/

AE302.

Adiabatic Flow in a Constant Area Channel with Normal Shock Waves

Normal shock waves occur in high speed flow devices such as supersonic inlets and supersonic nozzles. In the case of a supersonic nozzle, a normal shock wave can appear at the exit or inside the diverging portion of the converging-diverging nozzle, if the back pressure outside the nozzle is not properly adjusted. JU -^{ T . It is possible to predict the appearance of shock waves in high speed flows by formulating a boundary value problem in partial differential equations, such as the Navier-Stokes equations with appropriate boundary conditions. In this way, we can obtain the details of the variation of the fluid properties inside the thickness of the shock wave, where viscosity effects are important. However, in this chapter, we adopt a simplified engineering approach to the problem of normal shock waves. Having observed the appearance of normal shock waves in supersonic flow in laboratory experiments, we assume the presence of the shock wave and proceed to use the integral form of the conservation laws in order to predict the change in the fluid properties across the shock wave. We treat the shock wave as a very thin region in the flow and ignore all the details of the variations of the fluid properties within this thin region. In this way the shock wave problem is simplified significantly and can be stated in the following way: If the flow speed u\d the thermodynamic properties p\, p\i of the fluid are known in region (1) before the shock, what are the flow speed u% and the properties of the fluid p%, p^ and TI in region (2) after the shock? Let's consider the area of the flow between two straight streamlines or two straight flat solid walls where a normal shock wave occurs. We denote the shock wave (SW) by a straight thin region, perpendicular (normal) to the streamlines, through which there can be abrupt changes in the properties of the fluid. Let station (1) be the region of the flow before the shock wave (upstream of the SW) and station (2) the region after the shock wave (downstream of the SW). Each of these two regions (1 and 2) is a region of simple flow, i.e. a region where the fluid properties are uniform. In order to analyze this flow using the approach of a finite control surface and control volume, we make the following assumptions:

1. Steady state flow 2. Constant area channel A\tA% = A

N SWA

X i cV =5

sbreawfii

3. There is a discontinuity inside the control volume (CV) representing the normal shock wave. 4. One-dimensional flow. That is, the properties of the fluid are uniform across section (1) and section (2) of the channel, but vary across the normal shock wave. ., i

Q)

i.e. -free, reatoh^ (i) &*u& O) **"

P\

5. The flow in regions (1) and (2) is inviscid and adiabatic. . There are no body forces acting on the fluid.

p
i

Conservation of mass: Jcs P(u ' n) cL4 = 0

07^

otvty point V tils

(jb) Momentum theorem or Newton's second law of motion

TKere, o^e ho

= /cs /m(o - n) dA
where ^Fx is the sum of the forces acting on the fluid in the x direction. Since we are dealing with the case of inviscid flow without any body forces, only the pressure forces will be included

Conservation of energy: /cs(/i + w2/2)p(u - n) dA = dQ/dt - dW/dt = Here we assume adiabatic flow, Q' = dQ/dt = 0 and no mechanical power is extracted from theflow,W = dW/dt = 0. Since the flow is one-dimensional, the above equations are written as:

w?/2) =

cfT,

The specific enthalpies hi and /i2 are functions of the temperature hi = cpTi and h2 = cpT2. The channel has a constant cross-section area A\ A^ = A. Dividing the equations by this area A and writing the enthalpies in terms of the temperatures, we obtain:
= P2U2

Pi

=P2+

+ ul/2 = cpT2 +

Where we have added the equation of state of an ideal gas for the conditions at section (2). All the fluid properties before the shock wave MI, pi, piand T\e known. We now have a system of four nonlinear algebraic equations in four unknowns: M2, p%, p2 and T2. With these relations, we can calculate the "jump" in the properties of the fluid through the normal shock wave. However, since the equations are nonlinear, this will require some work in order to obtain a solution. Relations for a normal Shock wave Let's start with the energy equation. We can write the equation for any two stations in the flow, including a station where the fluid is stagnant UQ = 0, such as in a stagnation chamber (station (0)). Define this condition of the fluid as a reservoir or stagnation condition, usually denoted by subscript 0.

SH* ce U.0 =: O
where the left hand side denotes the condition at station (0) and the right hand side is written for any station with temperature T and speed u. Since UQ = 0, the equation becomes

l-d -ffoii/

i^1

cpT0 = cpT

Introducing cp = -j^y and the speed of sound a2 'yRT, we get 7-RTb _ 7! 7!

-"~<
2 U2 h

7-1

7_1

T 'o

A useful reference point in the flow is the section where M = u/a = 1, i .e., u = a. We have previously denoted this condition by a star superscript t* = u* = a = a*. This condition occurs at the section of minimum area, known as the throat of the nozzle. We now introduce the definition of another Mach number, denoted by a star superscript M*, defined as the ratio of the local speed of the fluid u to the speed of sound a* at the section

We have now introduced two different Mach numbers, M and M* with the following definitions /* ,, _ _ local speed of the fluid ~ a ~ local speed of sound _ jj local speed of the fluid ~ a* ~~ speed of sound at station (*) (at the throat) U/kere Ms I
CU

QL*

Usually M and M* are not equal at an arbitrary section of the flow. However if M = 1 at a given section, then it follows that M* = 1. This is easy to verify since if M = 1, then u = a and a = a* because of the sonic condition at the throat. It follows that u = a* and M* = u/a* = a* /a* = 1.

M*-^--I
I I " ~ . ~ *""

a* a'

., ~ V

We are going to need another form of the energy equation, written in terms of the speed of sound at the throat a* instead of the speed of sound ao at the stagnation condition.
u? _,_ a2 u** 2 ' 7-1 ~ 2

,*2 a*' (7-l)a*'+2a*' 7-1 ~ 2(7-1)

SWCe U- ZZ.GL ^

#-

-fc-

=: I a^'

i , _ai (7+lK 2 + 7-1 ~ 2(7-1)

Recall that our purpose is to derive relations for the properties of the flow before and after the shock wave. Starting with the momentum equation :
Pi

Divide both sides by p\u\ pa^a, the equation of conservation of mass

ttl

- tia = -^-- ^L.

using

a" =

p =>? cf^-h >. -i- C" * oT -^ L.tA;> i If

o

*f

, Ito =

which can also be written as

In the next step, we replace a\d a2 using the energy equation, written at stations (1) and (2) ft^

CO
In order to eliminate ai t a2 and obtain a relation between first equation by u\d the second by u-i to obtain:

M"

M,
and a*, multiply the

7-1

*2 *

1 7+1 2 ^1

Subtracting the last two equations:

17+1

(cner^j

Using the momentum equation

and combining with the energy equation, we have

J

1 7+1 /
x-*^

Int.

7!

7!

7!

Dividing the last equation by (u\ u^}, we get

1 7+1 *2 ,
a

7-1

2 7-1

"*" 2

Solving for u\u-i in terms of 7 and a*, we obtain

n _ i 7+1 *2

= a*2 This result is known as the Prandtl or Meyer relation. Writing this result in terms of the Mach number M* = u/a*, we obtain = a*2 = Mfa^Ma'a*) =1 ieeetu. e U.( =: M ( O.

= I/MI

/'~"N

This relation shows that the flow through a shock wave must be from either supersonic to subsonic flow, or vice-versa, from subsonic to supersonic flow. However, we will show later that the latter case is impossible, since it contradicts the second law of thermodynamics. Our next step is to develop a relation between the Mach numbers MI = u\d ^ O2 spectre I* ' M% = uijai before and after the shock wave. We first develop a relation between M and M*. Recalling the definitions of the Mach numbers M = u/a and M* = u/a*, we start from the energy equation
2 ^ 7-1 ~ 2 7-1

and multiply by (7
~2~ + M2 2( 7 + 1 )jkP 2

Solving for M2 in terms of M*2, _1 71^_ _ 7-1 _ 7+l-(7-l)M*2 Af2 - 2 M*2 2 ~ 2M*2
2M* M2 = 7+l-(7-l)M*2

Similarly, solving for M*2 in terms of M2,

M*2 ~~ 7+1 ^ 7+1 M2 ~ 7+l)M2
_ __ _ _ _ _

( 7+l)M2

Replacing M* and MJ in the Prandtl-Meyer equation using the last relation

'
/

(7-l)M2+2 (M|)2

We now have an equation that relates M2 to M2. Introducing the shorthand notation y = M2 and q = / _ - n - 2 ! o ^ "ast e1uatinbecomes

(7-i)y+2
q

f( 7+l)2M2-(7-l)2M2-2(7-l)| i(7-l)M?+2 -P Solving for y = Mf , we obtain a relation between the Mach numbers before and after the shock ? - 2(7 - l)]y = 2(7~l)Af? + 4 _(7zl)M2+2

P,
51 ShockWave

The ratio of the velocities was previously obtained as : 1 _ JfL _ j _ 2 1*1^2 a*9
JLvJL ]

M*2 1

_ / ( 7+l)M2 i \\9 > <- ( 7 l)Mi+2

\ / i

Using the continuity equation p\u\ p^u^, the density ratio can be obtained in terms of the Mach number before the shock wave
P2 _ Ul
=

(7+l)M?

Pi

u2

(7 -l)M2+2

The pressure ratio pz/pi can be obtained from the momentum equation
Pi. ~ Pi = P\U\

Dividing by pi

YM
Pl Pl
O

Using a2 = -^ or = -V and the result for

_ _| _ Pl ft After simplifying
Pi

-l)M12+21

Now that relations for the density and the pressure ratios were derived, the temperature ratio can be obtained from the equation of state of an ideal gas

afte r

M,
ZL _ PI PL
TI

~ pi P2

"Ti

P '02.

"T ' 7.

>

af

j ike 51 agnail Ta/Ti 1

f*r

The change in entropy B^SI through the shockwayp can be obtained from

pTC.iSU.fG.S

S9Si

~ 7-]

p \o\
C ^^

Now the factor oflog(p2/pi) is fr 1 = ^3^ So we can write the entropy difference as:

"Mf-^
Sl0iu

So

Using the rule for the sum of two logs, we obtain:

C ^, *^

10
S-2-Si
"7-1

Using the previous results for the pressure ratio and the density ratio

a= pi

Stil
(7 -l)Mf+2

we obtain ~R~

Pot

UJ~0

27
=

7-1

7+1

Since the flow is adiabatic, the entropy of the fluid cannot decrease across the shock wave, i.e. s-^ > s\. This is possible only if Mi > 1, that is, the flow before the shock must be supersonic. i ^

v
r,

(Supersonic) MI > 1 >

M2 < 1 (Subsonic).

Shock Wave
Ratio of stagnation pressures SOS-SDI = Rlog but, since theflowis adiabatic Tp2 = TOI, therefore r. * ^P

^e-creo-Ce

"

o,
>

Since, by definition, the stagnation conditions are obtained through an isentropic process sea = 2 and SQI = si, therefore 302 SQI = ^2 si and we can use the last equation to obtain the ratio po2/Poi:

We have seen that (s2 s\)/R is given by

V40UUWX TAteA

T0 -

(I
7-1

12.

MoJL
I. $u-bsfcie Flow

\iae
t

is Jletectedi by iUe
C

fifcf

f>

r'

J a

A lod

.
l*?ble Jf/QKJ

4 "Bve Pite?t

We CAM. d.&Wmihfc ^e Mock vvu^e^ Mi it we- k*vo\ o Mi

-0
, r

W 31 *
A

JO

n
,

"

50

4) -~t)

so
? 1? 5 >

p
v\

ir*

Converging Nozzle U fcUi

pendent fo <^ To T* kft

The

COM. We. *ribreA\a*

T0-const

..\ Regime V^f H

not affect % ^ f *^ ME= p r:D

ime
yr
ssiS&BS&EigSS^^

Regime 1
r- i-o

-1
ft ^m

*^^^^^^^^^^^f^

C i v )'.1 , ^. (lit)
1

(ID
)\e E ] Regime! *o

Oi (b) '"

(c)

DFIO.

Operation of converging nozzle at various back ^> Po Po Me < 1

Me 1

Regime I

Before choking and "just choked"

Chokedflow^

Regime II < ^-

w = dm/dt = mass flow rate

Ag

NSVU

M.=2,

Converging-diverging nozzle

TKe

rr-rU

ti

S 2hil critical
-11-"

,/

eu^p

flew

Exit pressure

Pressure at throat

Mass Flow rate

i
1

AT" A*

(b)

(c)

(d)

Performance of converging-diverging nozzle with various ratios of back pressure to stagnation pressure

(a) Curves of pressure versus distance along the nozzle axis. (b) Exit-plane pressure versus back pressure. (c)Throat pressure versus back pressure. (d) Mass flow rate parameter versus ratio of back pressure, w = dm/dt = mass flowrate