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Kathmandu, 4.9.2008
Outline
1) Buddhist Canon and Canonical Editions 2) gama Literature 3) Case Studies:
Shorter Chinese Sayukta-gama (T.100) Chinese Madhyamgama (T.26)
Canon = effort to order the textual universe Canon: a more or less bounded set of texts accorded preeminent authority and sanctity (Ency. of Bud.). Consensus based, coretexts vs. fringe texts; changes over time; monolingual Canonical editions: Decisions made by few people; all texts equally part of the edition; collection of unchanging text witnesses
Canonization
Pli: Canon as Tripitaka; PTS-edition Chinese: Sutra catalogs as non-normative records of existing literature; Kaibao-edition (10th c.) to CBETA (21st c.) Tibetan: Bu-ston (1290-1364) & the Old Narthang canon to Peking edition Sanskrit: Collections of the early Buddhist schools, so far no canonical edition
Kaibao 971-983
Individual Ms.
Tenkai ( ) 1637-1648
Manji 1902-1905
Taish 1922-1932
baku 1669-1681
Ms. Print. Combine Independent By Korea By Japan By China Confirm Info. Doubtful Info or not direct Influence
Pilu 1115-1150
Qianlong 1735-1738
Puhui 1943-
Baina 1866-
Wulin 1522-1566
Pinqie 1909-1914
Before Song(960CE)
After 1911-
Strapiaka sections
Northern tradition: gama (canonical text, scriptural authority) Southern tradition: Nikya (collection, group) Apart from the Mhasutras almost nothing of the early Strapiaka has been included in the Tibetan canon
gamas
gama/Nikya Literature
CHINESE PLI
TIBETAN SANSKRIT
gama/Nikya collections
Dghanikya Drgha-gama Chang ahan jing Collection of Long Discourses Collection of Middle Length Discourses Connected Discourses
Majjhimanikya Madhyama-gama Zhong ahan jing Sayuttanikya Sayukta-gama Za ahan jing Anguttaranikya Ekottarika-gama Zengyi ahan jing Khuddakanikya (Kudrakapiaka Za zang )
Open questions
What is the relative chronology of the gamas? What criteria are sufficient to attribute gama texts? To what degree are doctrinal differences between the early schools reflected in the Sutrapitaka?
Identifying Pali parallels (Anesaki (1908), Akanuma (1929)) Identifying Sanskrit, Tibetan a.o. parallels
2) Create comparative, critical editions (print or digital) 3) Translate into modern languages
Aim: create the best edition of the BZA (T.100) (and partial translation) Best edition: all previous textual information + added value Funded: 2005-2008, Jiang Jingguo Foundation 1000+ short texts arranged in clusters XML/TEI markup eXist Database Parallel edition
Comparative Catalog:
Funded by the Numata foundation (BDK) 3 editors, 9 translators Started in Dec. 2005. First third to be published in 2010. 60 juan Interest in gama literature among Chinese scholars
Challenges
Solution(s)
Electronic supports:
Glossary generated from occurrence list TransHelp tool to automatically compare the Chinese text with the English translation
TransHelp: Glossary
TransHelp: Compare
TransHelp: Results
Translation workflow:
Conclusion
gama literature (idem Vinaya, Abhidharma, Avadna) exists in multiple languages We need critical, multilingual editions These editions will be digital The basic technology of creating digital editions is markup Questions? m.bingenheimer@gmail.com http://buddhistinformatics.ddbc.edu.tw/~mb/