of material are placed in a mold and brushed with resin. Because the binder dissolves in resin, the material easily conforms to different shapes when wetted out. After the resin cures, the hardened product can be taken from the mold and finished. Using chopped strand mat gives a fiberglass with isotropic in-plane material properties.

Health problems
The National Toxicology Program classifies inhalable glass wool fibers as "[r]easonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen."[8] Some fiberglass products warn of "possible cancer hazard by inhalation".[9] The European Union and Germany classify synthetic vitreous fibers as possibly or probably carcinogenic, but fibers can be exempt from this classification if they pass specific tests. [8] Evidence for these classifications is primarily from studies on experimental animals and mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Studies of fiberglass factory workers show significant increases in lung cancer but do not show clear exposureresponse relationships and maybe confounded by the effects of smoking. [8] The Environmental Research Foundation has documented significant efforts by the fiberglass industry to prevent or remove cancer causing classifications.[10][11] Fiberglass will irritate the eyes, skin and the respiratory system. Potential symptoms include irritation of eyes, skin, nose, throat; dyspnea (breathing difficulty); sore throat, hoarseness and cough. [12] Fiberglass is resistant to mold but growth can occur if fiberglass becomes wet and contaminated with organic material. Fiberglass insulation that has become wet should be inspected for evidence of residual moisture and contamination. Contaminated fiberglass insulation should be promptly removed. [13]

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Dust development in the processing of components made of fiberglass-reinforced plastics

While the resins are cured, styrene vapors are released. These are irritating to mucous membranes and respiratory tract. Therefore, the Hazardous Substances Ordinance in Germany dictate a maximum occupational exposure limit of 86 mg/m. In certain concentrations may even occur a Air flow test for the extraction and potentially explosive mixture. Further manufacture of GRP filtration of styrene vapors in a production components (grinding, cutting, sawing) goes along with the hall for GRP yachts emission of fine dusts and chips containing glass filaments as well as of tacky dust in substantial quantities. These affect people's health and functionality of machines and equipment. To ensure safety regulations are adhered to and efficiency can be sustained, the installation of effective extraction and filtration equipment is needed.[14]

Examples of fiberglass use

Surfboards

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Fiberglass - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Gliders, kit cars, sports cars, microcars, karts, bodyshells, boats, kayaks, flat roofs, lorries, K21 Infantry Fighting Vehicle. Minesweeper hulls Pods, domes and architectural features where a light weight is necessary. High end bicycles.[citation needed] Bodyparts for and entire automobiles, such as the Anadol, Reliant, Quantum Quantum Coup, Chevrolet Corvette and Studebaker Avanti, and DeLorean DMC12 under body. A320 radome. FRP tanks and vessels: FRP is used extensively to manufacture chemical equipments and tanks and vessels. BS4994 is a British standard related to this application. UHF-broadcasting antennas are often mounted inside a fiberglass cylinder on the pinnacle of a broadcasting tower Most commercial Velomobiles Most printed circuit boards used in electronics consist of alternating layers of copper and fibreglass FR-4. Large Commercial Wind Turbine Blades RF coils used in MRI scanners Sub sea installation protection covers Re-enforcement of asphalt pavement, as a fabric or mesh interlayer between lifts. [15]
Kayaks made of fiberglass

See also
Glass fiber reinforced concrete

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References
1. ^ Mayer, Rayner M. (1993), Design with reinforced plastics 2. ^ Nawy, Edward G. (2001), Fundamentals of high-performance concrete Sons, p. 310, ISBN 978-0-471-38555-4 (2 ed.), John Wiley and

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, Springer, p. 7, ISBN 978-0-85072-294-9

3. ^ J E Gordon (28 March 1991). The New Science of Strong Materials: Or Why You Don't Fall Through the Floor . Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-0-14-192770-1. Retrieved 12 June 2012. 4. ^ a b c d e East Coast Fibreglass Supplies: Guide to Glass Reinforced Plastics 5. ^ a b Tube Properties 6. ^ Forbes Aird (1 April 1996). Fiberglass & Composite Materials: An Enthusiast's Guide to High Performance Non-Metallic Materials for Automotive Racing and Marine Use ISBN 978-1-55788-239-4. Retrieved 12 June 2012. 7. ^ An Introduction to Vacuum Bagging Composites , NextCraft. . Penguin. pp. 86.

8. ^ a b c Department of Health and Human Services (2011), Report on Carcinogens, Twelfth Edition retrieved 2012-02-23 9. ^ Decker Home Services, Fiberglass insulation: The problems and the new alternatives 2012-02-23 , retrieved

10. ^ Rachel's News, Environmental Research Foundation (1993), Donna Shalala, Secretary Of HHS, Bends The Rules For The Fiber Glass Industry , retrieved 2012-02-23 11. ^ Rachel's News, Environmental Research Foundation (1995), A Carcinogen That's Everywhere retrieved 2012-02-23 ,

12. ^ Labor, United States Department of (2005), Occupational Safety & Health Administration, Chemical Sampling Information, CAS Registry Number: 65997-17-3 (Fibrous Glass) , retrieved 2012-02-23 Fiberglass Thermal Batt, Product Data Sheet

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Fiberglass - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 13. ^ Corning, Owens (2007), Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Parts", March 2011 15. ^ "Flexible Pavement Preservation Ch. 12 Interlayers" 2009. , retrieved 2012-02-23

14. ^ Trschmann/Jakschik/Rother: White Paper, Topic: "Clean Air in the Manufacture of Glass Fibre . Caltrans Division of Maintenance. January 27,

Categories: Composite materials Fiberglass

Glass applications

American inventions

British inventions

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