CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION:
Digital electronics is the base for all the digital systems which we use in our daily life. The most useful digital gadgets of the modern day are the smart phones, PDAs, mobile phones and many more. Electronic Jammer is one of the basic applications of the digital electronics in which we use various gates and flip flops for the functioning of the circuit. The main theme behind this circuit is the purpose to jam the switches when a particular switch is pressed. Here our project has two basic features which are the display unit that consists of a 7 segment display unit and a sound unit. The display unit displays the value of the switch that is being pressed. Electronic Jam is commonly used in quiz contests. Fastest finger first is the basic principle. It adds beauty to active quiz shows contains many buzzer rounds. It can also 8 inputs can be handled at a time it uses seven segment display instead of LED/bulb for visual interface basically this electronic jam is built with the view of making the game show priority less. This jammer circuit has the advantage of very fast response that is the basic feature of the digital electronics. The circuit provides with a manual reset button that is used to free up the switches from the condition of the jam. Then again the circuit is set to initial stage and it is ready to accept the input from the switches. The main components used in this circuit are IC 74373 which consists of the edge triggered D- Flip-flops, IC 74147 which is a priority encoder of 8 to 3 form, IC 7400 which has 2 NAND gates, IC 7430 which is the NOT gate or inverter circuit, IC 7447 which is a BCD to seven segment which acts as a driver circuit for the 7 segment display.

CHAPTER 2 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

2.1 TRANSPARENT LATCH (74LS373)
2.1.1 INTRODUCTION The SN54/ 74LS373 consist of eight latches with 3-state outputs for bus organized system applications. The flip-flops appear transparent to the data (data changes asynchronously) when Latch Enable (LE) is HIGH. When LE is LOW, the data that meets the setup times is latched. Data appears on the bus when the Output Enable (OE) is LOW. When OE is HIGH the bus output is in the high impedance state. The SN54/ 74LS374 is a high-speed, low-power Octal D-type Flip-Flop featuring separate D-type inputs for each flip-flop and 3-state outputs for bus oriented applications. A buffered Clock (CP) and Output Enable (OE) is common to all flipflops. The SN54 /74LS374 is manufactured using advanced Low Power Schottky technology and is compatible with all Motorola TTL families.

2.1.2 FEATURES:
Eight latches in a single package 3-State outputs for bus interfacing Hysteresis on latch enable Edge-triggered D-Type inputs Buffered positive edge-triggered clock Hysteresis on clock input to improve noise margin Input clamp diodes limit high speed termination effects

2.1.3 PIN DIAGRAM:

OE O0 D0 D1 O1 O2 D2 D3 O3 GND

1 2 3 4 5 7 4 L S 3 6 7 8 9 10 7 3

20 19 18 17 16

Vcc O7 D7 D6 O6 O5 D5 D4 O4 LE

15 14 13 12 11

Fig 2.1: pin diagram of 74ls373

2.1.4 PIN DESCRIPTION:

Vcc -Power supply D0-D7 - data inputs LE OE -Latch Enable (Active High) input -Output Enable (Active LOW) input

O0-O7 Outputs GND -Ground

2.1.5 TRUTH TABLE:

Dn H L X X LE H H L X OE L L L H On H L Q0 Z*

Table 2.1 74ls373 truth table.

H=HIGH Voltage level L=LOW Voltage level X=Immaterial Z=High impedance

2.1.6 GUARANTEED OPERATING RANGES:

Symbol Parameter VCC Supply voltage 54 74 TA Operating ambient temperature range IOH Output currenthigh Output current low 54 74 54 74 54 74 Min 4.5 4.75 -55 0 Type 5.0 5.0 25 25 Max 5.5 5.25 125 70 -1.0 -2.6 12 24 mA mA
o

Unit V

IOL

Table 2.2: Operated Ranges of 74ls373

2.2 PRIORITY ENCODER (74LS147)

2.2.1 INTRODUCTION: The SN54/74LS147 and the SN54/74LS148 are Priority Encoders. They provide priority decoding of the inputs to ensure that only the highest order data line is encoded. Both devices have data inputs and outputs which are active at the low logic level. The LS147 encodes nine data lines to four-line (8-4-2-1) BCD. The implied decimal zero condition does not require an input condition because zero is encoded when all nine data lines are at a high logic level. The LS148 encodes eight data lines to three-line (4-2-1) binary (octal). By providing cascading circuitry (Enable Input EI and Enable Output EO) octal expansion is allowed without needing external circuitry. The SN54/ 74LS748 is a proprietary Motorola part incorporating a built-in deglitcher network which minimizes glitches on the GS output. The glitch occurs on the negative going transition of the EI input when data inputs 07 are at logical ones. The only dc parameter differences between the LS148 and the LS748 are
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that (1) Pin 10 (input 0) has a fan-in of 2 on the LS748 versus a fan-in of 1 on the LS148; (2) Pins 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 12 and 13 (inputs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) have a fan-in of 3 on the LS748 versus a fan-in of 2 on the LS148. The only a difference is that tPHL from EI to EO is changed from 40 to 45 ns.

Fig: 2.2: Priority Encoder 2.2.2 FEATURES: Encodes nine data lines to four(BCD) Inputs clamped with schottky diodes Low power Operating temperature upto 70 oC

Standard TTL switching voltages. 2.2.3 PIN DIAGRAM:

4 5 6 7 8 C B GND Ddsd dDD

1 2 7 4 3 4 5 L S 1 4 6 7 7

16 15

Vcc NC D 3 2 1 9 A

14 13 12

11 10

Fig.2.3: pin diagram of 74ls147

2.2.4 PIN DESCRIPTION: Vcc -Power Supply

1 to 9 - Inputs A to D - Outputs NC - No Connection

GND -Ground. 2.2.5 FUNCTION TABLE:

INPUTS 1 H X X X X X X X X L 2 H X X X X X X X L H 3 H X X X X X X L H H 4 H X X X X X L H H H 5 H X X X X L H H H H 6 H X X X L H H H H H 7 H X X L H H H H H H 8 H X L H H H H H H H 9 H L H H H H H H H H D H L L H H H H H H H

OUTPUTS C H H H L L L L H H H B H H H L L H H L L H A H L H L H L H L H L

Table2.3: 74LS147 Truth table. H=HIGH logic level L=LOW logic level X=Irrelevant

2.2.6 GUARANTEED OPERATING RANGES:

Symbol VCC

Parameter Supply Voltage 54 74

Min 4.5 4.75 -55 0

Type 5.0 5.0 25 25

Max 5.5 5.25 125 70

o

Unit V

TA

Operating Ambient Temperature Range

54 74

IOH

Output CurrentHigh

54 74 54 74

-0.4

mA

IOL

Output CurrentLow

4.0 8.0

mA

Table 2.4: Operated Ranges of 74ls147.

2.3 HEX INVERTER (74LS04):

2.3.1 INTRODUCTION This device contains six independent gates each of which performs the logic INVERT function. 2.3.2 PIN DIAGRAM:

1A 1Y 2A 2Y 3A 3Y GND DDD D

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 4 L S 0 4

14 13 12 11 10 9 8

Vcc 6A 6Y 5A 5Y 4A 4Y

Fig.2.4: Pin diagram of 74LS04

7

2.3.3 PIN DESCRIPTION: Vcc -Power supply

1A to 6A - Inputs 1Y to 6Y -Outputs GND -Ground.

2.3.4 TRUTH TABLE:

INPUT(A) LOW HIGH

OUTPUT(Y) HIGH LOW

Table.2.5:74ls04 truth table

2.3.5GUARENTEED OPERATING RANGES: SYMBOL Vcc PARAMETER Supply voltage 54 74 TA Operating ambient temperature range IOH Output currentHIGH IOL Output currentLOW 54 74 4.0 8.0 mA 54,74 -0.4 mA 54 74 MIN 4.5 4.75 -55 0 TYPE 5.0 5.0 25 25 MAX 5.5 5.25 125 70 0C UNIT V

Table 2.6: operating ranges of 74ls04

2.4 8-INPUT NAND GATE (74LS30)

2.4.1 INTRODUCTION: This device contains 8-input NAND gate. The 74ls30 is characterized for operation from 0oC to 70oC.This device contains a single gate which performs the logic NAND Function.
8

2.4.2 PIN DIAGRAM:

A B C D E F GND

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

7 4 L S 3 0

14 13 12 11 10 9 8

Vcc NC H G NC NC Y

Fig.2.5: Pin diagram for 74ls30 2.4.3 PIN DESCRIPTION: Vcc NC A to H Y GND -Power Supply -No Connection -Input -Output -Ground.

2.4.4 TRUTH TABLE: Y=ABCDEFGH INPUT A thru H All inputs high One or more input low OUTPUT Y LOW HIGH

Table 2.7:74LS30 truth table

2.4.5 GUARENTEED OPERATING RANGES: SYMBOL Vcc PARAMETER Supply voltage 54 74 TA Operating ambient temperature range IOH Output currentHIGH IOL Output currentLOW 54 74 4.0 8.0 mA 54,74 -0.4 mA 54 74 MIN 4.5 4.75 -55 0 TYPE 5.0 5.0 25 25 MAX 5.5 5.25 125 70 0C UNIT V

Table.2.8: operating ranges of 74LS30.

2.5 BCD TO SEVEN SEGMENT DECODER (74LS47):

2.5.1 INTRODUCTION: The SN54/74LS47 is Low Power Schottky BCD to 7-Segment Decoder /Drivers consisting of NAND gates, input buffers and seven AND-OR-INVERT gates. They offer active LOW, high sink current outputs for driving indicators directly. Seven NAND gates and one driver are connected in pairs to make BCD data and its complement available to the seven decoding AND-OR-INVERT gates. The remaining NAND gate and three input buffers provide lamp test, blanking input / ripple-blanking output and ripple-blanking input. The circuits accept 4-bit binary-coded-decimal (BCD) and, depending on the state of the auxiliary inputs, decode this data to drive a 7-segment display indicator. The relative positive-logic output levels, as well as conditions required at the auxiliary inputs, are shown in the truth tables. Output configurations of the SN54/ 74LS47 are designed to withstand the relatively high voltages required for 7-segment indicators. These outputs will withstand 15 V with a maximum reverse current of 250 mA. Indicator segments requiring up to 24 mA of current may be driven directly from the SN74LS47 high performance output transistors. Display patterns for BCD input counts above nine are unique symbols to authenticate input conditions. The SN54/74LS47 incorporates automatic leading and/or trailing-edge zero-blanking
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control (RBI and RBO). Lamp test (LT) may be performed at any time which the BI /RBO node is a HIGH level. This device also contains an overriding blanking input (BI) which can be used to control the lamp intensity by varying the frequency and duty cycle of the BI input signal or to inhibit the outputs. 2.5.2 FEATURES: Lamp Intensity Modulation Capability (BI/RBO) Open Collector Outputs Lamp Test Provision Leading/Trailing Zero Suppression Input Clamp Diodes Limit High-Speed Termination Effects.

2.5.3 PIN DIAGRAM:

B C LT BI/RBO RBI D A GND

16

Vcc
BI/RBO

7 4

15

O f
BI/RBO

L S

14

g O a b c d e

4 7

13

12

11

10

Fig.2.6: Pin diagram of 74ls47

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2.5.4 PIN NAMES: A, B, C, D RBI LT BI /RBO a, to g Vcc GND -BCD Inputs -Ripple-Blanking Input -Lamp-Test Input -Blanking Input or Ripple-Blanking Output -Outputs -Power Supply -Ground.

2.5.5 TRUTH TABLE: DECIMAL OR FUNCTION 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 BI RBI LT H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H X H L H X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X L X L L L L L L L L H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H L L L L L L L L L H LT RBI D C B A BI/RBO _ a _ b _ c _ d _ e _ f _ g

L H

H L L L

L H H H H L H L

L H L L H H L

L H L L L

L H H L L L L

L H L

H L

L H H L L H L L L L

L H L H L H H L L H H H H L H L L L

L H L H H L L L L L L L

L H H H H L L L L L L

L H

L H H L

H L H L H L H H H H L L

H H H L H H L

L H L

L H H L L L L

H L H H H L L H H L H L H H H L L L

H H L H H H H L H H H H X X X X L L L L

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H L L L L L L L

X X X X

Table.2.9: Truth table of 74LS47

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H = HIGH Voltage Level L = LOW Voltage Level X = Immaterial 2.5.6 GUARENTEED OPERATING RANGES: Symbol VCC TA IOH IOL Parameter Supply Voltage Operating Ambient Temperature Range Output Current High BI / RBO Output Current Low BI/RBO BI / RBO Off-State Output Voltage a to g 54 74 54 74 54 74 54 74 54 74 54 74 Min 4.5 4.75 55 0 Type Max Unit 5.0 5.5 V 5.0 5.25 25 125 25 70 50 1.6 3.2 15 12 24
o

A mA

VO (off) IO (on) On-State Output Current a to g On-State Output Current a to g

V mA

Table.2.10: Operated ranges of 74ls47

2.6 TRANSISTOR (BC547):

2.6.1 INTRODUCTION: A BC547 transistor is a negative-positive-negative (NPN) transistor that is used for many purposes. Together with other electronic components, such as resistors, coils, and capacitors, the BC547 transistor can be used as the active component for switches and amplifiers. Like all other NPN transistors, the BC547 transistor has an emitter terminal, a base or control terminal, and a collector terminal. In a typical configuration, the current flowing from the base to the emitter of the BC547 transistor controls the collector-current. A short vertical line, which is the base, can indicate the transistor schematic for an NPN transistor, and the emitter, which is a diagonal line connecting to the base, is an arrowhead pointing away from the base. There are various types of transistors. The BC547 transistor is a bipolar junction transistor (BJT). There are also transistors that have one junction, such as the junction field-effect transistor, or no junctions at all, such as the metal oxide fieldeffect transistor (MOSFET). During the design and manufacture of transistors, the transistor characteristics can be predefined and achieved. The negative (N)-type material inside an NPN transistor has an excess of electrons, while the positive (P)-

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type material has a lack of electrons, both due to a contamination process called doping. The BC547 transistor comes in one package. When several transistors are placed in a single package, it is usually referred to as a transistor array .Transistor arrays are commonly used in digital switching. For instance, eight transistors may be placed in one package to make layout much easier. To make use of a transistor as an audio preamplifier, a direct current (DC) source is needed, such as a 12-volt (V) power supply. In a common emitter

configuration, the negative side of the power supply is alternating current (AC)coupled to the emitter via a capacitor. There is also a small resistance connecting the power supply to the emitter of the transistor. The power supply is then connected to the collector via resistor, which may be referred to as a limiting resistor. When the collector-to-emitter current flows there will be a voltage drop in the limiting resistor, and in the idle state, the collector voltage is typically 6 V. Transistor circuit design requires a thorough understanding of current-voltage ratings of various components, such as transistors and resistors. One goal is to keep the components from burning up. Another goal is to make the circuit work. Saving electricity is another goal, such as in the case of battery-operated devices. BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer of resistance, is commonly used to amplify current. A small current at its base controls a larger current at collector & emitter terminals. BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It has a maximum current gain of 800. Its equivalent transistors are BC548 and BC549. The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of its characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For amplification applications, the transistor is biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions. The input signal at base is amplified and taken at the emitter. BC547 is used in common emitter configuration for amplifiers. The voltage divider is the commonly used biasing mode. For switching applications, transistor is biased so that it remains

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fully on if there is a signal at its base. In the absence of base signal, it gets completely off. Bipolar transistors have the ability to operate within three different regions: Active Region - the transistor operates as an amplifier and IC = IB Saturation - the transistor is fully-ON operating as a switch and IC = I saturation Cut-off - the transistor is "fully-OFF" operating as a switch and IC = 0. A transistor is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. The Bipolar Junction Transistor basic construction consists of two PN-junctions producing three connecting terminals with each terminal being given a name to identify it from the other two. These three terminals are known and labeled as the Emitter (E), the Base (B) and the Collector (C) respectively. The voltage between the Base and Emitter (VBE) is positive at the Base and negative at the Emitter because for an NPN transistor, the Base terminal is always positive with respect to the Emitter. Also the Collector supply voltage is positive with respect to the Emitter (VCE). For an NPN transistor to conduct, the Collector is always more positive with respect to both the Base and the Emitter. The voltage sources will be connected to an NPN transistor as shown above. The Collector is connected to the supply voltage VCC via the load resistor, RL which also acts to limit the maximum current flowing through the device. The Base supply voltage VB is connected to the Base resistor RB, which again is used to limit the maximum Base current. It is well known that the transistor is a current controlled device since the base current controls the collector current. The transistor current in an NPN transistor is the ratio of these two currents (IC/IB), called the DC Current Gain of the device and is given the symbol of hFE. The value of or hFE can be large up to 200 for standard transistors and this large ratio between IC and IB that makes the NPN transistor a useful amplifying device when used in its active region. Also, the current gain of the transistor from the collector terminal to the emitter terminal, IC/IE, is called Alpha (), and is a function of the transistor. As the emitter current IE is the product of a very small base current plus a very large collector

15

current, the value of alpha , is very close to unity, and for a typical low-power signal transistor this value ranges from about 0.950 to 0.999. 2.6.2 PIN DIAGRAM:

BC 547

C B E Fig.2.7: Pin Diagram of transistor C-Collector B-Base E-Emitter

2.7 PIEZO ELECTRONIC BUZZER:

2.7.1 INTRODUCTION: The "Piezoelectric sound components operate on an innovative principle utilizing natural oscillation of piezoelectric ceramics. Today, piezoelectric sound components are used in many ways such as home appliances, OA equipment, audio equipment telephones, etc. And they are applied widely, for example, in alarms, speakers, telephone ringers, receivers, transmitters, beep sounds, etc. A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarms, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke. Early devices were based on an electromechanical system identical to an electric bell without the metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to interrupt its own actuating current, causing the contacts to buzz. Often these units were

16

anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it as a sounding board. The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise that electromechanical buzzers made. 2.7.2 DIAGRAM:

Fig.2.8: Piezoelectric disk beeper A piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or other audio signal source, driven with a piezoelectric audio amplifier. Sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a click, a ring or a beep. To interface a buzzer the standard transistor interfacing circuit is used. Note that if a different power supply is used for the buzzer, the 0V rails of each power supply must be connected to provide a common reference. If a battery is used as the power supply, it is worth remembering that piezo sounders draw much less current than buzzers. Buzzers also just have one tone, whereas a piezo so-under is able to create sounds of many different tones. To switch on buzzer -high 1 To switch off buzzer -Low 1 2.7.3 PIEZO SOUNDER & SPEAKER: A piezo sounder or speaker can be used to produce many different sounds, whereas a buzzer can only produce a single tone. Buzzers produce a noise when power is applied, but a piezo or speaker requires a pulsed signal to generate the noise.

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Fortunately this is very easy to generate from the microcontroller by using the BASIC sound command. 2.7.4 FEATURES: The PS series are high-performance buzzers that employ unimorph piezoelectric elements and are designed for easy incorporation into various circuits. They feature extremely low power consumption in comparison to electromagnetic units. Because these buzzers are designed for external excitation, the same part can serve as both a musical tone oscillator and a buzzer. They can be used with automated inserters. Moisture-resistant models are also available. The lead wire type (PS1550L40N) with both-sided adhesive tape installed easily is prepared 2.7.4 APPLICATIONS: Electric ranges, washing machines, computer terminals, various devices that require speech synthesis output.

2.8 SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY:

2.8.1 INTRODUCTION: A seven segment display is the most basic electronic display device that can display digits from 0-9. They find wide application in devices that display numeric information like digital clocks, radio, microwave ovens, electronic meters etc. The most common configuration has an array of eight LED arranged in a special pattern to display these digits. They are laid out as a squared-off figure 8. Every LED is assigned a name from 'a' to 'h' and is identified by its name. Seven LEDs 'a' to 'g' are used to display the numerals while eighth LED 'h' is used to display the dot/decimal. A seven segment is generally available in ten pin package. While eight pins correspond to the eight LEDs, the remaining two pins (at middle) are common and internally shorted. These segments come in two configurations, namely, Common cathode (CC) and Common anode (CA). In CC configuration, the negative terminals of all LEDs are connected to the common pins. The common is connected to ground and a

18

particular LED glows when its corresponding pin is given high. In CA arrangement, the common pin is given a high logic and the LED pins are given low to display a number. 2.8.2 PIN DIAGRAM: g f com a b

com

Fig.2.9 pin diagram of seven segment display

2.9 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY:

2.9.1 INTRODUCTION: The power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A RPS (Regulated Power Supply) is the Power Supply with Rectification, Filtering and Regulation being done on the AC mains to get a Regulated power supply for Microcontroller and for the other devices being interfaced to it. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function. A d.c power supply which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of a.c mains fluctuations or load variations is known as Regulated D.C Power Supply. A variable regulated power supply, also called a variable bench power supply, is one where you can continuously adjust the output voltage to your requirements. Varying the output of the power supply is the recommended way to test a project after having double checked parts placement against circuit drawings and the parts placement guide. This type of regulation is ideal for having a simple variable bench power supply. Actually this is quite important because one of the first projects a hobbyist should undertake is the construction of a variable regulated power supply. While a
19

dedicated supply is quite handy e.g. 5V or 12V, it's much handier to have a variable supply on hand, especially for testing. Most digital logic circuits and processors need a 5 volt power supply. To use these parts we need to build a regulated 5 volt source. Usually you start with an unregulated power supply ranging from 9 volts to 24 volts DC (A 12 volt power supply is included with the Beginner Kit and the Microcontroller Beginner Kit.). To make a 5 volt power supply, we use a LM7805 voltage regulator IC (Integrated Circuit). 2.9.2 CIRCUIT FEATURES: Brief description of operation: Gives out well regulated +5V output, output current capability of 100 mA. Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts down output when regulator IC gets too hot. Circuit complexity: Very simple and easy to build. Circuit performance: Very stable +5V output voltage, reliable operation. Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only very common basic components. Design testing: Based on datasheet example circuit, I have used this circuit successfully as part of many electronics projects. Applications: Part of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply Power supply voltage: Unregulated DC 8-18V power supply. Power supply current: Needed output current + 5 mA. Component costs: Few dollars for the electronics components + the input transformer cost.

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2.10 SWITCHES:
2.10.1 INTRODUCTION: The AS1741/AS1742/AS1743 are high-speed, low-voltage, dual singlepole/single-throw (SPST) analog switches. Fast switching speeds, low ON-resistance, and low power-consumption make these devices ideal for single cell battery powered applications. These highly-reliable devices operate from a single +1.6 to +3.6V supply, and are differentiated by the type and number of switches. The AS1743 supports breakbefore-make switching. With very low ON-resistance (RON), RON matching, and RON flatness, the devices can accurately switch signals for sample and hold circuits, digital filters, and op-amp gain switching networks. The AS1741/AS1742/AS1743 digital logic input is 1.8V CMOS-compatible when using a single +3V supply, and all devices can handle Rail-to-Rail signals. The devices are available in an 8-pin MSOP package and an 8-pin SOT23 package.

2.10.2 FEATURES:
ON-Resistance: 0.8 (+3V supply) 2.5 (+1.8V supply)

RON Matching: 0.08 (+3V supply) RON Flatness: 0.18 (+3V supply) Supply Voltage Range: +1.6 to +3.6V Switching Action: tON = 22ns, tOFF = 14ns Current-Handling: 250mA Continuous Break-Before-Make Switching (AS1743) Rail-to-Rail Signal Handling 1.8V CMOS Logic Compatible (+3V supply) Total Harmonic Distortion: 0.03% Operating Temperature Range: -40 to +85C Package Types: 8-pin MSOP and 8-pin SOT23

21

2.10.3 APPLICATIONS:
The devices are ideal for use in power routing systems, cordless and mobile phones, MP3 players, CD and DVD players, PDAs, handheld computers, digital cameras, hard drives, and any other application where high-speed signal switching is required.

2.11 RESISTOR:
A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device such as a transistor. All other factors being equal, in a direct-current (DC) circuit, the current through a resistor is inversely proportional to its resistance and directly proportional to the voltage across it. This is the wellknown ohms law. In alternating-current (AC) circuits, this rule also applies as long as the resistor does not contain inductance or capacitance.

Fig 2.10: Symbol and component representation of resistor

2.12 CAPACITOR:
A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a device for storing electric charge. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two conductors separated by a non-conductor. Capacitors used as parts of electrical systems, for example, consist of metal foils separated by a layer of insulating film. A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them.
22

The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor, hence capacitor conductors are often called "plates," referring to an early means of construction. In practice the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the conductors and leads introduce an

undesired inductance and resistance.

4.5V

Fig 2.11: Capacitor symbol and simple circuit using capacitor

23

CHAPTER 3 IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT

The project Electronic Jam is designed for quiz competitions in order to make the quiz shows priority less. This could be useful in voting booths. Day-to-day, the technology is being advanced. When the technology gets advanced, there a need arises for everyone to be aware of it to make smooth use of it to the maximum extent. The first step to this is to have basic knowledge of the electric components which is the main intention in developing this project.

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

S1
8 i/p 3 o/p

Edge I/P Signal S2 triggered flipflops (74373)

8 line to 3 line encoder (74147)

Hex inverting gate (7404)

8 input Nand gate (7430)

BCD to seven segment decoder (7447)

Nand gate (7400)

BUZZER

Fig.3.1 block diagram

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3.1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION: In this diagram there are 8 switches which are inputs to the IC 74373.now IC 74373 has got 8 D-flip flops which are used to latch the input. Also IC 74147 is an 8:3 encoder and is used for encoding. It encodes 8 inputs to 3 line output. Now this 3 line output is connected to IC 7404 which is a not gate. This gate is used to convert the low signal to high signal. Now this is given to IC 7447, which is known as driver IC .this is used to drive the seven segment display. This gate is used to convert low signal to high signal. Now it is given to IC 7447 which is known as the driver IC. This is used to drive the 7-Segment Display. Also the output of IC 74373 is given to IC 7430 which is an 8 input NAND gate. We know that for a NAND gate if any input is low, the output is high. After this it is given to a 2 input NAND gate and given to the buzzer via help of a p-n-p transistor. Whenever any of the switches is pressed, the buzzer sound is heard. 3.1.2 CIRCUIT COMPONENTS: S1-S9 R1-R8 R9 R10 R11 R12-R18 C1,C3 C2 IC1 IC2 IC3 IC4 IC5 IC6 T1 BZ1 DIS.1 Switches 10K Resistors 2.2K Resistor 10K Resistor 1K Resistor 560 Resistor 0.01F Capacitor 0.1F Capacitor 74LS373 IC 74LS147 IC 74LS30 IC 74LS00 IC 74LS04 IC 74LS47 IC BC547 Transistor Buzzer LT5427 Segment display

Table.3.1 Components list

25

3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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3.2.1 EXPLANATION: This jam circuit can be used in quiz contests where in any participant who presses his button (switch) before the other contestants, gets the first chance to answer a question. The circuit given here permits up to eight contestants with each one allotted a distinct number (1 to 8). The display will show the number of the contestant pressing his button before the others. Simultaneously, a buzzer will also sound. Both, the display as well as the buzzer has to be reset manually using a common reset switch. Initially, when reset switch S9 is momentarily pressed and released, all outputs of 74LS373 (IC1) transparent latch go high since all the input data lines are returned to Vcc via resistors R1 through R8. All eight outputs of IC1 are connected to inputs of priority encoder 74LS147 (IC2) as well as 8-input NAND gate 74LS30 (IC3). The output of IC3 thus becomes logic 0 which, after inversion by NAND gate N2, is applied to latch-enable pin 11 of IC1. With all input pins of IC2 being logic 1, its BCD output is 0000, which is applied to 7- segment decoder/driver 74LS47 (IC6) after inversion by hex inverter gates inside 74LS04 (IC5). Thus, on reset the display shows 0. When any one of the push-to-on switchesS1 through S8is pressed, the corresponding output line of IC1 is latched at logic 0 level and the display indicates the number associated with the specific switch. At the same time, output pin 8 of IC3 becomes high, which causes outputs of both gates N1 and N2 to go to logic 0 state. Logic 0 output of gate N2 inhibits IC1, and thus pressing of any other switch S1 through S8 has no effect. Thus, the contestant who presses his switch first, jams the display to show only his number. In the unlikely event of simultaneous pressing (within few nano-seconds difference) of more than one switch, the higher priority number (switch no.) will be displayed. Simultaneously, the logic 0 output of gate N1 drives the buzzer via pnp transistor BC158 (T1). The buzzer as well the display can be reset (to show 0) by momentary pressing of reset switch S9 so that next round may start.

3.3 ADVANTAGES:
It is a handy device. It has low Power consumption. Its much easier to use. It is more accurate. Also Visual Interface adds its advantage.
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Its response time is very fast. It is highly sensitive. It got a wide supply range. It has high noise immunity. Its cost is very low.

3.4 DISADVANTAGE:
Input is limited to eight switches.

3.5 SOLDERING:
Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal having a relatively low melting point. Soft soldering is characterized by the melting point of the filler metal, which is below 400 C (752 F). The filler metal used in the process is called solder.

3.5.1 FLUX: In high-temperature metal joining processes (soldering), the primary purpose of flux is to prevent oxidation of the base and filler materials. Tin-lead solder, for example, attaches very well to copper, but poorly to the various oxides of copper, which form quickly at soldering temperatures. Flux is a substance which is nearly inert at room temperature, but which becomes strongly reducing at elevated temperatures, preventing the formation of metal oxides. Secondarily, flux acts as a wetting agent in the soldering process, reducing the surface tension of the molten solder and causing it to better wet out the parts to be joined. Fluxes currently available include water-soluble fluxes (no VOC's required for removal) and 'no-clean' fluxes which are mild enough to not require removal at all. Performance of the flux needs to be carefully evaluated; a very mild 'no-clean' flux might be perfectly acceptable for production equipment, but not give adequate performance for a poorly-controlled hand-soldering operation. 3.5.2 BASIC SOLDERING TECHNIQUES: Soldering operations can be performed with hand tools, one joint at a time, or en masse on a production line. Hand soldering is typically performed with a soldering iron, soldering gun, or a torch, or occasionally a hot-air pencil. Sheet metal
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work was traditionally done with "soldering coppers" directly heated by a flame, with sufficient stored heat in the mass of the soldering copper to complete a joint; torches or electrically-heated soldering irons are more convenient. All soldered joints require the same elements of cleaning of the metal parts to be joined, fitting up the joint, heating the parts, applying flux, applying the filler, removing heat and holding the assembly still until the filler metal has completely solidified. Depending on the nature of flux material used, cleaning of the joints may be required after they have cooled. Hard soldering" or "silver soldering" (performed with high-temperature solder containing up to 40% silver) is also often a form of brazing, since it involves filler materials with melting points in the vicinity of, or in excess of, 450 C. Although the term "silver soldering" is used much more often than "silver brazing", it may be technically incorrect depending on the exact melting point of the filler in use. In silver soldering ("hard soldering"), the goal is generally to give a beautiful, structurally sound joint, especially in the field of jewelry. Induction soldering is a process which is similar to brazing. The source of heat in induction soldering is induction heating by high-frequency AC current. Generally copper coils are used for the induction heating 3.5.3 DESOLDERING AND RESOLDERING: Used solder contains some of the dissolved base metals and is unsuitable for reuse in making new joints. Once the solder's capacity for the base metal has been achieved it will no longer properly bond with the base metal, usually resulting in a brittle cold solder joint with a crystalline appearance. It is good practice to remove solder from a joint prior to resoldring desoldering braids or vacuum desoldering equipment (solder suckers) can be used. Desoldering wicks contain plenty of flux that will lift the contamination from the copper trace and any device leads that are present. T his will leave a bright, shiny, clean junction to be resoldered. 3.5.4 SOLDERING DEFECTS: Various problems may arise in the soldering process which lead to joints which are non functional either immediately or after a period of use. The most common defect when hand-soldering results from the parts being joined not exceeding the solder's liquidus temperature, resulting in a "cold solder"

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joint. This is usually the result of the soldering iron being used to heat the solder directly, rather than the parts themselves. Properly done, the iron heats the parts to be connected, which in turn melt the solder, guaranteeing adequate heat in the joined parts for thorough wetting. In 'electronic' hand soldering solder the flux is embedded in the solder. Therefore heating the solder first may cause the flux to evaporate before it cleans the surfaces (PCB pad and component connection) being soldered. An improperly selected or applied flux can cause joint failure, or if not properly cleaned off the joint, may corrode the metals in the joint over time and cause eventual joint failure. Without flux the joint may not be clean, or may be oxidized, resulting in an unsound joint. Movement of metals being soldered before the solder has cooled will cause a highly unreliable cracked joint. In electronics' soldering terminology this is known as a 'dry' joint. It has a characteristically dull or grainy appearance immediately after the joint is made, rather than being smooth, bright airs caused crystallization the liquid solder. A dry joint is weak mechanically and a poor conduct electrically.

3.5.5 TOOLS: Hand-soldering tools include the electric soldering iron, which has a variety of tips available ranging from blunt to very fine to chisel heads for hot-cutting plastics, and the soldering gun, which typically provides more power, giving faster heat-up and allowing larger parts to be soldered. Hot-air guns and pencils allow rework of component packages which cannot easily be performed with electric irons and guns.

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CHAPTER4 RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1 TROUBLE SHOOTING:
Troubleshooting and fault analysis requires a good theoretical knowledge and analytical thinking. It is not something which can be studied from books, but has to be acquired through constant troubleshooting and experimenting. However, there are guidelines that can be followed to the troubleshooting process. Nearly anyone who is familiar with basic electronic theory can learn trouble shooting techniques and fix many types of electronic failures. To trouble shoot, you simply follow logical, stepby-step procedures to arrive at a solution. Basically, troubleshooting depends on the circuit complexity, on symptoms, and on the personal experience. The most common troubleshooting techniques are listed below:

4.1.1 POWER CHECK: Many times a simple issue such as a blown fuse or a flat battery is the cause of a circuit malfunction. Initially, therefore, ensure that the power cord is plugged in and that the fuses are not blown. If the circuit is battery powered, make sure that the voltage level is acceptable. If a power supply rectifier is present, check the level of the voltage at the output and make sure that the circuit is powered with the correct polarity. 4.1.2 VISUAL INSPECTION: This inspection is part of the so-called sensory checks. Sensory checks rely on the human senses to detect a possible fault. The visual inspection of the PCB is the simplest troubleshooting technique (which is very effective in many of the cases). The soldered joints have to be inspected thoroughly. If any doubts exist about the quality of a certain joint, it has to be re-soldered. The PCB has to be inspected visually for any burnt components. Sometimes, components that overheat leave a brown mark on the board. They can be used as starting points' in the troubleshooting process and the reasons why they over heat have to be determined .it is bad practice simply to replace such components, without trying to find out what actually caused the component to overheat. In many cases, the reason is a faulty (or out of range) component near the failed component. It also has to replaced.
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4.1.3 USING A SENSE OF TOUCH: Over heated components can be detected simply by touching them. However this check has to be performed with extreme caution. The circuit has to be turned off and capacitor has to be allowed to discharge. Always touch the components with right hand only. This is important because in the case of electric shock it is less likely that, the current will be passed through the heart. If possible wear insulated shoes. In addition care should be taken not to burn the fingers. using the sense of touch is a very useful troubleshooting technique in circuits where everything seem to work properly for a while, and then the circuit fails, due to overheating of a certain component. Identifying such components helps to detect the possible cause of the fault .special freezing sprays are available, which allows instant cooling of components. if the circuits begins to operate properly immediately after the heated component is sprayed, this is an indication that this component is causing circuit failure. Before replacing the component further investigation is needed to determine what caused the overheating in first place 4.1.4 SMELL CHECK: When certain components fail due to overheating it is possible in most cases to detect a smell of smoke. This is usually the case, if the technician happens to be there at the time the accident occurred. If not, it is usually possible to detect the failed component by visual inspection afterwards. 4.1.5 COMPONENT REPLACEMENT: This troubleshooting method relies mostly on the operator's skills and experience. Certain symptoms are an obvious indication of a particular component failure. This statement is especially true for an experienced electronic technician. For example, some TV service technicians can unmistakably identify the failed component in a TV set (even before opening it), by just briefly examining the symptoms. Component replacement is a good troubleshooting technique for an experienced electronics technician, as it saves a lot of time and money. Moreover, this technique guarantees the success of the repair, because if enough components are replaced, eventually the faulty one will be replaced too. However, it is recommended that the amateur technician initially applies some logical thinking to the troubleshooting process.

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4.1.6 WHAT ONE NEEDS FOR TROUBLESHOOTING: A good set of tools Appropriate test equipment Schematics, source-code, and other documentation. Knowledge of what the equipment is supposed to do. If possible, a working unit for comparison. Knowledge of basic electronics theory and devices.

4.2 RESULT:
Basically there are 8 switches, whichever is pressed buzzer rings and the 7 segment display indicates the corresponding no. i.e., the switch which is pressed. Thus it actually jams the first input and thus it acts as fastest finger first.

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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION
Project aims the implementation of Electronic Jam for making Quiz shows priority less. Seven Segment display included for more user interface. Instead of Seven Segment Display, LCD screens can be implemented. Priority list of all inputs can be imparted in output. It can be used in Quiz contests to make Game Shows Priority Less. It can also be used in voting machines where, if a voter presses a button the LED lamp glows & the buzzer rings. Once a button is pressed all the other buttons are jammed. The officer has a switch to reset the voting machine after each voter votes.

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CHAPTER-6 BIBLIOGRAPHY
WEB SITES:
1. http ://www.scribd.com 2. http://www.electronicsforu.com 3. http://www.wikipedia.com 4. http://www. IEEE projects.net 5. http://www.datasheet catalog.com

REFERENCES: 1. Google Wikipedia 2. www.fairchildsemi.com 3. www.datasheetcatalig.com 4. Electronics for you magazine

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