'

Tamar Gozansky
Workers, Peasants and Capital
The Political Economy of Mandatory Palestine

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"We have an original unity between a specific form of community or tribal unit and the property in
nature connected with it, or the relation to the objective conditions of production as naturally existing,
as the objective being of the individual by means of the community. Now this unity, which in one sense
appears as the particular form of property, has its living reality in a specific mode of production itself,
and this mode appears equally as the relationship of the individuals to one another and as their specific
daily behavior towards inorganic nature, their specific mode of labor (which is always family labor and
often communal labor). The community itself appears as the first great force of production; special
kinds of conditions of production (e.g., animal husbandry, agriculture) lead to the evolution of a special
mode of production and special forces of production, both objective and subjective, the latter appearing
as qualities of the individuals" (Works of Karl Marx 1857-58, Pre-Capitalist Economic Formations,
Notebook V. January 22, 1858).

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Convention Regulating the Transit of Mineral Oils of Iraq Petroleum Company limited through the
Territory of Palestine. Official Gazette, 1st February, 1931
41 425-" 1917- 4,225-" ) 1947-.(1974 ,

104

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105

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Statistical Abstract 1944/45 p. 81 :

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Statistical Abstract 1944/45 p. 101 :

, ,4
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Palestine Economic Information Bulletin. No. 1 April-May 1939.

115

43

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119

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Report of Experts, Submitted to the Joint Palestine Survey Commission, Boston 44

122

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125

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128

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644

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3,663

Statistical Abstract of Palestine 1939, p.4 :
- -.
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.
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, 1928- 5- ) 3.4
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30- ,
, . 1938-
1934 10.5 , 5 .1928-

129


. 1938-1928 71%--
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54%-Statistical Abstract of Palestine 62%-
) .(1939. p. 4 ,
, .
, 1929 -
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130

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1929
2,475
160
2,315
10,968
2,235
2,511

1937
5,606
540
5,066
30,040
11,637
9,109

Palinvest. Palestine Economic Information bulletin, No.1 1939 :

30-
- ,
. 1932 - 6 ,
7 (1939-1930) 30- ) ,1947 ,'
.(283
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131

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,1921 , : 5
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) : ( :
1887-- , ,1929
30 . ,
, .
) 41
( ) 136 ( .
,
;Stein, 1984, p. 76) 1936 ;1986 , ,1980 ," .(123-113
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, , ,
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163

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.(p.93
, ,
59
.
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' 1931 ,
... 3,271 , 1935
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164

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, )Stein, 1984, p, ;1992 ,
.(62
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, ' - .---
. 25
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. . ,1937-
,
. ,
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" ' , , " 1939 Report on the Administration of
Palestine and Trans Jordan for the year 1935

165

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, ' ) ,(1992 ,
, , ,
13,000 11 , 6
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) , ( .
, 1,270
).(Hope Simpson 1930, p. 50
' , , 1932-- ,
,
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. ,
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).(Stein, 1984, p, 172
, 22-
,1940 , -
. , " , ,
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, .

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.1936-
'' :

167

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, .
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-- , ,
. , - , -
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1949-1948 , ,
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. " :
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""Actually the result of the purchase of .
land in Palestine by the Jewish National Fund has been that the land has been extra-territorialised. It
"ceases to be land from which the Arab can gain any advantage either now or at any time in the future
)(Hope-Simpson, p. 54

168

 .
" ) ,1958 ,' .(62


) , ,
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169

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170


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( . ' ,
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) ,( ,
.
, ,
, ' ) Survey 1946. Vol. I pp. 255- :
.(256
1933- , )(
, .
1926 . ,
, ' ) 302
( ) 57 (; ) 75 (;
) 52 (; , -
.- 958 ) Lands Claimed
.of as Domain. (CO 733/170
, ,1937
) - , ( 13.7 .
, 3 , ,
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, 660 . vol. I p. 257).
(Survey 1946,
, , , 13 ,
,

) ( 17- , 60%
.

171

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( , -
'.
-
.
.
.14 ) 1937 ,1943 ,(
1943
1937
175,088
95,000

2,432
3

1,222
25,000

62,522
3

177,520

63,744

Survey 1946, vol. I p. 264 :

,
, .
,1937 80%- , 1943
73% .- ,
1943- ,
3 .

, ,
. , )(
, , 2%
. ,
. ,
57% 20- 34% ,-,
31% 22%- ) ,1927 ,' .(41
1946- - ,
).(Survey 1946. pp. 246-251
, , ,
1925 12.5%- 10%- . 1938
) ,(Commutation of Thies ,
- .
- )
( . 1928-
)'( - , -,
' .
, , ,
, ,

172

 ) ( .
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,1935 ) ( ,
) ,(Rural Property Tax ) - :
( . 825 :
; 560 ; 160 .
40 , 19 ) .Granovsky, 1935, p. 177
(.
, ,
.
, ,
, .
,
. ,
,
.

) (
,
, )( .
, 30- 5-4 ,
. - ,
, ) Stein, 1984, p.
62
.(14
,1927 ,
' . 1928 )
) .(Torrens )
( , , .
" , 1928 ) Land
,(Settlement of Title Ordinance 10
) ( , , .
(Survey 1946, vol. I p. 234) 1946-
:
;
, ,;
- ;
;
62 ,
. , , ) (1944
" " , : ;
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173

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) ( .

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" :
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" " " " , "
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; .

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, ,
; ,
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(1) :

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. ,
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1928 ,
)( 5.25 , 1.2

174

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, ) ( ,
.
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.
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, , '; '
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. , , ,
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" " ,
) " "(.

.
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-
:
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, - ,
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' .(21

, , ,
,
.
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27 . , ,
) ( 1929-30-25-
) .(Hakim, El Hussayni, 1938 -
1931 : -
7,000- , 39- . ,
40 , 10- ) Yazbak,
.(2000
' ,
) 9-5 (
. ,

175

 . , , ,
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?
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57% . 100 , .35-27
90-80-" , ,
" ) ,1947 ,' .(66
,
) Survey 1946. Vol. :
.(I pp. 289-293
" ,1920 " ) Land
(Transfer Ordinance ,
, ,
. 1921 ,
, ),
,1978' .(124
, , ,
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- . , "
, ,
, ,
, .
- - ,
, .
- ,
- " ).( Survey 1946. Vol. I, p. 280
1929- " " Protection of
,(Cultivators Ordinance ,
, - .
, ,
.
' , -
, ) (1930-
):(1929
" .
, , , .
) "( 5
.-- , , ,
- -" ).(Hope Simpson, 1930, p. 36
1931- ,
. 1933 ) ]Cultivators [Protection
(Ordinance ) .(Statutory tenant
,
, . , -
, .
, 5,
7 .
. , ,
10-9 ,

176

 ,
.
1936- ,
,
.
1941 )(State Domain Committee
" )!( " ,
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).(Victimise the landlords
, ).(Crosbie
,1943 1933- - ,
, " -
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; ;
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177

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20- 30- .
22- 1922- 140- 1940- .
1913- 5- 1938/39-
) ,1970 ,' .(190-189
,
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178


.
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20 , 15%
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; ,
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104- . , "
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.

179

 .15 1929 ,

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2-1
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2-1



-

5,477

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1,604
11,156

16.4
6.8
47.4

1,657
8,396
1,103
6,940
25,573

7.1
35.6
4.7
29.4
100.0

Johnson, Crosbie, 1930, p. 21 :

- ' , ,
, .
, .
.
, , '- , 24 300- .
120-.
, ' ,15
240- . ,
240-120 , ) 1,604
1,657 (.
' 15 , 35 1929 104-
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( . ) 2( 43 ,
.
, - , ,1929

; ;
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( , 246 127-
.
, ,1936- 322
. , ,
, .

, , . 56 ,1923
) - ( ,
1929 44- ).(Johnson, Crosbie 1930, p. 45
, ,1944 80-
15.5 , ,
) 4.5( )( ).(Loftus. p. 44

180

 )
( , , .
,
10 , ,
.
1936 ,1944-
,
5,000- . : 1936
, 322 71,789 .
242 , ) 6-5 ( 45-40 .
) 1929 ( , )
( . , 30-
26 . ,
2.5 72 .
1936 :
.16 322-1936 ,

19

199-20

200

45,151

5.92
267,563

62.9

8.2

24,687

1,460,933

59.18

34.4

44.9

2,346

1,524,239

649.72

2.9

46.9

72,184

3,252,735

45.31

100.0

100.0

Loftus, National Income. P. 44 :

,
20 .
,
100-20 . 200
- ) ,- ,
(.
, ,
,
. 322 13
5,000 , 137 1,000 5,000- . ,
.
.-
) 13 5,000
45 , 20(
,
, ,
.

181

 1944 ,
. 49 ,
20 ) 63 .(1936 )
300 ( 1944- 16 )
40 .(1936
) 322 1936- .(1944-

1930
" '- ," -
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50 .
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.
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; - 8- 4-.
- , 100 )76
18 , 6 , ( , , 1930-
)
( 3.600- ) 3 600-(.
' , 104 ,1929-
. - 100
) ( 34 . 51
. ) 34( 30%
) 15( .
64 ,
, ,
).(Johnson, Crosbie 1930, pp. 15-18
- " "
, 100-80 , , , ,
' . , ) ( 20-
.
24 . 4 . -
12 . 16
, ,
).(Elazari-Volcani, 1930. p. 49

, ,

182

 ,
.
, ,
.' , ,1929 104
150 , 6.600
. :
.17 104) 1929 , (

205

82

63

169

-------------------------------------------------------------------519

799

113
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------912

,
400-
) (
550-

------------------------------------------------------------------- ) ( 150
Johnson, Crosbie, 1930, p. 27 :

. ,1936-
' , ,9%-
60-40.
,
. 1935
5 , 8.500
9.800- ).(Horwill 1936, pp. 80-83
, 27 1930-,
.
314 , 170
) . :
159 ( ),1949 ,' .(64
- ,
- . , 1929 8,700
- ; 8,872 , 2,756
. 13,600 , 56
)(.Hope Simpson, 1930, p. 70
- :
" , -
").( Ibid, p. 69

183

 ,
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.(39-38
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,
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.
, .
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,
64
.

,
, ,
, )( . ,
70% ,
. 1923 ,56%-
1930 ,46%- 1940 20%-
) .(Palestine Royal Commission, p. 219 ,
40-
).(Warriner, 1948, p. 67
, 80 '
) (
, - ,

. , )(
. , - ,
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.
1944 5- ) ( ,
2 4 , . ,
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, .

64 , , , ,1937
300 , 200
. . " : ,
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184

 403 , 27 30% .
, 20 ; 40% ,
21 80- ; 30% , 80 .
403 4,000- , : , 10
. ,
120 .-- ,
, : ,
121 , Survey of Social and ) .20
(Economic Conditions in Arab Villages, 1944 (Survey 1946, vol. I. P. 227
,
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185

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186

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187

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12 1914- 315- 108 .1948-

65 ) (1946
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188

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; 177 , 54 ) ,' ' ,' .(690
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) ,(5% ) ,(3% , ,
)) (33%,1945 ," .(26-24
,
: '
,
)( . )
( 12- 1929- 106- ) 1945- ,1954 ,' ,78
.(120 :
, 50-
20; 25-23 , 40-
20-10 ),1949 ,' .(251

,
. ,1927- 530
, 200 . 14 ,
1941/42- 434 , 200
),1945 ,' .(25 20- ,
" : -
, 6 , " ) ,1980 .'
.(226

189


. ,
. , 20 ,1945
, 9,000 : ) (45% ; 6,000
) (30% ; 5,000
) 25% ( ).(Statistical Handbook. p.144
,
60%- 40%- .

. ,
; " " " ,
, - . ,
,
- .
1945 7,000; 5,800 ; 7,500
400- ; 20,700
. ) 3,300 14%
( , 2,500 800-
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,
. ,
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36%- ; 41% 16%-
. , 57% 40-
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, )
( .

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)" " ,' .(1946 ,1
,
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;
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8,800 , 6- -
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(.

66 ,
. -
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190

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. 20- 30- -
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.
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, .
P.E.C. "; ;
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1930-
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6-5 ) ,( . :
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191

 , . 1935-1934
- . ,
- . ,
'' " )
"( ) ,(.
)
( . 20-
25-20 . ,
1,200-800 ,
) ,1980 ,' .(228 ,227

. : 23- ,
,1936-1935 60% - ,
31% - )( , 9% .
, .
1936 ) ( 2
; 1936- 84- 1937--
100 ) ,1944 ,' .(55
, ,
8- .
:
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, .
, .
" , .
,
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.-
, .
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"( ) ,1980 ,' .(136
,
68
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, . ,
1926- .1930-
, ,
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,
.
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. ,- ,
,
68 - ' .2

192

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.
, .
,-
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1939- , 75 ,
340- ) ,1980 ,' .(52
, , ,
:

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" 1946 .

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.
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.(76
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.
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,
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,
,
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.

193

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69
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7.1
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1947-1919
, .
.18 ,

) 1919(
) 1922(
) 1931(
) 1936(
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100.0
590,000
100.0
757,182
100.0 1,035,831
100.0 1,366,692
100.0 1,899,000

90.7
535,000
88.9
673,388
83.1
861,211
71.9
982,614
66.8 1,269,000

9.3
55,000
11.1
83,794
16.9
174,610
28.1
384,078
33.2
630,000

;Census of 1931; Census of 1922 : ,1961 ,' .35

, ;3.2
;2.4 ,11.5
9%- 1919- 33%- .1947- ,
30- ,
1947- - , , .

: 1922- 264
) ,(35% 742 1942- ) .(46% , , 1942-
)Statistical Abstract 1944/45 ) (54%
.(p. 5: Census of 1922, p. 5
20 ,1942-1922 , , , ,2.8
1.9 . ,
, ,
, . , ,
- 18%--
.(Statistical Abstract, 1944/45, p. 5) 24%
.

69

Stein, Kenneth W. (1984), The Land Question in Palestine 1917-1939, University of North
Carolina Press, p. 219.

194

 7.2
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195

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,19 ) : -(
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29% . - 1.5% ,
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30- ,
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.
1939 ,
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.(1944/45, p. 14
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196

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Census of Palestine, 1931, Vol. II, Part II, table XVI.

201

74

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204

 :21 1942 ,1939

1942

1939

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1939

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272,000

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151,800

: ,1945 ,' ;171 ,' ;1946 ,4 ,1970 ." Schmorak, ;230-229

1946, p. 101
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205

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1943 )' (5 ,
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.(1944/45, p.59
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28 ,
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1934 1938- 750-400- 250--
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24 .
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27%
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):(Supplement, 1947
1,010 - 1,460 ) 1,235(;
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Statistical Handbook, 1947. p. 306 ;Statistical Abstract 1939 p. 76 :

* ' ) ,1959' ,(42 1943-
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214

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