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INTRODUCTION
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. Formed in oct. 2000 is worlds 7th largest telecommunications company providing comprehensive range of telecom services in India: wire line, CDMA mobile, GSM mobile, internet, broadband, carrier services. Within a span it has become the one of the largest public sector unit in India. BSNL is the only service provider, making focused efforts and planned initiatives to bridge the rural urban digital divide ICT sector. In fact there is no telecom operator in the country to beat it reach with its wide network giving services I every nook & corner of country and operates across India except Delhi & Mumbai. BSNL cellular service cellone, has more than 20.7 million cellular customers, garnering 24 % of all mobile users as its subscribers. That means that almost every fourth mobile user in the country has a BSNL connection. In basic services, BSNL is miles ahead of its rivals, with 35.1 million Basic Phone Subscribers i.e. 85 % share of the subscribers and 92 % share in revenue terms. BSNL has set up a world class multi-gigabit, multi-protocol convergent IP infrastructure that provides convergent services like voice, data and video through the same Backbone and broadband access network. At present there are 0.6 million Data one broadband customers. The company has vast experience in Planning, Installation, network integration and Maintenance of Switching & Transmission Networks and also has a world class ISO 9000 certified Telecom Training Institute. BSNL plans to expand its customer base from present 73 millions lines to 125 million lines and infrastructure investment plan to the tune of Rs. 733 crores (US$ 16.67 million) in the next three years. Today, BSNL is India's largest Telco and one of the largest Public Sector Undertaking with estimated market value of $ 100 Billion. The company is planning an IPO with in 6 months to offload 10% to public in the Rs 300-400 range valuing the company at over $100 billion. The turnover, nationwide coverage, reach, comprehensive range of the telecom services and the desire to excel has made BSNL the no. 1 telecom company of India.

2. OVERVIEW OF TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS

: The telephone is a telecommunication device that is used to transmit and receive electronically or digitally encoded speech between two or more people conversing. It is one of the most common household appliances in the world today. Most telephones operate through transmission of electric signals over a complex telephone network which allows almost any phone user to communicate with almost any other user. Telecommunication networks carry information signals among entities, which are geographically far apart. An entity may be a computer or human being, a facsimile machine, a teleprompter, a data terminal and so on. The entities are involved in the process of information transfer that may be in the form of a telephone conversation (telephony) or a file transfer between two computers or message transfer between two terminals etc. With the rapidly growing traffic and untargeted growth of cyberspace, telecommunication becomes a fabric of our life. The future challenges are enormous as we anticipate rapid growth items of new services and number of users. What comes with the challenge is a genuine need for more advanced methodology supporting analysis and design of telecommunication architectures. Telecommunication has evaluated and growth at an explosive rate in recent years and will undoubtedly continue to do so. The communication switching system enables the universal connectivity. The universal connectivity is realized when any entity in one part of the world can communicate with any other entity in another part of the world. In many ways telecommunication will acts as a substitute for the increasingly expensive physical transportation. The telecommunication links and switching were mainly designed for voice communication. With the appropriate attachments/equipments, they can be used to transmit data. A modern society, therefore needs new facilities including very high bandwidth switched data networks, and large communication satellites with small, cheap earth antennas.

VOICE SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS:

Telecommunication is mainly concerned with the transmission of messages between two distant points. The signal that contains the messages is usually converted into electrical waves before transmission. Our voice is an analog signal, which has amplitude and frequency characteristics. Voice frequencies: - The range of frequencies used by a communication device determines the communication channel, communicating devices, and bandwidth or information carrying capacity. The most commonly used parameter that characterizes an electrical signal is its bandwidth of analog signal or bit rate if it is a digital signal. In telephone system, the frequencies it passes are restricted to between 300 to 3400 Hz. In the field of telecommunications, a Telephone exchange or a Telephone switch is a system of electronic components that connects telephone calls. A central office is the physical building used to house inside plant equipment including telephone switches, which make telephone calls "work" in the sense of making connections and relaying the speech information.

SWITCHING SYSTEM FUNDAMENTALS:

Telecommunications switching systems generally perform three basic functions: they transmit signals over the connection or over separate channels to convey the identity of the called (and sometimes the calling) address (for example, the telephone number), and alert (ring) the called station; they establish connections through a switching network for conversational use during the entire call; and they process the signal information to control and supervise the establishment and disconnection of the switching network connection. In some data or message switching when real-time communication is not needed, the switching network is replaced by a temporary memory for the storage of messages. This type of switching is known as store-and-forward switching.

SIGNALING AND CONTROL:

The control of circuit switching systems is accomplished remotely by a specific form of data communication known as signaling. Switching systems are connected with one another by telecommunication channels known as trunks. They are connected with the served stations or terminals by lines. In some switching systems the signals for a call directly control the switching devices over the same path for which transmission is established. For most modern switching systems the signals for identifying or addressing the called station are received by a central control that processes calls on a time-shared basis. Central controls receive and interpret signals, select and establish communication paths, and prepare signals for transmission. These signals include addresses for use at succeeding nodes or for alerting (ringing) the called station. Most electronic controls are designed to process calls not only by complex logic but also by logic tables or a program of instructions stored in bulk electronic memory. The tabular technique is known as translator. The electronic memory is now the most accepted technique and is known as stored program control (SPC). Either type of control may be distributed among the switching devices rather than residing centrally.Microprocessors on integrated circuit chips are a popular form of distributed stored program control.

3. BSNL SERVICES
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BSNL provides almost every telecom service in India. Following are the main telecom services provided by BSNL: Universal Telecom Services: Fixed wire line services & Wireless in Local loop (WLL) using CDMA Technology called bfone and Tarang respectively. As of December 31, 2007, BSNL has 81% market share of fixed lines. Cellular Mobile Telephone Services: BSNL is major provider of Cellular Mobile Telephone services using GSM platform under the brand name BSNL Mobile[2]. As of March 31, 2007 BSNL has 17% share of mobile telephony in the country. Internet: BSNL provides internet services through dial-up connection (Sancharnet) as Prepaid, (NetOne) as Postpaid and ADSL broadband (BSNL Broadband). BSNL has around 50% market share in broadband in India. BSNL has planned aggressive rollout in broadband for current financial year. Intelligent Network (IN): BSNL provides IN services like televoting, toll free calling, premium calling etc.

4. MAKING A TELEPHONE CALL

A telephone call starts when the caller lifts the handsets of the base. Once the dial tone is heard, the caller uses a rotary or a push button dial mounted either on the handset or on the base to enter a sequence of digits, the telephone number of called party. The switching equipment from the exchange removes the dial tone from the line after the first digit is received and after receiving the last digit, determines the called party is in the same exchange or a different ones. If the called is in the same exchange, burst of ringing current is applied to the called partys line. Each telephone contains a ringer that responds to specific electric frequency. When the called party answers the telephone by pocking up the handset, steady start to flow in the called partys line and is detected by the exchange. The exchange than stops applying ringing and sets up the connection between the caller and the called party. If the called party is in different exchange from the caller, the caller exchange set up the connection over the telephone network to the called partys exchange. The called party then handles the process of ringing, detecting an answer, and notifying the calling and billing machinery when the call is completed. When conversation is over, one or both parties hang up by replacing their handset on the base, stopping the flow of current. The exchange when initiates the process of taking down the connection, including notifying billing equipment of the duration of the call if appropriate.

5. ABOUT THE EXCHANGE

All telephone subscribers are served by automatic exchanges, which perform the functions the human operator. The number being dialed is stored and then passed to the exchanges central computer, 4

which in turns operates the switching to complete the call or routes it a higher level switch for further processing. Todays automatic exchanges uses a pair of computers, one running the program that provides services and the second monitoring the operation of the first, ready to take over in a few seconds in the event of equipment failure. Various exchanges present in BSNL are: E-10B OCB283 EWSD All exchange has some purposes and some basic structural units, which are: 1. subscribers connection unit 2. Switching network (CX) 3. Control unit 4. OMC For smooth working of an exchange following unit are very important:1. Computer Unit: - it deals with additional services of the exchange to the customers with the help of computers. 2. Power Plant:- to feed proper power supply to exchange 3. AC Plant: - to maintain the continuous temperature + or 2 degree Celsius to the digital switch (exchange). 4. MDF: - to connect switch (exchange) with the external environment (subscriber) i.e. it is the interface between subscribers and exchange.

5.1. COMPUTER UNIT

As the name specified it is the main part of the exchange that deals with the all services provided by the exchange to the customers with the help of computer. It also provides the updated data to all other part of the exchange. The customers are using the services of the exchange by using the internet also gets connected to the main server present this room via an internet room. It mainly consists of the servers that are providing the different services. The main servers of this room are:IVRS is used for the change number services provided by the exchange. CERS are provided by the exchange to avoid the problems that the users are facing the repairing of telephone. In this system when the user enters its complained it gets directly entered to the server and user is allotted with an id number. LOCAL DIRECTORY ENQUIRY is another services provided by the exchange, by using this; subscribers calls the particular number and gets the directory enquiry. The server present in the main computer room provides this service.

INTERNET DIRECTORY ENQUIRY is the latest service by the exchange. In this type of service makes it enquiry using the internet, which gets connected to the main server at the internet room in the exchange and further to the main server in the computer room.

5.2. POWER PLANT

As we know that, the power is the main source or any organization. It is the case of E-10B exchange. That is the first requirement of any organization is the input. The main source of this exchange is AC supply. However, as soon as the power supply is gone off, then what is source? No one think on this that the telephone is always plays its role in the human life. Even if the power supply gone off. Thus there must be adjustment source of power. The main parts of the power room are: Batteries: - these are the instant sources of the power as soon as power is gone off. UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply):- the UPS must give supply to the computer. As we know there is some equipment which can withstand any type of power supply, but there are also some instruments which cannot withstand with this type of power supply, even a microsecond delay will cause the loss of data. Charging- Discharging Unit: - the batteries we are using in the power room need timely charging. As soon as the AC power supply is on, we make use of the charging unit present in the power room. The slowly charging of the batteries is known as the trickle charging. But sometimes we need the BOOSTER charging. In this type of charging awe take of the batteries from the load and charge separately, until it gets fully charged.The main work of the discharging unit is to control the discharging of the batteries. Inverter and Converter Unit: - the main use of this system is to change AC mains to DC and vice versa as required by the parts of exchange. Engine Room:-we know that the batteries are the instant source of supply but we cannot use it for much larger time, thus for this, we have an engine to generate the power supply. They are of 885 KVA. Thus, this room controls the supply of the engine.

5.3. CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONER

For the function of electrical equipment, cooling system is basic requirement. The basic advantages of cooling systems are followingIt provides the thermal stability so that the temperature does not reach the tolerance limit of electronic equipment It saves equipment from dust so to avoid malfunction of equipments. It protects equipment from excess humidity which can caused rusting of equipment. The basic unit of measurement used in the industry is known as ton of refrigeration (TR) which is equivalent to the heat extracted in 24 hours for converting thousands kg of liquid to ice at zero degree. The compressor is the heart of the AC system and the costliest. It increases the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant gas coming from the evaporator coils by compressing it. Compressor comes in various types. The most widely used is simple reciprocal type a cylinder and piston arrangement. For capacity more than 120 TR, centrifugal compressors are used. The condenser liquefies the refrigerant gas by a heat exchange process. The capillary tube or the expansion 6

valve pressurizes liquid refrigerant and meters it flows to the evaporator. The refrigerant then passes trough the evaporator coils, which extract heat out of the ambience.

5.4. MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME

The primary function of MDF is: The fault of telephone number is removed in the MDF; it is called as Fault Remove Section. For removing the fault of telephone number, we use the testing These testing are T.T.Y. testing, Group testing, etc.For any type of testing firstly we need the vertical no. or the live tester, printer and computer test N.E. number of that particular telephone number.The telephone numbers are also disconnected in the MDF because of some specific reason.

ORGANISATION & PARTS OF THE MDF

HORIZONTAL SIDE: It is again subdivided in to two parts:1.Exchange side 2.Line side Description of the horizontal side:RACK: - On the rack, the tags are situated. One rack is having eight tags. The courting is done from up (0) to down (7). TAG: - Each rack consists of eight tags. 1 tag = 4 core 1 core = 4 bunch 1 bunch = 2 line N.E.:- The word NE stands for the NUMBER OF EQUIPMENT. It is a 128 pair cable. The EWSD and MDF connected by NE. WEDGE:-If we want to disconnect any two numbers then we insert a wedge between subscriber side and exchange side. Here wedge works as insulator made of plastic.

VERTICAL SIDE: The vertical aside connected to the underground cable. This cable is having 100 pairs. 7

These pair is distributed when we allot the telephone number to the subscriber. Vertical side is again subdivided in two parts: One part is connected with the horizontal side and another with the subscriber line by using 100 pair underground cable. This is how the present day telephone system works. Different exchanges have different architectures of switching call routing and other features. Now let us see how BSNL has kept up with the changing world and provided the subscribers with the latest facilities technologies, which include the V-SAT network, Internet, the WLL (wireless in local loop) and the GSM mobile.

6. SWITCHES IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS
When electronic devices were introduced in the switching systems, a new concept of switching evolved as a consequence of their extremely high operating speed compared to their former counter8

parts, i.e., the Electro-mechanical systems, where relays, the logic elements in the electromechanical systems, have to operate and release several times which is roughly equal to the duration of telephone signals to maintain required accuracy. Research on electronic switching started soon after the Second World War, but commercial fully electronic exchange began to emerge only about 30 years later. However, electronic techniques proved economic for common control systems much earlier. In electromechanical exchanges, common control systems mainly used switches and relays, which were originally designed for use in switching networks. In common controls, they are operated frequently and so wear out earlier. In contrast, the life of an electronic device is almost independent of its frequency of operation. This gave a motivation for developing electronic common controls and resulted in electronic replacements for registers, markers, translators etc. having much greater reliability than their electromechanical predecessors.

IMPLEMENTATION OF SWITCHING NETWORK: In an electronic exchange, the switching network is one of the largest sub-systems in terms of size of the equipment. Its main functions are Switching (setting up temporary connection between two or more exchange terminations), Transmission of speech and signals between these terminations, with reliable accuracy. There are two types of electronic switching system. viz. Space division and Time Division.

Figure 6.1 Evolution of electronic switching systems

SPACE DIVISION SWITCHING SYSTEM: 9

In a space Division Switching system, a continuous physical path is set up between input and output terminations. This path is separate for each connection and is held for the entire duration of the call. Path for different connections is independent of each other. Once a continuous path has been established, Signals are interchanged between the two terminations. Such a switching network can employ either metallic or electronic cross points. Previously, usage of metallic cross-points using reed relays and all were favored. They have the advantage of compatibility with the existing line and trunk signaling conditions in the network. TIME DIVISION SWITCHING SYSTEM: In Time Division Switching, a number of calls share the same path on time division sharing basis. The path is not separate for each connection, rather, is shared sequentially for a fraction of a time by different calls. This process is repeated periodically at a suitable high rate. The repetition rate is 8 KHz, i.e. once every 125 microseconds for transmitting speech on telephone network, without any appreciable distortion. These samples are time multiplexed with staggered samples of other speech channels, to enable sharing of one path by many calls. The Time Division Switching was initially accomplished by Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) Switching. However, it still could not overcome the performance limitations of signal distortion noise, cross-talk etc. With the advent of Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), the PAM signals were converted into a digital format overcoming the limitations of analog and PAM signals. PCM signals are suitable for both transmission and switching. The PCM switching is popularly called Digital Switching.

LATEST SWITCHING TECHONOLOGIES: The different types of electronic switches available are, (1) C-DOT (2) E10B (3) OCB (4) EWSD (5) 5ESS : Indian Made : France Made : France Made : Germany Made : USA Made

7. C-DOT SWITCHING TRANSMISSION

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CDOT stands for Center for Development of Telematics. C- DOT is totally developed in India in 1984 by Dr. Sam Petroda, Head Quarters at Banglore. The Main Objective of C-DOT is to design and develop digital exchanges suitable for Indian environment. C-DOT DSS MAX is a universal digital switch, which can be configured for different applications as Local, Transit, or Integrated Local, and Transit(ILT) switch. Standard cards, racks, frames, cabinets and distribution frames are used which facilitate flexible system growth. In the initial years, C-DOT triggered a telecom revolution in the rural India that was responsible for all-round socio-economic development. Starting from scratch, C-DOT successfully built a suite of switching products from small Rural Automatic Exchanges (RAX) to huge metro switches (MAX), and achieved large deployments across the nation. At one point of time, more than 50% of the Indian telecom network was running on C-DOT switches. Billions of dollars worth of C-DOT designed switches got manufactured and deployed. Beginning the journey with digital switching systems, C-DOT has transversed the complex Telecom landscape, developing products in the area of optical, satellite and wireless communication from circuit switching technology of yester years, C-DOT has proven its expertise in ATM and Next Generation Networks. From a purely hardware development Centre it has diversified into development of Telecom software solutions like IN, NMS, Data Clearing House etc. and has journeyed from a protected environment of closed market to an open and competitive market.

INTRODUCTION OF C-DOT DSS MAX FAMILY

The C-DOT Digital Switching System Main A Exchange (DSS MAX) is a family of The C-DOT digital switching systems that offer total switching solution for national telecom networks. The C-DOT DSS MAX products have the proven ability to serve as local, toll, transit and Integrated Local-cumTransit (ILT) switches.The in-built support for SS7 enables the C-DOT MAX to function as integrated Signal Transfer Point (STP) and integrated Service Switching Point (SSP).

Fig1.4 C-DOT Architecture

7.1.C-DOT DSS FAMILY:

The C-DOT is having 4 types of exchanges. 11

(1) C-DOT 128 RAX. (2) C-DOT 256P RAX. (3) C-DOT SBM. (4) C-DOT MBM. All the above 4 types of switching systems are called as DIGITAL SWITCHING SYSTEM (DSS) FAMILY.

Fig 6.2 C-DOT AN-RAX SWITCH

C-DOT SBM:
It is the THIRD generation of C-DOT DSS Family. It is the DOUBLE the size of C-DOT 256P RAX and also serves Rural Areas and Small Urban Areas. It has a total of 2024 terminations and it contains 10 frames, Base Module (BM) have 488 terminations and LM1 have 768 terminations and LM2 have 768 terminations. It is a Rural Automatic Exchange. It is controlled locally by Input-output processor (IOP) Module. It is now replaced by C-DOT RBMs(Remote Base Modules)

Fig 6.3 C-DOT SBM

A Single Base Module (SBM) stand-alone exchange can be deployed for rural local switch applications to service up to 1,500 subscribers. In the smallest configuration, a single cabinet (with four Terminal Units, a Service Unit, and a Control Unit) with two Input-Output Processors(IOP) and an 12

Alarm Display Panel (ADP) can serve about 424 subscribers without any concentration with adequate trunk connectivity. By adding two more Line Module cabinets, equipped with only subscriber line cards in all the six frames, the switch can support up to 1500 lines with 4:1 concentration. The switch in this configuration, can handle up to 244E traffic and 14,500 BHCA.

Fig. 1.6 The C-DOT DSS in network application

MAIN AUTOMATIC EXCHANGE The C-DOT DSS MAX in its largest configuration consists of 32 Base Modules (BM), which are interconnected via a Central Module (CM) using the T-S-T architecture. Of these, up to 16 BMs can beremotely located as RSUs. The Input-Output Module (IOM), consisting of two Input-Output Processors(IOP), serves as the front-end processor which provides man-machine interface and supports SCSI compatible secondary storage devices.In this configuration, the system supports 40,000 subscribers in 4:1 concentration along with 6,000trunks. In a trunk office application, up to 14,500 trunks can be provided. Each BM supports a maximum of 2,000 subscribers or 450 trunks. The switch can handle 8,00,000 BHCA and about 7,800E traffic.The system has built-in network synchronisationcapability and the exchange clock conforms to ITU-T G.182 specifications. The synchronisation is based on themaster-slave principle. REMOTE SWITCHING UNIT As mentioned earlier, the BMs of the C-DOT DSS MAX can be remotely located to serve as the Remote Switching Units, which can even work in non-air-conditioned environment. Each RSU is connected to the host exchange by digital links using 2 Mbps, 30-channel PCM trunks. Up to 16 PCM trunks between the RSU and the host exchange can be configured depending upon the traffic. Remote Line Concentrator (RLC) provides the second level of remoting and works in non-air-conditioned environment. It is connected to the main switch or RSU with standard V5.2 signaling interface over twoE1 links. RLC supports maximum of either 120 PSTN/56 ISDN BRA or any combination of PSTN & ISDNBRA subscribers. It provides front-end connectivity ringing and 16 KHz metering pulse on all subscriber ports.

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C-DOT MBM:
It is the FOURTH generation of C-DOT DSS Family. It is also called as MAX (Main Automatic Exchange) and serves Urban Areas. C-DOT MAX is of 2 types. (1)MAX-L(Large):upto 16 no. of BMs are connected to MAX. (2)MAX-XL(Extra Large):upto 32 no. of BMs are connected to MAX. MAX-L has a capacity of 20,000 Lines + 3,000 Trunks. MAX-XL has a capacity of 40,000 Lines + 6,000 Trunks. It is a Main Automatic Exchange. It is controlled by Input-output processor(IOP) Module at OMC . C-DOT DSS is a universal digital switch which can be configured for different applications. Another important feature is the provision of both centralized operation and maintenance. All services are provided through a simple, interactive and man-machine interface. The equipment practices provide modular packaging. Hence it is easy to maintain exchange with software rather than man interference. Testing of various features have become easy and also modifying parameters presented in it. Hence CDOT switch can be maintained easily through software.

7.2. ARCHITECTURE OF C-DOT DSS MAX

C-DOT MAX Family of exchanges employs T-S-T switching architecture and can be configured from four basic modules: 14

1. 2. 3. 4.

Base Module Central Module Administrative Module Input-Output Module

The base module (B.M.) is the basic growth unit of the system interfaces external world to the switch and provides local resources such as tones announcements and terminal test facility. Presently, the enhanced announcement card (EAC) equipped per BM is being used for providing limited intelligent peripheral (IP) functions to the SSP. The interfaces may be subscriber lines, analog and digital trunks, CCB and PBX lines and digital links from remote modules. Each base module can interface up to 2024 terminations. The no. Of base modules directly corresponds to exchange size. It cares out majority of call processing connection and in a small exchange application, also carries operation and maintenance function with the help of input output modules. In the single base module (SBM) exchange configuration, the base module acts an independent switching system and provides connection to up to 1500 lines and so trunks. In such a configuration, the base module directly interface with the input output module for bulk data storage and operations and maintenance function clock and synchronization is provides by a source with in the base module. The central module (CM) consists of a message switch and a space switch for Inter module communication and we send data switching between base modules. It provides central message communication between any two base modules, and between base modules and the administrative module for operation and maintenances function. It also provides clock and synchronization on a centralize basis. Administrative module (AM) performs system level rescuer allocation and processing function on a centralized basis. It performs all the memory and time interfaces call processing support function and also administration and maintenance function. It communication with the base modules via the central module. It supports the input output module for providing man machine interface. It also supports an alarm display panel (ADP) for the audio visual indication faults in the system. In SBM configuration, ADP directly communicates with the base processor. CCS7 signal unit module (SUM) is based on duplicated 68020 or 68040 microprocessors and provides CCS7 signaling capability to the switch. However it resides one of the BMs just like terminal unit frame. The approach makes it an easily verifiable module. The SUM provides up to 64 signaling terminals, which can be configured as internal message channels or external signaling links. The basic growth unit in the SUM in the signaling handler module (SHM) card which contains 8 signaling terminals. The no. Of these cards equipped will depend upon the internal and external connection requirements. Internally, the SUM communicates with the BMs main processor for initializes and application processing. Externally, the Sum provides CC57 network connectivity to other switching nodes. STPs and SCPs. Input Output Module (IOM) is powerful duplex computer systems that interface various secondary devices like disk drives, cartridge tape drive and floppy drive. It supports printers and up to 16 video display units that are used for man machine communication interface. All the bulk data processing and storage is done in this module. Thus, a C-DOT DSS MAX exchange, depending up on its size and application, will consist of Base modules (maximum 32), Central Module, Administrative module, Signaling Unit Module, Input Output 15

Module, and Alarm Display panel. The Base Module can be remotely located or co-located depending up on the requirement.

C-DOT DSS MAX SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE

The Main subsystems of C-DOT DSS MAX software are briefly described below. Their place in the overall software architecture is depicted

C-DOT REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM (CDOS)

The operating system is primarily responsible for the following function and services Management of Processes Synchronization and Communication between processes Time Management Interrupt Handling Resource Management Memory Management On-Line And Off-Line Debugging Facility

PERIPHERAL PROCESSOR SUBSYSTEM

The Software for handling line, trunk, and service circuit is resident as in the peripheral Processors. Presently, these are 8-bit microprocessors programmed in assembly language. The Main activity of the peripheral software is to detect events and communication them to the Base Processor, Where logical Call Handling is done. This subsystem also carries out the commands given by the base Processor for generating suitable telephony events on the outgoing lines and trunks.

8. MOBILE SECTION
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In this section we learnt how mobile communication takes place. There are two ways by which mobile communication takes place, GSM CDMA

The Basic Transmission Procedure: 1. BSC: Base Station Controller 2. BTS: Base Station TRANSCEIVER 3. MSC: Mobile Switching Center 4. HLR: Home Location Register 5. VLR: Visitor Location Register 6. AUC: Authentication Center 7. EIR: Equipment Identity Register 8. SC: Short Message Center 9. OMC: Operation and Maintenance Center

E-10B (ELECTRONICS - 10 BINARY) Here we came to know about function of:-OMC: -- Operation maintenance centre. OC:--Monitoring unit. ETA:--Frequency sender and receiver. URM:--Multiplex connection unit.(5 unit) CSE:--Subscriber connection unit. DSF:--Stand by charge unit. MR:--Multiresistor (5 unit) MQ:--Marker (2 unit) TR:--Translator (2 unit) TX:--Tax (charging unit) (2 unit)RLM:--Remote lining unit. COM:--Switching module. CX: -- Switching unit TAX (TRUNK AUTO EXCHANGE) 17

This section deals when a caller picks up the receiver, gets the dial tone and how the call is made and processed.

TRANSMISSION The call is transmitted from telephone to : Caller / D.P / Pillar / MDF / Exchange / Tax / Exchange / MDF / Pillar / D.P / Receiver

There are two types of media: Guided Media (OFC) Un-Guided Media.

9. GSM
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A GSM system is basically designed as a combination of three major subsystems: the network subsystem, the radio subsystem, and the operation support subsystem. In order to ensure that network operators will have several sources of cellular infrastructure equipment, GSM decided to specify not only the air interface, but also the main interfaces that identify different parts. There are three dominant interfaces, namely, an interface between MSC and the base Transceiver Station (BTS), and an Um interface between the BTS and MS. GSM NETWORK STRUCTURE: Every telephone network needs a well-designed structure in order to route incoming called to the correct exchange and finally to the called subscriber. In a mobile network, this structure is of great importance because of the mobility of all its subscribers. In the GSM system, the network is divided into the following partitioned areas. GSM service area PLMN service area MSC service area Location area Cells

MS : The MS includes radio equipment and the man machine interface (MMI) that a subscribe needs in order to access the services provided by the GSM PLMN. MS can be installed in Vehicles or can be portable or handheld stations. The MS may include provisions for data communication as well as voice. 19

A mobile transmits and receives message to and from the GSM system over the air interface to establish and continue connections through the system. BASE STATION SYSTEM: The BSS is a set of BS equipment (such as transceivers and controllers) that is in view by the MSC through a single A interface as being the entity responsible for communicating with MSs in a certain area. The radio equipment of a BSS may be composed of one or more cells. A BSS may consist of one or more BS. The interface between BSC and BTS is designed as an A-bis interface. The BSS includes two types of machines: the BTS in contact with the MSs through the radio interface and the BSC, the latter being in contact with the MSC. The function split is basically between transmission equipment, the BTS, and managing equipment at the BSC. A BTS compares radio transmission and reception devices, up to and including the antennas, and also all the signal processing specific to the radio interface. A single transceiver within BTS supports eight basic radio channels of the same TDM frame. A BSC is a network component in the PLMN that function for control of one or more BTS. It is a functional entity that handles common control functions within a BTS. BTS: As stated, the primary responsibility of the BTS is to transmit and receive radio signals from a mobile unit over an air interface. To perform this function completely, the signals are encoded, encrypted, multiplexed, modulated, and then fed to the antenna system at the cell site. Trans-coding to bring 13-kbps speech to a standard data rate of 16 kbps and then combining four of these signals to 64 kbps is essentially a part of BTS, though, it can be done at BSC or at MSC. The voice communication can be either at a full or half rate over logical speech channel. In order to keep the mobile synchronized, BTS transmits frequency and time synchronization signals over frequency correction channel (FCCH and BCCH logical channels. The received signal from the mobile is decoded, decrypted, and equalized for channel impairments. Random access detection is made by BTS, which then sends the message to BSC. The channel subsequent assignment is made by BSC. Timing advance is determined by BTS. BTS signals the mobile for proper timing adjustment. Uplink radio channel measurement corresponding to the downlink measurements made by MS has to be made by BTS. BTS-BSC Configurations: There are several BTS-BSC configurations: single site; single cell; single site; multicell; and multisite, multicell. These configurations are chosen based on the rular or urban application. These configurations make the GSM system economical since the operation has options to adapt the best layout based on the traffic requirement. Thus, in some sense, system optimization is possible by the proper choice of the configuration. These include Omni directional rural configuration where the BSC and BTS are on the same site; chain and multidrop loop configuration in which several BTSs are controlled by a single remote BSC with a chain or ring connection topology; rural star configuration in which several BTSs are connected by individual lines to the same BSC; and sectorized urban configuration in which three BTSs share the same site amd are controlled by either a collocated or remote BSC. BSC: The BSC, as discussed, is connected to the MSC on one side and to the BTS on the other. The BSC performs the Radio Resource (RR) management for the cells under its control. It assigns and release frequencies and timeslots for all MSs in its own area. The BSC performs the intercell handover for MSs moving between BTS in its control. It also reallocates frequencies to the BTSs in its area to meet locally heavy demands during peak hours or on special events. The BSC controls the power transmission of both BSSs and MSs in its area. 20

The minimum power level for a mobile unit is broadcast over the BCCH. The BSC provides the time and frequency synchronization reference signals broadcast by its BTSs. The BSC also measures the time delay of received MS signals relative to the BTS clock. If the received MS signal is not centered in its assigned timeslot at the BTS, The BSC can direct the BTS to notify the MS to advance the timing such that proper synchronization takes place. MSC: As stated, the main function of the MSC is to coordinate the set up of calls between GSM mobile and PSTN users. Specifically, it performs functions such as paging, resource allocation, location registration, and encryption. Specifically, the call-handling function of paging is controlled by MSC. MSC coordinates the set up of call to and from all GSM subscribers operating in its areas. The dynamics allocation of access resources is done in coordination with the BSS. More specifically, the MSC decides when and which types of channels should be assigned to which MS. The channel identity and related radio parameters are the responsibility of the BSS, The MSC provides the control of interworking with different networks. It is transparent for the subscriber authentication procedure. The MSC supervises the connection transfer between different BSSs for MSs, with an active call, moving from one call to another. This is ensured if the two BSSs are connected to the same MSC but also when they are not . In this latter case the procedure is more complex, since more then one MSC in involved. The MSC performs billing on calls for all subscribers based in its areas. When the subscriber is roaming elsewhere, the MSC obtains data for the call billing from the visited MSC. Encryption parameters transfers from VLR to BSS to facilitate ciphering on the radio interface are done by MSC. The exchange of signaling information on the various interface toward the other network elements and the management of the interface themselves are all controlled by the MSC. Finally, the MSC serves as a SMS gateway to forward SMS messages from Short Message Service Centers (SMSC) to the subscribers and from the subscribers to the SMSCs. It thus acts as a message mailbox and delivery system. VLR: The VLR is collocated with an MSC. A MS roaming in an MSC area is controlled by the VLR responsible for that area. When a MS appears in a LA, it starts a registration procedure. The MSC for that area notices this registration and transfers to the VLR the identify of the LA where the MS is situated. A VLR may be in charge of one or several MSC LAs. The VLR constitutes the databases that support the MSC in the storage and retrieval of the data of subscribers present in its area. When an MS enters the MSC area borders, it signals its arrival to the MSC that stores its identify in the VLR. The information necessary to manage the MS is contained in the HLR and is transferred to the VLR so that they can be easily retrieved if so required.

HLR: The HLR is a database that permanently stores data related to a given set of subscribers. The HLR is the reference database for subscriber parameters. Various identification numbers and addresses as well as authentication parameters, services subscribed, and special routing information are stored. Current subscriber status including a subscribers temporary roaming number and associated VLR if the mobile is roaming, are maintained. The HLR provides data needed to route calls to all MS-SIMs home based in its MSC area, even when they are roaming out of area or in other GSM networks. The HLR provides the current location data needed to support searching for and paging the MS-SIM for incoming calls, wherever the MS-SIM may be. The HLR is responsible for storage and provision of SIM authentication and encryption parameters needed by the MSC where the MS-SIM is operating. It obtains these parameters from the AUC. 21

The HLR maintains record of which supplementary service each user has subscribed to and provides permission control in granting services. The HLR stores the identification of SMS gateways that have messages for the subscriber under the SMS until they can be transmitted to the subscriber and receipt is knowledge. Some data are mandatory, other data are optional. Both the HLR and the VLR can be implemented in the same equipment in an MSC (collocated). A PLMN may contain one or several HLRs. AUC: The AUC stores information that is necessary to protect communication through the air interface against intrusions, to which the mobile is vulnerable. The legitimacy of the subscriber is established through authentication and ciphering, which protects the user information against unwanted disclosure. Authentication information and ciphering keys are stored in a database within the AUC, which protects the user information against unwanted disclosure and access. In the authentication procedure, the key Ki is never transmitted to the mobile over the air path, only a random number is sent. In order to gain access to the system, the mobile must provide the correct Signed Response (SRES) in answer to a random number (RAND) generated by AUC. Also, Ki and the cipher key Kc are never transmitted across the air interface between the BTS and the MS. Only the random challenge and the calculated response are transmitted. Thus, the value of Ki and Kc are kept secure. The cipher key, on the other hand, is transmitted on the SS7 link between the home HLR/AUC and the visited MSC, which is a point of potential vulnerability. On the other hand, the random number and cipher key is supposed to change with each phone call, so finding them on one call will not benefit using them on the next call. The HLR is also responsible for the authentication of the subscriber each time he makes or receives a call. The AUC, which actually performs this function, is a separate GSM entity that will often be physically included with the HLR. Being separate, it will use separate processing equipment for the AUC database functions.

EIR (EQUIPMENT IDENTIFY REGISTER) : EIR is a database that stores the IMEI numbers for all registered ME units. The IMEI uniquely identifies all registered ME. There is generally one EIR per PLMN. It interfaces to the various HLR in the PLMN. The EIR keeps track of all ME units in the PLMN. It maintains various lists of message. The database stores the ME identification and has nothing do with subscriber who is receiving or originating call. There are three classes of ME that are stored in the database, and each group has different characteristics. White List: contains those IMEIs that are known to have been assigned to valid MSs. This is the category of genuine equipment. Black List: contains IMEIs of mobiles that have been reported stolen. Gray List: contains IMEIs of mobiles that have problems (for example, faulty software, wrong make of the equipment). This list contains all MEs with faults not important enough for barring.

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10. CDMA Technology

ACCESS NETWORK: Access network, the network between local exchange and subscriber, in the Telecom Network accounts for a major portion of resources both in terms of capital and manpower. So far, the subscriber loop has remained in the domain of the copper cable providing cost effective solution in past. Quick deployments of subscriber loop, coverage of inaccessible and remote locations coupled with modern technology have led to the emergence of new Access Technologies. The various technological options available are as follows: 1. 2. 3. Multi Access Radio Relay Wireless in Local Loop Fiber in the Local Loop

WIRELESS IN LOCAL LOOP (WLL)

Fixed Wireless telephony in the subscriber access network also known as Wireless in Local Loop (WLL) is one of the hottest emerging market segments in global telecommunications today. WLL is generally used as the last mile solution to deliver basic phone service expeditiously where none has existed before. Flexibility and expediency are becoming the key driving factors behind the deployment of WILL. WLL shall facilitate cordless telephony for residential as well as commercial complexes where people are highly mobile. It is also used in remote areas where it is uneconomical to lay cables and for rapid development of telephone services. The technology employed shall depend upon various radio access techniques, like FDMA, TDMA and CDMA. Different technologies have been developed by the different countries like CT2 from France, PHS from Japan, DECT from Europe and DAMPS & CDMA from USA. Let us discuss CDMA technology in WLL application as it has a potential ability to tolerate a fair amount of interference as compared to other conventional radios. This leads to a considerable advantage from a system point of view.

SPREAD SPECTRUM PRINCIPLE:

Originally Spread spectrum radio technology was developed for military use to counter the interference by hostile jamming. The broad spectrum of the transmitted signal gives rise to Spread Spectrum. A Spread Spectrum signal is generated by modulating the radio frequency (RF) signal with a code consisting of different pseudo random binary sequences, which is inherently resistant to noisy signal environment. A number of Spread spectrum RF signals thus generated share the same frequency spectrum and thus the entire bandwidth available in the band is used by each of the users using same frequency at the same time. 23

Fig-1 CDMA ACCESS A CONCEPT On the receive side only the signal energy with the selected binary sequence code is accepted and original information content (data) is recovered. The other users signals, whose codes do not match contribute only to the noise and are not despread back in bandwidth (Ref Fig-1) This transmission and reception of signals differentiated by codes using the same frequency simultaneously by a number of users is known as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Technique as opposed to conventional method of Frequency Division Multiple Access and Time Division Multiple Access. In the above figure, it has been tried to explain that how the base band signal of 9.6 Kbps is spread using a Pseudo-random Noise (PN) source to occupy entire bandwidth of 1.25 MHz. At the receiving end this signal will have interference from signals of other users of the same cell, users of different cells and interference from other noise sources. All these signals get combined with the desired signal but using a correct PN code the original data can be reproduced back. CDMA channel in the trans and receive direction is a FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) channel. The salient features of a typical CDMA system are as follows: Frequency of operation: Duplexing Method: Access Channel per carrier: RF Spacing: Coverage: 824-849 MHz and 869-894 MHz Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) Maximum 61 Channels 1.25 MHz 5 Km with hand held telephones and approx. 20 Km with fixed units.

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INTRODUCTION TO CDMA 2000-1X Network entity description: Base station subsystem (BSS) Base station subsystem is the general term for the wireless devices and wireless channel control devices that serve one or several cells. Generally, a BSS contains one more base station controllers (BSC) and base transmitter stations (BTS).

Architecture of CD A M M SC Based W system LL

M S Um BT S Abis
BSS

M SC E B SC A

PSTN Ai B

M S C/SSP Q C

VLR

D H

M C

M C

HLR
M SS

AUC

R M T Peet t n G T C r snaio

MOBILE SWITCH CENTER (MSC)

MSC is a functional entity that performs control and switching to the mobile stations within the area that it serves, and an automatic connecting device for the subscriber traffic between the CDMA network and other public networks or other MSCs. MSC is the kernel of the CDMA cellular mobile communication system, and it is different from a wired switch in that an MSC must consider the allocation of the wireless resources and the mobility of subscribers, and at least it must implement the follows processing activities: 1. Location Registration processing; 2. Handoff.

GATEWAY MSC (GMSC)

When a non-CDMA subscriber calls a CDMA subscriber, the call will first be routed to an MSC, which will inquires the corresponding HLR and further route the call to the called partys MSC. This kind of MSC is called Gateway MSC (GMSC). It is up to the network operator to select which MSCs as GMSCs

VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER (VLR)

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VLR is responsible for the storage and updating of the subscriber data of mobile stations that roamed to the service area of this VLR. The VLR is generally configured together with the MSC. When the mobile station enters a new location area, the MSC will notice the VLR, which will initiate registration processing to the HLR to update the subscriber location information. The VLR also stores necessary information for the establishment of calls in the database for the MSC to search. One VLR can cover one or more MSC areas.

HOME LOCATION REGISTER (HLR)

The HLR provides subscriber information storage and management functions for the mobile network, including mobile subscriber subscription and cancellation and service authorization and cancellation. At the same time, it helps in the implementation of subscribers call and service operations. A CDMA can contain one or more HLRs based on the number of subscribers, equipment capacity and network organization mode, with multi-HLR mode realized in the form of virtual HLRs. The subscriber information stored in the HLR includes the following two types in information: 1. Subscription information 2. Subscriber-related information stored in the HLR

AUTHENTICATION CENTER (AUC)

Authentication center is a function entity for the management of authentication information related to the mobile station. It implement mobile subscriber authentication, stores the mobile subscriber authentication parameters, and is able to generate and transmit the corresponding authentication parameters based on the request from MSC/VLR. The authentication parameters in the AUC can be stored in the encrypted form. The authentication center is generally configured together with the HLR. The authentication parameter stored in the AUC includes: 1. Authentication key (A_KEY); 2. Share secret data (SSD); 3. Mobile identification number/international mobile subscriber identity (MIN/IMSI); 4. Authentication algorithm (AAV); 5. Accounting (COUNT).

SHORT MESSAGE CENTER (MC OR SC)

As an independent entity in the CDMA cellular mobile communication system, the short message center works in coordination with other entities such as MSC, HLR to implement the reception, storing and transfer of the short messages from CDMA cellular mobile communication system subscribers, and store subscriber-related short message data. Short message entity (SME) SME is a function entity for synthesis and analysis of short messages. Operation and maintenance Center (OMC) The OMC provides the network operator with network operation and maintenance services, manages the subscriber information and implements network planning, to enhance the overall working efficiency and service quality of the system. There two type of operation and maintenance centers: OMC-S and OMC26

R. An OMC-S is mainly used for the maintenance work at the mobile switching subsystem (MSS) side; an OMC-R is mainly used for the maintenance work at the base station subsystem (BSS) side.

THIRD GENERATION STANDARDs

CDMA2000/FDD-MC CDMA2000 using Frequency Division Duplexing-Multicarrier (FDD-MC) mode. Here multicarrier implies N x 1.25 MHz channels overlaid on N existing IS-95 carriers or deployed on unoccupied spectrum. CDMA2000 includes: 1. 1x using a spreading rate of 1.2288 Mcps 2. 3x using a spreading rate of 3 x 1.2288 Mcps or 3.6864 Mcps 3. 1xEV-DO (1x Evolution - Data Optimized)using a spreading rate of 1.2288 Mcps optimized for data WCDMA/FDD-DS Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) Frequency Division Duplexing-Direct Sequence spreading (FDD-DS) mode. This has a single 5 MHz channel. WCDMA uses a single carrier per channel and employs a spreading rate of 3.84 Mcps. UTRA TDD/ TD-SCDMA Universal Mobile Telephone Services Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and TD-SCDMA. These are Time Division Duplexed (TDD) standards aimed primarily at asymmetric services used in unpaired (i.e., no separate uplink and downlink) bands. TD-SCDMA is based on a synchronous Time Division scheme for TDD and wireless local loop applications. The frame and slot structure are the same as W-CDMA. However, in TDD mode each slot can be individually allocated either the uplink or the downlink.

11. BROADBAND SERVICES

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Definition of broadband Broadband is the nonspecific term for high-speed digital Internet access. To state the obvious, broadband indicates a means of connectivity at a high or broad bandwidth. According to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), high-speed Internet service is, (a service) that provide(s) the subscriber with transmissions at a speed in excess of 200 kilobits per second (kbps) in at least one direction. The FCC further defines advanced broadband services as providing the subscriber with transmission speeds in excess of 200 kbps in each direction. Another definition of broadband has been put forward in a prepublication report issued by The National Academies. In this report, Broadband, Bringing Home the Bits, the Academy states that broadband should be defined in a dynamic and multidimensional fashion. The Academies then defined broadband as Local access link performance should not be the limiting factor is a users capability for running todays applications. Broadband services should provide sufficient performance and wide enough penetration of services reaching that performance level to encourage the development of new applications. Recognizing the potential of ubiquitous Broadband service in growth of GDP and enhancement in quality of life through societal applications including tele-education, tele-medicine, e-governance, entertainment as well as employment generation by way of high speed access to information and webbased communication, Government have finalised a policy to accelerate the growth of Broadband services. In India, DoT has issued a Broadband policy in 2004. Keeping in view the present status, Broadband connectivity is defined at present as: An always-on data connection that is able to support interactive services including Internet access and has the capability of the minimum download speed of 256 kilo bits per second (kbps) to an individual subscriber from the Point Of Presence (POP) of the service provider intending to provide Broadband service where multiple such individual Broadband connections are aggregated and the subscriber is able to access these interactive services including the Internet through this POP. The interactive services will exclude any services for which a separate licence is specifically required, for example, real-time voice transmission, except to the extent that it is presently permitted under ISP licence with Internet Telephony. It reflects that: o One of the latest trends in enhancing communication systems involves broadband technology o Broadband refers to greater bandwidth-or transmission capacity of a medium o Broadband technology will allow for high-speed transmission of voice, video, and data over networks like the Internet The Government of India is making great attempts to create a conducive environment for promoting Broadband services in the country. To Strengthen Broadband Penetration the Department of Telecommunication, Government of India, has formulated a Broadband Policy whose main objectives are to: Establish a regulatory framework for the carriage and the content of information in the scenario of convergence. Facilitate development of national infrastructure for an information based society. Make available broadband interactive multimedia services to users in the public network. Provide high speed data and multimedia capability using new technologies to all towns with a population greater than 2 lakhs.

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Make available Internet services at panchayat (village) level for access to information to provide product consultancy and marketing advice. Deploy state of art and proven technologies to facilitate introduction of new services. Strengthen research and development efforts in the telecom technologies.

BROADBAND ENABLING REGULATIONS Some of the regulations proposed to achieve this end are listed below: Promoting of facility-based competition by lowering market entry barriers. Reducing charges for Rights of Ways (ROW). Permitting infrastructure sharing among different service providers for optimum utilization. Allowing the captive infrastructure of utility companies to be used for public broadband service. Reducing the bottleneck in last-mile access by permitting deployment of alternative technologies like Cable TV network, Wireless etc. Unbundling of local loop for DSL-based services.

MEANING OF BROADBAND SERVICES Broadband services are defined in various terms by different organization. Few of these are given below: ORIGINAL BELL SYSTEM DEFINITION A broadband channel is a communications channel having a Bandwidth greater than a voicegrade channel, and therefore capable of higher-speed data transmission. 1996 TELECOM REFORM ACT Broadband services are capable of carrying high-quality voice, data, graphics, & video. CCITT DEFINITION A service requiring transmission channels capable of supporting rates greater than 1.5 Mbps or primary rate in ISDN or T1/E1 in digital terminology. PRACTICAL DEFINITIONS RESIDENTIAL Currently means DSL, cable modem, or high speed wireless Todays services are web access, work-at-home, & steaming audio(Napster, etc) Tomorrow, next generation video will be the killer app(Son of Napster?) BUSINESS Data, data, & data Today generally 1.5Mbps and up Tomorrow MUCH MORE than 1.5Mbps(100Mbps?)

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TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROADBAND SERVICES Today's telecom industry is undergoing a bandwidth shortage driven mostly by the continuing explosion of the Internet and data markets. Demand comes from three primary sources: small and midsized businesses and small offices/home offices (SOHOs), consumers, and multiple-tenant units or inbuilding fiber builders and universities that are installing high-speed wireless connections throughout their campuses. Communication of data with different throughput is feasible by following different technologies Narrow Band Broadband LAN 2.4 kbps 128kbps 256kbps 8000kbps 1000kbps 100Mbps / Giga Ethernet

Various Access Technologies are used for the delivery of broadband services. Following are the major technologies adopted by the service providers: 1. Wire line Technology Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) on copper loop Optical Fibre Technologies Cable TV Network PLC (Power Line Communication 2. Wireless Technology Satellite Media Terrestrial Wireless 3G Mobile Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidility) WiMax LMDS and MMDS FSO (Free Space Optics)

DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE TECHNOLOGY

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) has proved to be an important technology for provisioning of Broadband services through the copper loop. The owners of copper loop have to be given a high priority because their role is critical as key drivers in the Broadband service market using DSL. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is the next generation modem-like technology that allows for the transmission of voice, video and data over existing copper telephone lines at incredible megabit speeds. The copper telephone lines are often referred to as the local loop or the last mile from the Exchanges to the end-user's home or business. DSL provides high-speed Internet Access using regular telephone lines.

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DSL provides dedicated bandwidth that can be up to 278 times faster than a 28.8 Kbps modem, 143 times faster than 56Kbps modem, 62 times faster than ISDN and up to 4 times faster than a E1 (T1) connection. It has the ability to move data over the phone lines at speeds up to 6Mb/s or six million bits per second, or 140 times quicker than the fastest analog modems available today (56,000 bits per second). Typical DSL systems are: High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL) Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Very high-speed Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) Single-pair High Speed Digital Subscriber Line (SHDSL) ISDN based Digital Subscriber Line (DSL ISDN)

ASYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE

Used for applications which require greater download bandwidth but require relatively little in opposite direction like Web browsing; File downloads. Broadband over copper wires using DSL works smoothly and covers longer distance according to the following data throughput. Data 1.5-2.0 1.5-2.0 6.1 6.1 Wire Size 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 Distance 5.5 Kms 4.6 Kms 3.7 Kms 2.7 Kms

OPTICAL FIBER TECHNOLOGY It provides nearly unlimited bandwidth potential and is steadily replacing copper network specially in intra-city backbone networks. This is being deployed in commercial buildings and complexes and some metros / big cities having high-density potential broadband subscribers. The fiber based models are future proof as they are able to provide huge amounts of bandwidth in the last mile as well as provide a true IP and converged network that can deliver high quality voice, data and video. Following technologies are popular for broad band through OFC: Hybrid Fiber Coaxial (HFC) Fiber to the Curb (FTTC) Fiber to the Home (FTTH)

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CABLE TV NETWORK TECHNOLOGY Cable TV network Technology can be used as franchisee network of the service provider for provisioning Broadband services. It delivers high speed Internet services over Cable TV system. All responsibilities for ensuring compliance of terms & conditions of the license shall vest with the Licensee. The terms of franchise agreement between Licensee and his franchisee shall be settled mutually by negotiation between the two parties involved. A splitter splits the signal to TV outlets and the cable modem and Cable modem connects directly to the PC

PLC (POWER LINE COMMUNICATION)

Power Line Communication is also known as BPL (Broadband over Power Line). A high frequency signal carries broadband IP on a utility power line.The high frequency signal is coupled directly onto the power line, not via modulation of the power waveform. The effective power is < 1 Watt.

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WIRELESS ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES

Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN/ Bluetooth) (IEEE 802.15) Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN / WiFi) (IEEE 802.11) Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN / WiMax) (IEEE 802.16) Fixed Broadband Wireless Access (LMDS/MMDS) Cellular Mobile Telephony (GSM-GPRS,EDGE / CDMA 2000 1x EVDO,EVDD) (3GUMTS/WCDMA)

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BROADBAND APPLICATIONS

1. Personal Services High Speed Internet Access Multimedia 2. Govts. Public services E-governance E-education Tele-medicine 3. Commercial services E-commerce Corporate Internet Videoconferencing 4. Video & Entertainment services Broadcast TV Video on Demand Interactive gaming Music on Demand Online Radio

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VIDEO ON DEMAND (VOD) Allow subscribers to watch any pre-loaded program at anytime with full DVD like controls Broadcast (BTV) & Time-shifted TV (TVOD) Besides regular BTV services, TVoDSL provides subscribers with virtual DVD controls to pause, start, stop, rewind and fast forward live TV programs Users also have the flexibility to watch any previous broadcasted programs without pre-recording (nPVR) Pay-Per-View (PPV) /near-Video on Demand (nVOD) Programs broadcast according to a pre-set schedule with subscribers having the option of watching and paying for individual programs Interactive TV (iTV) Video Phone / Video Conferencing / WebCam Additional VAS (t-commerce, etc.) Advertising [Targeted, Multicast] BSNLS BROADBAND SERVICES With the NIB II project, BSNL is planning to rollout Broadband services in a big way across the country. The earlier forays in this regard did not really take off because of the inability of the franchisee to kickstart the equipment procurement and installation. However, with the current plans under the NIB-II project, BSNL will still be in a position to become the number one player in the segment in the country with its nation-wide rollout. Broadband Services proposed to be rolled out The following services are proposed to be rolled out on the hardware and software platforms provided by NIB-II: High Speed Internet Access 1 Mbps Upstream 8 Mbps Downstream Video Streaming Video-on-Demand Video Conferencing Interactive Gaming Point-to-Point Data Network on IP

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The following are the significant network elements for Broadband: Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS or BBRAS) This is the device which acts as the gateway granting customers access to the network. It offers the following services: Internet Access VLAN and Gigabit Ethernet Services Multicasting Broadband Access VPN Content Delivery Services

Aggregation Switch (LAN Switch) The subscriber connections from the DSLAMs are aggregated through this before being passed on to the core router. This again is implemented in two tiers, with a tier1 switch aggregating traffic from multiple tier-2 switches. DSL Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) The DSL Access Multiplexer, popularly known as DSLAM, is employed by the Telecom Companies to code the subscriber line with the broadband data content. Once the ADSL copper line reaches the customer, some customer premises equipment (CPE) has to be employed to separate the voice and data signals.

In many cases the Splitter function is combined within the DSL Modem CPE equipment, which is also known sometimes as a Set-top Box.

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BROADBAND SERVICES

Services available through Broadband

High speed Internet Access: This is the always-on Internet access service with speed ranging from 2 Mbps to 8 Mbps. Bandwidth on Demand: This will facilitate customer to change bandwidth as per his / her requirement. For example a customer with 2 Mbps can change to 4 Mbps during the IP TV session. Bandwidth on Demand: This will facilitate customer to change bandwidth as per his / her requirement. For example a customer with 2 Mbps can change to 4 Mbps during the IP TV session. Multicasting: This is to provide video multicast services for application in distance education, telemedicine etc Dial VPN Service: This service allows remote users to access their private network securely over the NIB-II infrastructure. VPN on Broadband: This facilitates access of VPN using existing Broadband connection. Content-based Services: Like Video on Demand, Interactive Gaming, Live and time shifted TV. Audio and Video Conferencing Share ideas, information, and applications using video or audio. .

Distant Learning Consists of electronic classrooms with two-way and multi-way communication among teachers and students. .

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CONCLUSION
I saw various division of Telephone Exchange Indira Nagar, Banda and tried to group as much as I could, which switched my knowledge and logic. As a student of ECE. I learned Telecom Networks which is mainly concerned with my focus area. At last, I would like to say thanks again all staff of the unit who helped me through my training period.

THANKS!
KRISHNA DEV ANAND E.C. (7th SEM) (0813931028)

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REFERENCE 1. Material provided by BSNL training center.

2. www.wikipedia.org 3. www.tec.gov.in 4. www.tcoe.in 5. www.tdsat.nic.in 6. www.itu.int 7. www.aptsec.org 8. www.etsi.org 9. www.mtnl.net.in 10. www.tcil-india.com

11.www.itiltd-india.com

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