Class-1

Introduction, Definition &

Classification Dated:30-7-12
What are turbomachines?
Why do you need to study
turbomachines?
How does the turbomachine differ
from a positive displacement m/c?
How to represent a turbomachine
in simple yet generalized form ?
What are turbomachines?
Definition

Rotating machines,
with continuous fluid flow,
transferring energy
either from the shaft to the working
fluid
or vice-versa.
Why do you need to study
turbomachines?
To understand:
The working principles of energy transfer
The choice and design
The performance estimation
The associated problems while using

The knowledge acquired and skills
developed should prepare you to
improve and innovate turbomachines
and related applications.
What are turbomachines?
Classification
Rotating machines,
with continuous fluid flow,
transferring energy
either from the shaft to the working
fluid (Pump class)
or from the working fluid to the
shaft (Turbine class)
Pump class
Examples
Fans working fluids are incompressible
(low Mach no.) gases
Blowers working fluids are low subsonic
compressible gases
Compressors working fluids are highly
subsonic/transonic/supersonic compressible
gases
Pumps working fluids are liquids
(incompressible)

Turbine class
Examples
Water Turbines working fluid is
water (incompressible)
Steam turbines working fluid is
steam (compressible)
Gas turbines working fluid is gas
(compressible)
Wind turbines working fluid is low
speed wind (incompressible)
Axial Fan
Kaplan turbine (Axial Turbine)
Centrifugal Fan
Centrifugal Fan
Centrifugal Blower
Centrifugal Blower
Centrifugal Pump
Pumps
Multi stage centrifugal pump
Centrifugal Pump
Applications
Aerospace
Agricultural
Automotive
Biomedical
Chemical
Domestic (comfort, utility)
Food processing
Industrial
Marine
Mining
Power Plants
Transportation
Biomedical Application-
Heart pump
Study Assignment - 1:
Identify at least one machine for each
application and prepare a power point
presentation showing the applications
and corresponding machines identified
by you.
Turbomachine vs
Positive displacement machine
Fluid flow is continuous in turbomachines. A
control volume (open system) analysis is
required for the fluid element.

The fluid is entrapped in a positive
displacement m/c, dragged for a while
and then delivered. The entrapped fluid
element is a fixed mass or a (closed)
system.

Figure showing the positive
displacement m/cs vs turbomachines
Reciprocating Compressor
Lobe pump
Screw pump
Axial Fan
Rotodynamic
Positive
displacement
Generic Turbomachine (Axial)


Fig 1. Axial Flow machine


Thank You
Pump Class machines
As the rotor is made to rotate by supplying
external work at the shaft, suction is
created at the inlet end and is called
suction end.

The fluid is delivered at a higher pressure
and this end at the outlet (or exit) is called
outlet/exit/delivery/discharge/pressure
end.
Hard arrow denotes flow in
pump/compressor


Fig 1. Axial Flow machine
Suction
end
Pressure
end
Turbine class machines
Fluid of higher energy level flows
from the inlet (pressure) end, to the
outlet (suction) end, where the fluid
will have a lower energy level.

The rotor rotates due to the dynamic
action of the fluid and is capable of
doing external work at the shaft.
Rotor/Runner/Impeller
The rotor is the heart of a turbomachine.

It is shaped in such a way as to give the best possible
performance.

The questions that may arise are:
What is such a shape of the rotor?
On what principles it should be designed?

The principles are those of
Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics
Fluid mechanics
Statics

Kinematics

Dynamics
Conservation of mass
Newtons Laws governing the changes in
linear/angular momentum
Conservation of Energy (First Law) applied
to control volume for a steady flow process
Steady Flow Process in a control volume
2 2
( ) ( )
2 2
in out
in in out out
C C
Q m h gz W m h gz + + + = + + +
2 2
( ) ( )
2
in out
in out in out
C C W Q
h h g z z
m m
| |

= + + +
|
\ .
Where is the Specific Work in J/kg or m
2
/s
2


Adiabatic Machines

= Constant (Incompressible flow machine)




Neglect change in internal energy( liquid machines)




m
W

( ) ( )
in out
sp in out in out
p p W
W u u g z z
m
| |
= = + +
|
\ .
( )
in out
sp in out
p p
W g z z

| |
= +
|
\ .



Thank you