John Foye I. MSE 221 Final Review Thermal Radiation a. Spectral Radiancy: RT(v) 1.

The energy emitted per unit time per unit area by a blackbody in equilibrium at temperature T. 2. vmax is the peak of RT(v) at a given T: increases with increasing T. 3. lambdamax decreases with increasing T. 4. Radiancy RT=(sigma)*T4 where (sigma)= Stephan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67 EE-8 W/(m2*k4) b. Energy Density pT(v) 1. The energy emitted per unit volume 2. RT(v)=(c/4)* pT(v) 3. Raleigh-Jeans 1. pT(v)dv=((8(pi)v2)/c3)*kT a. this is because the average energy of a vibrating atom in equilibrium is kT because it has 2 degrees of freedom. b. BUT WRONG at higher frequencies UV catastrophe c. Ultraviolet Catastrophe 1. Led Planck to postulate that energy is discrete 1. pT(v)dv = ((8(pi)v2)/c3)*((hv)/(e^(hv/kT)-1)) d. Weins Displacement Law 1. Lambdamax * T = 2.898EE-3 Interference a. Photoelectric Effect: ejection of electron from surface of metals when visible light shines on the surface. Requires loosely bound electron to balance both energy and momentum. 1. There exists a cut off frequency vo below which no photo electrons are emitted. And the frequency vo depends on the stopping potential Vo. 1. vo is independent of intensity 2. No measurable time lag between incident radiation of photoelectron emission. 2. Kmax=eVo = hv-phi(work function) max kinetic energy ejected electrons b. Compton Effect: x-rays scattered from almost free electron. 1. X-ray photon scatters from a free electron at rest resulting in a scattered photon with energy less than incident photon energy and electron gaining some kinetic energy and electron gaining some kinetic energy. 2. Deltalambda = (h/(moc))*(1-cos(theta)) 3. Kenergy of scattered electron = Eo-E1 = (hc(deltalambda))/ (lambdao(lambdao+deltalambda) c. X-Ray Production

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1. (hc)/lambda = K-K 1. If all energy of incident electron is given up in the first encounter, then K=0, and a. (hc)/lambdamin = K 2. Continuous X-Ray Production 1. Electron absorption requires presence of a heavy nucleus to conserve energy and momentum simultaneously 2. Called bremsstrahlung d. Pair Production: a photon of high energy gets absorbed in matter and creates two particles ensuring energy, momentum, and charge conservation 1. Remember: E2=c2p2 + mo2c4 Radioactive Decay a. t1/2 ln2/R where R = rate b. I(t) = I(0)e^(-(sigma)(row)*t) where (sigma)(row) = attenuation coefficient 1. Attenuation length = 1/((sigma)(row)) Wave-Like Properties of Photons a. Diffraction from a single slit: 1. a*sin(theta) = n*lambda for minima of single slit because the monochromatic light comes from the middle of the slit. b. Diffraction from a double slit 1. Let d = distance between slits, let D = distance from slits to screen, let yn=distance from the center of the screen to the nth maxima. 1. yn=(D/d)*n*lambda for maxima c. Diffraction Grating: multiple slit 1. d=distance between gratings 2. Maxima: d*sin(theta)=n*lambda d. Braggs Reflection 1. 2d*sin(theta)=n*lambda constructive interference or Bragg Peak 2. 2d*sin(theta)=(n+1/2)*lambda minima Rydberg a. R=1/lambda=RH(1/nf2 1/ni2)e b. RH=1.097 EE 7 m-1 1. Can use reduced mass in order to correct for finite nuclear mass. Thus us mew=M/(1+(m/M)) c. Series 1. Lymen, nf = 1 2. Balmer, nf = 2 3. Parcher, nf = 3 4. Brackett, nf = 4 5. P-Fund, nf = 5 Bohrs Model a. Electron orbits around Nucleus b. Angular momentum of electron in orbit with radius r can only have quantized values given by L=Rxp=mvr=n*(h-bar), where h-bar=h/(2*pi) c. An electron in an allowed orbit r has a constant energy, ie it doesnt radiate energy

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d. When an electron jumps from an energy state Ei to a final energy state Ef, a quantum of radiation of frequency v=(Ef-Ei)/h is emitted. 1. Therefore set Fcentrifugal=FCouloumbic, incorporate conservation of angular momentum (mvr=n*h-bar), and r=((4*pi*permitivityoffreespace)*n2*(h-bar)2)/(m(Ze2)) 1. leads to En=(-mZ2e4)/((4*pi*epio)2*2*(h-bar)2*n2) e. Frank-Hertz experiment 1. Showed that atoms possessed discrete energy levels, even though they are neutral Wave-Particle Duality a. Wave: photons: E=hv=(h-bar)(omega)=pc and lambda=h/p b. Particle: interference, diffraction, and propagation c. De Broglie Wavelength, Lambda = h/p d. Thus, L=n*(h-bar) e. Bohrs Correspondence Principle: classical results obtained as ninfinity Uncertainty Principle: Foundation of Q.M. a. Consequence of wave property and lambda=h/p b. Results from the act of measurement which disturbs the particle that is being observed. c. Inherent principle: cannot be aboided by use of better instrumentation. d. x=( ) e. px=( ) f. x*px(h-bar)/2 where (h-bar)=h/(2*pi) g. E*t(h-bar)/2 1. If E is the spread in energy of an emitted photon due to a transition from state E2 to E1 and t is the time interval in which this transition takes place. h. x ~ lambda/sin(theta) and px ~ (2*h*sin(theta))/lambda 1. Can mess with lambda and theta, but they work is different directions, thus the uncertainty of (h-bar)/2 Lasers: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation a. Interaction of photons with matter b. Stimulated absorption, spontaneous emission (photons emitted in random directions, transition happens randomly), stimulated emission (in phase, coherent, like resonance in mechanical systems) c. n1=e^((-E1)/(kT)), n2=e^((-E2)/(kT)), n1/n2=e^((E2-E1)/(kT))=e^(hv)/(kT) 1. n1>>n2 in thermal equilibrium 2. p(v) ~ spectral density of EM radiation of freq v in thermal equilibrium with the system. 3. R12 is the rate per atom of transition 1 2 4. R21 is the rate per atom of transition 2 1 5. In equilibrium, n1R12 = n2R21 6. Note that spontaneous emission is independent of p(v), while stimulated emission and absorption depend on p(v) Come Back because the computer shut down

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TDSE a. (-2/(2m))*(2/x2)*(x,t) + V(x,t)*(x,t)=i(/t)*(x,t) 1. This is the non-relativistic fundamental equation for quantum mechanics b. *(x,t)(x,t)=|(x,t)|2 Is a real quantity and is the probability of finding a particle represented by (x,t) within (x, x+dx). c. (x,t) should be 1. Finite 2. Continuous 3. Single-Valued 4. Normalizable d. (x,t) gives information: 1. Postulate 1: Every physically realizable state of a Q.M. system can be described by a wave function that is a solution of TDSE. Acceptable solutions are finite, single-valued continuous and momentous. 2. Postulate 2: In Q.M., every observable is represented by an operator which extracts physical information about that observable from (x,t). 1. Momentum operator: -i(/x) a. This extracts the momentum for a free particle b. -i(/x)(x,t)= k(x,t), <p>=-k 2. Energy Operator: i(/t) Hamiltonian Operator a. This extracts the energy for a free particle b. <H>=-(2k2)/(2m) = e. 1-D well 1. In Q.M., lowest energy of a particle in a well is non-zero. max uncertainty in position is a 1. (px)min/2a 2. .: (px)min =/= 0 b/c ((px)min)2/2m ~ E =/= 0 f. Solutions 1. n(x,t) = Acos(knx)e-it with kna/2=n/2, n = 1,3,5... Bsin(knx)e-it with kna/2=n/2, n = 2,4,6... a. A=B=sqrt(2/a) 2 2 2 2. En=( n )/(2ma2) n=1,2,3 1. These are the allowed energies of the particle in the infinite well. 3. (x,t) (En)n = 0, .: <E2> = En2 and <E>n = En 1. Thus, (t)n=, and the particle remains in that state forever. 4. IMPORTANT: |(x,t)|2 is independent of time, as is <x>, <x2>, <p2>, <E>, <E2> 1. States or wavefunctions in which the probability |(x,t)|2dx is independent of time are called stationary states. TISE

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a. When V(x,t) is independent of time, the general solution to TDSE can be expressed in a separable for n(x,t)=(x)(t) when (t)=e-it and =En b. (-2/(2m))(2/x2)n(t)+V(x)n(x)=Enn(x) 1. n(x)(t) are stationary states which possess definite energies En with (E)n=0 1. ie (x,t)=(x)e-iEnt/ Superpositions a. *(x,t)(x,t)=|c1|2|1(x)|2+|c2|2|2|2 + c1*c2eiE1t/ e-iE2t/ 1*2 + c2*c1e-iE1t/ eiE2t/ 1*2 b. *(x,t)(x,t)dx=|c1|2+|c2|2=1 1. |(x,t)|2 is not time dependent and therefore is not a stationary state c. Take Superposition of 1(x,t) and 2(x,t) 1. <H>=|c1|2E1+|c2|2E2 Qualitative Analysis of TDSE a. (2/x2)(x)= 2m/2 *(V-E)(x) 1. If (2/x2)(x) is positive, then concave up. 2. If (2/x2)(x) is negative, then concave down. Potential Step a. E>V0: 1. k1 = ((2mE)/ 2) 2. k2 = ((2m(E-V)/ 2) 3. R=( k1-k2)2/( k1+k2)2 4. T=4k1k2/( k1+k2)2 1. .: R + T = 1 2. R and T remain unchanged if k1 and k2 are interchanged 5. Valid only for E>V 1. R=1-T=((1-(1-(V/E)))/(1+(1+(V/E))))2 b. E<V0: 1. k1 = ((2mE)/ 2) 2. k2 = ((2m(V-E)/ 2) in order to make it real 3. R=1 4. T=0 5. Wave function penetration 1. Note that wave function penetrates into region II a. x= /(2m(V-E)) c. Conduction electrons: 1. V0-E= V0-EF = o=work function Barriers a. Finite Potential Barrier 1. E>Vo: 1. R+T=1, R=/=0=/=T, but for special values of E, can contain resonance transmission with T=1 and R=0 2. k1 = ((2mE)/ 2) 3. k2 = ((2m(E-V)/ 2) 4. T and R given by professor if needed. 5. When sin(k2a)=0, then we get T=1, R=0

a. Transmission resonance condition i. k2a=n 1. 2=(2)/k2 2. E<V0: 1. R+T=1 2. Particle tunnels through the barrier and T=/= 0 as long as a is finite. XVI. Finite Well XVII. Simple Harmonic Oscillator a. V(x)=(1/2)Cx2 1. Where =(C/m) b. En=(n+.5) , n=0, 1, 2, c. Zero-point energy when n=0: E0=(1/2) =(1/2)hv XVIII. Infinite 3-D Well a. (-2/(2m)) 2 (2/x2)n(x)+V(x)n(x)=Enn(x) b. En,m,p=((n2+m2+p2)22)/(2mL2) XIX. Hydrogen Atom a. V(r)=(-Ze2)/(40(x2+y2+z2)) 1. H atom or H-like 1 electron atoms have a spherically symmetric potential.\ 2. Use spherical coordinates b. (-2/(2m)) 2 (2/x2)n(x,y,z)-(Ze2)/ (40(x2+y2+z2))n(x,y,z)=Enn(x,y,z) c. For spherical coordinates, the laplacian is 1.

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d. Use reduced mass mew=(memp)/( me+mp) and e. (-2/(2m))2(2/x2)n(r,,)-(Ze2)/(40(x2+y2+z2))n(r,,)=Enn(r,,) 1. Separation of variables, solve for the three varaibles imposing boundary conditions, and get three quantum numbers n, l, ml\ f. Quantum numbers 1. n: principal quantum number- n=1, 2, 3, 1. corresponds to energy 2. l: orbital (azimuthal) quantum number l=0,1,2(n-1) 1. Corresponds to orbital angular momentum 2. Orbital angular momentum (quantized) L=(l(l+1)) 3. ml: magnetic quantum number: ml=-l, -l+1, -l+2,0,1,l-1,l 1. .:(2l+1) total values of ml for a given l 2. Corresponds to the z-component of orbital angular momentum (Lz=ml ) Degeneracy a. When TISE admits 2 distinct eigenfunctions as solutions with the same energy eigenvalue, En, then the eigenvalue is called doubly degenerative. Triply degenerative if TISE has three distinct solutions, and so on. Every H

atom level labeled by En has a degeneracy of 2n2. This degeneracy takes into account the spin of the electron. XXI. Fermions and Bosons a. Every particle has an intrinsic spin (angular momentum) S which has a definite value that is a property of the particle (as fundamental as mass) b. Particles with half-integer values for spin are called FERMIONS 1. Ie (1/2), (3/2), (5/2), etc 1. Ex/ electrons, protons, neutrons, positrons c. Particles with integer values of spin (in units of ) are called BOSONS 1. Ie 0, 1 (photon), 2 (graviton), 3, etc 1. Ex/ photon, graviton XXII. Indistinguisability: Q.M. treats a collection of identical particles as indistinguishable unlike C.M. where particles are distinguishable. a. Due to identical, indistinguishable particles 1. |T(2,1)|2=|T(1,2)|2 1. One way is symmetric (Bosons) a. S(1,2)=(1/(2))(a(1)b(2)+a(2)b(1)) b. denote symmetric properties under exchange of 1 and 2 c. Solves TISE 2. One way is antisymmetric (Fermions) a. A(1,2)=(1/(2))(a(1)b(2)-a(2)b(1)) b. denotes the antisymmetric properties under exchange of 1 and 2 c. Solves TISE XXIII. Pauli Exclusion Principle: if 2 particles are described by an anti-symmetric total eigenfunction, they cannot be in a state with the same space and spin quantum numbers. a. Weak: in a multi-electron atoms, there can never be more than one electron in the same quantum state 1. Multi electron system: fermion system 2. Its wavefunction should be anti-symmetric under exchange 3. Consider 2 electron; put both in the same state and A=0 b. Strong: A system containing several electrons must be described by an antisymmetric total eigenfunction c. Spin of an electron S=(1/2) 1. The z-component of S, Sz, is quantized and takes on values 1. Sz=ms where ms=S to S in steps of unity a. Sz=(1/2) (spin up) or b. Sz= -(1/2) (spin down) XXIV. Energy Bands a. Represent by coupling N wells 1. Each energy level which was N-fold degenerate in uncoupled state splits into N very closely spaced levels (continuous bands) b. Periodic Solids: bands of allowed energies separated by energy gaps

c. Calculate Fermi energy, EF, which is the energy of the highest occupied energy level in a solid. 1. Let kE be the Fermi wave vector that corresponds to the highest R value for accommodating NA valence electrons for 1 mole of the solid. 2. Highest occupied electron level in a free electron model has energy: 1. EF= (2kF2)/(2me)= (2(32n)2/3/(2me)

Potential Equations: R=1-T=((1-(1-(V/E)))/(1+(1+(V/E))))2 EF= (2kF2)/(2me)= (2(32n)2/3/(2me) Questions: Why do solids have continuous emissions, while gases have bands? Frank-hertz: are the neutral atoms being ionized? Yes, I think so. When observing an electron, is it possible to strike the electron from both sides symmetrically with a photon?