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Sol ut i ons Devel oped by: DF Sozinando, M echanical Eng.

St udent at t he Vaal Universit y of Technology





DEPARTAMENT OF MECHANI CAL ENGI NEERI NG
FACULTY OF ENGI NEERI NG
HYDRAULI C MACHI NES I I I
DEVELOPMENT TUTORIALS
Volume 1












PREFACE


These Tut or i al Sol ut i ons not es ar e devel oped based i n cur r ent syl l abus of t he subj ect Hydr aul i c
M achi nes III, as of f er ed at t he Vaal Uni ver si t y of Technol ogy. It w oul d ot her w i se have been
necessar y t o pr escr i be f i ve di f f er ent handbooks.

The not es ar e set up i n such a w ay as t o make i t as l eaner f r i endl y as possi bl e.
These Tut or i al Sol ut i ons cont ai ns t hr ee maj or sect i ons: (a) Open Channel Fl ow , (b) Cent r i f ugal
Pump, (c) Tur bi nes.

In t hese not es I used M at hcad Engi neer i ng sof t w ar e t o appr oach al l t he quest i ons i n or der t o
get accur at e val ues i n t he cal cul at i ons.

M at hcad i s t he i ndust r y st andar d cal cul at i on sof t w ar e f or t echni cal pr of essi onal s,
educat or s, and uni ver si t y st udent s. M at hcad i s as ver sat i l e and pow er f ul as pr ogr ammi ng
l anguages. Pl us, i t i s f ul l y w i r ed t o t ake advant age of t he Int er net and ot her appl i cat i ons you
use ever y day.

I w i sh t hat you w i l l f i nd t hi s a l ear ni ng (hopef ul l y an enj oyabl e) exper i ence.
M y si ncer e w i sh t o hel pf ul know l edge of my al l l ect ur es at t he Vaal Uni ver si t y of Technol ogy
speci al l y AN Pel eow o, AS Post ma, DW Spi r et and EK Tshi t shonu.





DF Sozi nando
2011

CONTENTS

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW - TUTORI AL ---------------------------- PAGE 1-14
CENTRI FUGAL PUMP - TUTORI AL ------------------------------ PAGE 15-51
TURBI NES - TUTORI AL ------------------------------------------- PAGE 52-66

HYDRAULIC MACHINES III OPEN CHANNEL FLOW Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
1 - Compute the hydraulic radius for section show in Fig. below if water flows at a depth of 88.9mm. The section
is that of a rain gutter for a house?
Solution:
B 152.4 mm := D 88.9 mm := h 50.8 mm := L B 101.6 mm - 50.8 mm = :=
A B D ( )
1
2
h L

- 0.012 m
2
= := x h
2
L
2
+ 0.072 m = :=
P D B L - ( ) + x + D h - ( ) + := P 0.3 m =
Z
A
P
:= Z 0.041 m = Z 1.606 in =
1
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III OPEN CHANNEL FLOW Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
1 - Compute the hydraulic radius for section show in Fig. below if water flows at a depth of 88.9mm. The section
is that of a rain gutter for a house?
Solution:
B 152.4 mm := D 88.9 mm := h 50.8 mm := L B 101.6 mm - 50.8 mm = :=
A B D ( )
1
2
h L

- 0.012 m
2
= := x h
2
L
2
+ 0.072 m = :=
P D B L - ( ) + x + D h - ( ) + := P 0.3 m =
Z
A
P
:= Z 0.041 m = Z 1.606 in =
1
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III OPEN CHANNEL FLOW Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
Consider a rectangular section maximum discharge
A B D =
B A D
1 -
=
P B 2 D + =
P A D
1 -
2 D + =
For maximum discharge wetted perimeter (P) will be maximum when:
dP
dD
0 =
dP
dD
A - D
2 -
2 + = 0 =
A D
2
2 =
A 2 D
2
=
B D 2 D
2
=
B 2 D = for maximum discharge
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III OPEN CHANNEL FLOW Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
2-A drainage structure for an i ndustrial park has a t rapezoidal cross section similar to that shown in Fig. The
bottom width is 1.067 m and the sides are inclined at an angle of 60 deg from the horizontal. Compute the
hydraulic radius for this channel when the fluid depth is 0.457 m ?
Solution:
b 1.067 m := 60deg := 30deg := D 0.457 m :=
L 1m :=
Given
D
sin ( )
L
sin ( )
= L Find L ( ) := L 0.264 m =
B 2 L b + 1.595 m = := A
1
2
D B b + ( ) 0.608 m
2
= := x D
2
L
2
+ 0.528 m = :=
P 2 x b + 2.122 m = := Z
A
P
:= Z 0.287 m =
3
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III OPEN CHANNEL FLOW Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
3-Compute the hydraulic radius for a trapezoidal channel with a bottom width of 150mm and with sides that pitch
15mm horizontally for a vertical change of 10mm. That is, the ratio of L/D in Fig. is 1.50. The depth of fluid in the
channel is 62mm
Solution:
b 150mm := D 62mm := h 15mm := v 10mm :=
33.69deg := 56.31deg :=
L
D
1.50 = solve L , 93.0 mm L 93.0 mm :=
x L
2
D
2
+ := x 0.112 m =
B 2 L b + := B 0.336 m =
P 2 x b + := P 0.374 m =
A
1
2
D B b + ( ) := A 0.015 m
2
= Z
A
P
40.333 mm = :=
4
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III OPEN CHANNEL FLOW Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
4-Computer the hydraulic radius for the channel show in Fig. if the water depth is 2.50m?
Solution:
Consider the trapezion A1
atan
1
2

:= 26.565 deg = 90deg - ( ) 63.435 deg =


63.435deg := D
1
2.5m 0.6m - ( ) := b 1.0m :=
L 1m :=
Given
D
1
sin ( )
L
sin ( )
= L Find L ( ) := L 3.8 m =
B 2 L b + := A
1
1
2
D
1
B b + ( ) 9.12 m
2
= := x D
1
( )
2
L ( )
2
+ 4.249 m = :=
P
1
2 x := Z
1
A
1
P
1
1.073 m = :=
Consider the rectangular A2
D
2
0.6m := A
2
D
2
b 0.6 m
2
= := P
2
2 D
2
b + 2.2 m = :=
Z
2
A
2
P
2
0.273 m = := Z
t
A
1
A
2
+
P
1
P
2
+
0.909 m = :=
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III OPEN CHANNEL FLOW Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
Consider a trapezoidal section maximum discharge
A
1
2
b B + ( ) D =
A
1
2
b b 2 n D + ( ) + [ ] D =
A
1
2
2 b 2 n D + ( ) D =
A b n D + ( ) D =
A b D n D
2
+ =
b D A n D
2
- =
b A D
1 -
n D - =
P A D
1 -
nD - 2 r + =
r
2
n
2
D
2
D
2
+ =
r
2
D
2
n
2
1 +
( )
=
r n
2
1 +
( )
D =
P A D
1 -
n D - 2 D n
2
1 + + =
6
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III OPEN CHANNEL FLOW Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
For maximum discharge wetted perimeter (P) will be maximum when:
dP
dD
0 =
dP
dD
A - D
2 -
n - 2 n
2
1 + + = 0 =
2 n
2
1 +
A
D
2
n + =
2 n
2
1 +
A n D
2
+
D
2
=
2 n
2
1 +
b D n D
2
+
( )
n D
2
+
D
2
=
2 n
2
1 +
D b n D + n D + ( )
D
2
=
2 n
2
1 +
b 2 n D +
D
=
2 D n
2
1 + b 2 n D + =
twice slanting side = top width
slanting side = half top width
7
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III OPEN CHANNEL FLOW Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
5- Prove that the most efficient triangular section is the one with a 90 vertix angle.
Solution:
A
1
2
a sin a cos

2 = A a
2
sin cos =
P 2 a =
Z
A
P
=
Z
a
2
sin cos
2 a
=
a
2

sin cos ( ) =
For maximum discharge hydraulic mean depth (Z) will be maximum when:
dZ
d
0 =
dZ
d
a
2

cos
2
sin
2
-
( )
=
a
2

cos
2
sin
2
-
( )
0 =
cos
2
sin
2
-
( )
0
a
2

=
cos
2
sin
2
=
cos sin =
sin
cos
1 =
1 :=
Given
tan ( ) 1 = Find ( ) := 45 deg =
Hence, cos sin = ; or 45 = and the vertix angle= 2 ( ) 45 ( ) , or 90
8
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III OPEN CHANNEL FLOW Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
NB: In circular channel the angle () always should be in radian and calculator in rad mode
D is the fluid depth
A
1
2
r
2
= A
1
2
sin2 -

r
2
=
P r = since 90 = or

2
rad = P 2 r =
D r = since 90 = or

2
rad = D r 1 cos - ( ) = since 90 or

2
rad
or
A
1
2
sin2 -

r
2
=
P 2 r =
D r 1 cos - ( ) = since 90 or

2
rad
9
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III OPEN CHANNEL FLOW Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
Consider a circular section maximum velocity
A
1
2
sin2 -

r
2
=
P 2 r =
Z
A
P
= Z

1
2
sin2 -

r
2

2 r
= Z

1
2
sin2 -

r
2
=
For maximum velocity occur when:
dZ
d
0 = , and use Quotient Rule to differentiate
dZ
d
dZ
d
2 r 1 cos2 - ( ) 2 r
1
2
sin2 -

-
2 ( )
2
= 0 =
2 r 1 cos2 - ( ) 2 r
1
2
sin2 -

-
2 ( )
2
0 =
2 r 1 cos2 - ( )
2 ( )
2
2 r
1
2
sin2 -

2 ( )
2
=
10
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III OPEN CHANNEL FLOW Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
2 r 1 cos2 - ( ) 2 r
1
2
sin2 -

=
1 cos2 - ( )
1
2
sin2 - =
cos2 -
1
2
sin2 - =
- cos2
1 -
2
sin =
2
sin2
cos2
=
1 :=
Given
2 tan 2 ( ) = Find ( ) := 2.247 rad = 128.727 deg =
11
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III OPEN CHANNEL FLOW Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
Depth for maximum discharge (Chezy considered)
Q A C Z i =
Q A C Z
1
2
i
1
2
=
Q C i
1
2

A
P
|

\
|
|
.
1
2
A =
Q C i
1
2

A
3
2
P
1
2
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
.
= there for Q C i
1
2

A
3
P
|

\
|
|
.
1
2
=
maximum discharge occur when:
d
A
3
P
|

\
|
|
.
d
0 = Use Quotient Rule to differentiate
d
A
3
P
|

\
|
|
.
d
A
1
2
sin2
|

\
|
|
.
r
2
=
dA
d
1 cos2 ( ) r
2
= f A
3
( )
A
3
= g P ( ) P =
P 2 r =
dP
d
2 r = 3 A
2

dA
d
dP
d
12
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III OPEN CHANNEL FLOW Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
d
A
3
P
|

\
|
|
.
d
3A
2
P
dA
d
|

\
|
|
.
A
3 dP
d

P ( )
2
= 0 =
3A
2
P
dA
d
|

\
|
|
.
A
3 dP
d
|

\
|
|
.
=
3 P
dA
d
A
dP
d
=
3 2 r ( ) 1 cos2 ( ) r
2


1
2
sin2
|

\
|
|
.
r
2
2 r ( ) =
3 1 cos2 ( )
1
2
sin2 ( ) =
3 3 cos 2 ( )
1
2
sin2 ( ) =
2 3 cos 2 ( )
1
2
sin 2 ( ) + 0 =
2.689rad = 154.083deg =
D r r cos ( ) = D is the fluid depth and d is the diameter
D r 1 cos ( ) ( ) =
D 0.95 d =
D
d
2
1 cos 2.689rad ( ) ( ) = NB: use the calculator in rad mode
Alternative solution
Q A C Z i =
Q A C Z
1
2
i
1
2
=
Q C i
1
2

A
P
|

\
|
|
.
1
2
A =
Q C i
1
2

A
3
2
P
1
2
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
.
= there for K
A
3
2
P
1
2
=
13
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III OPEN CHANNEL FLOW Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
maximum discharge occur when:
dK
d
0 = Use Quotient Rule to differentiate
dK
d
A
1
2
sin2
|

\
|
|
.
r
2
=
dA
d
1 cos2 ( ) r
2
= f A ( ) A
3
2
= g P ( ) P
1
2
=
P 2 r =
dP
d
2 r =
3
2
A
1
2

dA
d
1
2
P
1
2

dP
d

dK
d
3
2
A
1
2
P
1
2

dA
d
|

\
|
|
.
A
3
2 1
2
P
1
2

dP
d
|

\
|
|
.

P
1
2
|

\
|
|
.
2
= 0 =
3
2
A
1
2
P
1
2

dA
d
|

\
|
|
.
A
3
2 1
2 P
1
2

dP
d
|

\
|
|
.
=
3 P
dA
d
A
dP
d
=
3 2 r ( ) 1 cos2 ( ) r
2


1
2
sin2
|

\
|
|
.
r
2
2 r ( ) =
3 1 cos2 ( )
1
2
sin2 ( ) =
3 3 cos 2 ( )
1
2
sin2 ( ) =
2 3 cos 2 ( )
1
2
sin 2 ( ) + 0 =
2.689rad = 154.083deg =
D r r cos ( ) = D is the fluid depth and d is the diameter
D r 1 cos ( ) ( ) =
D 0.95 d =
D
d
2
1 cos 2.689rad ( ) ( ) = NB: use the calculator in rad mode
14
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III PUMP PERFORMANCE AND
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
PERFORMANCE AND OPERATING POINTS OF TWO PUMPS
OPERATING SINGLY AND COMBINED IN PARALLEL
15
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III PUMP PERFORMANCE AND
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
PERFORMANCE AND OPERATING POINTS OF TWO PUMPS
OPERATING SINGLY AND COMBINED IN SERIES
16
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III PUMP PERFORMANCE AND
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
1- A pump operating at 1650 rpm is used to transfer water, the system characteristic is H
sys
68 124.3 Q
2
+ =
and the pump characteristic is given below:
Q
m
3
s

0.075 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3


H m ( ) 72 70 66 60 50
% ( ) 55 82 90 93 91
a) Obtain the operating point of this pump ?
b) Obtain the most effective speed at which the pump should operate and the power required to drive this
pump ?
c) Plot the characteristic of the pump at this new speed ?
Solution:
% 1
Q
pump_1650
0.075
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3

m
3
s
:= H
pump_1650
72
70
66
60
50

m :=
pump_1650
55
82
90
93
91

% := z
pump_1650
68m := k
pump_1650
124.3
s
2
m
5
:=
TO OBTAIN THE NEW CONSTANT (K)
VALUE AT MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY FOR
THE NEW SYSTEM:
N
1
1650rpm :=
H
sys1
z
pump_1650
k
pump_1650
Q
pump_1650
( )
2
+ := H
sys1
68.699
70.797
72.972
75.769
79.187

m = H
max.eff_pump
k
max.eff
Q
max.eff
( )
2
=
k
max.eff
H
max.eff
Q
max.eff
( )
2
=

max
93% := H
max.eff_pump
60m := Q
max.eff
0.25
m
3
s
:=
( AFFINITY LAWS ):
K
Q
Q
N d
3

= K
H
g H
N
2
d
2

= K
P
P
N
2
d
5

=
K

1 - ( ) d
0.25
=
NB: Since the pump are similar the impeller diameters are the same.

17
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III PUMP PERFORMANCE AND
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
k
max.eff
1
s
2
m
5
:=
Given
H
max.eff_pump
k
max.eff
Q
max.eff
( )
2
=
k
max.eff
Find k
max.eff
( )
:= k
max.eff
960
s
2
m
5
=
H
sys2
k
max.eff
Q
pump_1650
( )
2
:= H
sys2
5.4
21.6
38.4
60
86.4

m =
Characteristic of the pump at 1650 rpm
a) The operating point of this pump at the operating speed is the interception between pump curve N
1
& system1 curve, where can also be taken the reading of head(H) and the flow rate(Q) at the operating
speed.
0.05 0.077 0.104 0.131 0.158 0.185 0.212 0.239 0.266 0.293 0.32
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pump Curve 1650 rpm
System 1 Curve
Efficiency Curve 1650 rpm
System 2 Curve
Flow rate at 1650 rpm
H
e
a
d

&

E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

a
t

1
6
5
0

r
p
m
18
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III PUMP PERFORMANCE AND
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
b) NB: Obtaining the most effective operation point should be at the interception between system1
curve & system2 curve and take the reading of Q
most.eff
and H
most.eff
,and then use the AFFINITY
LAWS to obtain the most effective speed ( N
most.eff
).
N
most.eff
1rpm := Q
most.eff
0.285
m
3
s
:= H
most.eff
78m :=
Given
Q
max.eff
N
1
Q
most.eff
N
most.eff
= FROM AFFINITY
LAWS
N
most.eff
Find N
most.eff
( )
:= N
most.eff
1881 rpm =
9.81
kN
m
3
:= Specific Density of water
P
req
H
most.eff
Q
most.eff

max
100 := P
req
234.491 kW =
c) Use the AFFINITY LAWS to compute the flow rat e(Q
pump_1881
), head( H
pump_1881
) and the
efficiency(
pump_1881
) and plot the characteristic of the pump at the speed of 1881 rpm. Be aware
that whatever system curve to be plotted, it's always against operating flow rate.
Q
pump_1881
Q
pump_1650
N
most.eff

N
1
:= Q
pump_1881
0.086
0.171
0.228
0.285
0.342

m
3
s
=
Q
pump_1650
N
1
Q
pump_1881
N
most.eff
= FROM AFFINITY
LAWS
H
pump_1881
g H
pump_1650

g N
1
( )
2

N
most.eff
( )
2
:= H
pump_1881
93.571
90.972
85.774
77.976
64.98

m =
g H
pum_1650

N
1
( )
2
g H
pump_1881

N
most.eff.
( )
2
= FROM AFFINITY
LAWS
since d
1
d
2
=
FROM AFFINITY
LAWS
1
1
-
1
2
-
d
2
d
1

0.25
=
pump_1881

pump_1650
1 -
1 ( )
0.25
1 + :=
pump_1881
55
82
90
93
91

% =
19
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III PUMP PERFORMANCE AND
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
Characteristic of the pump at 1881 rpm
0.05 0.082 0.114 0.146 0.178 0.21 0.242 0.274 0.306 0.338 0.37
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pump Curve 1881 rpm
System 2 Curve
Efficiency Curve 1881 rpm
Flow rate at 1881 rpm
H
e
a
d

&

E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

a
t

1
8
8
1

r
p
m
20
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III PUMP PERFORMANCE AND
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
2- The characteristic of a pump delivering water are as follows:
Q(
m
3
s
) 0.069 0.092 0.115 0.138 0.18
H( m) 4.35 4.03 3.38 2.42 0
When two such pump are connected in parallel the flow rate through the system is the same as when connected in
series. Determine the flow rate that a single pump would deliver if connected to the same system? Assume the
system characteristic to be purely resistive (no static lift) and losses due to friction only.
Solution:
H
pump
4.35
4.03
3.38
2.42
0

m := Q
pump
0.069
0.092
0.115
0.138
0.18

m
3
s
:= H
series
2H
pump
:= H
series
8.7
8.06
6.76
4.84
0

m = z 0m :=
Q
series
Q
pump
:= Q
series
0.069
0.092
0.115
0.138
0.18

m
3
s
= H
parallel
H
pump
:= H
parallel
4.35
4.03
3.38
2.42
0

m =
Q
parallel
2Q
pump
:= Q
parallel
0.138
0.184
0.23
0.276
0.36

m
3
s
=
21
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III PUMP PERFORMANCE AND
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
0.05 0.085 0.12 0.155 0.19 0.225 0.26 0.295 0.33 0.365 0.4
0
0.9
1.8
2.7
3.6
4.5
5.4
6.3
7.2
8.1
9
Original Pump Curve
Pump Curve when connected in Parallel
Pump Curve when connected in Series
Flow rate
H
e
a
d

From the interception between pump curve when connected in series and when connected in parallel
taking readings of the flow rate (Q) and head (H), that should gives:
Q 0.142
m
3
s
:= H 4.38m :=
k 1
s
2
m
5
:=
Given
H z k Q
2
+ = k Find k ( ) := k 217.219
s
2
m
5
=
H
sys
z k Q
pump
( )
2
+ := H
sys
1.034
1.839
2.873
4.137
7.038

m =
22
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III PUMP PERFORMANCE AND
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
After finding the constant value (k), use this constant (k) to compute the system head using the same
flow rate and add the system curve on the plot.
0.05 0.085 0.12 0.155 0.19 0.225 0.26 0.295 0.33 0.365 0.4
0
0.9
1.8
2.7
3.6
4.5
5.4
6.3
7.2
8.1
9
Original Pump Curve
Parallel Pump Curve
Series Pump Curve
System Curve
Flow rate
H
e
a
d

23
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III PUMP PERFORMANCE AND
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
3- The characteristic of a centrifugal pump handling water are given as:
Q(
m
3
s
) 0.01 0.014 0.017 0.019 0.024
H( m) 9.5 8.7 7.4 6.1 0.9
(%) 65 81 78 68 12
The system consists of 840m of 15cm diameter pipes with absolutes roughness 6x10
-6
m joining two reservoirs, the difference
between water levels being 3m. Neglecting all losses except frictions. Determine the rate of flow between two reservoirs at
the operation point and the power consumed by the pump.
Take absolute viscosity of water as =1.14x10
-3
Pa.s and =1000
kg
m
3
solution: for the reason of scale, efficiency I used
reduction scale 1:7, that's why divided all
efficiencies by 7
% 1
Q
Pump
0.01
0.014
0.017
0.019
0.024

m
3
s
:= H
Pump
9.5
8.7
7.4
6.1
0.9

m :=
65
81
78
68
12

%
7
:= L 840m := d 15cm :=
6 10
6 -
m := z 3m := 1.14 10
3 -
Pa s := 1000
kg
m
3
:=
In the given data there no pipe friction factor, to get the system equation is needed, in t his case is necessary the
interaction in order to get acceptable pipe friction factor
Interact pipe friction factor start by 0.01 f
1
0.01 :=
H
Sys
f L , Q
Pump
, d ,
( )
z
8 f L Q
Pump
2

g
2
d
5

+ := R Q , , d , ( )
4 Q
d
:= f d , R , ( )
0.25
log

3.7 d
5.74
R
0.9
+

2
:=
head and flow rate form the graph at f
1
0.01 =
H
Sys1
z
8 f
1
L Q
Pump
2

g
2
d
5

+ := H
Sys1
3.914
4.792
5.642
6.301
8.266

m =
H
1
6.25m := Q
1
0.018834
m
3
s
:=
22
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III PUMP PERFORMANCE AND
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
After getting the system equation always plot it to find the head and flow rate and then use it to calculate Reynolds
number and new friction factor until getting the right one as show below:
R
2
4 Q
1

d
:= R
2
140235.05 = f
2
0.25
log

3.7 d
5.74
R
2
0.9
+

2
:=
f
2
0.017 =
head and flow rate form the graph at f
2
0.017 =
H
Sys2
z
8 f
2
L Q
Pump
2

g
2
d
5

+ := H
Sys2
4.551
6.039
7.481
8.597
11.931

m =
H
2
7.4211m := Q
2
0.016897
m
3
s
:=
R
3
4 Q
2

d
:= R
3
125812.448 = f
3
0.25
log

3.7 d
5.74
R
3
0.9
+

2
:= f
3
0.0173 =
head and flow rate form the graph at f
3
0.0173 =
H
Sys3
z
8 f
3
L Q
Pump
2

g
2
d
5

+ := H
Sys3
4.583
6.102
7.574
8.714
12.117

m =
H
3
7.4605m := Q
3
0.016985
m
3
s
:=
R
4
4 Q
3

d
:= R
4
126467.682 = f
4
0.25
log

3.7 d
5.74
R
4
0.9
+

2
:= f
4
0.0173 =
I multiply by 7 because of the scale that I
used for efficiency
H
Sys.Ideal
H
Sys3
:=
3
11.143 ( ) 7 ( ) 78.001 % = :=
After getting the ideal pipe friction factor the one of the system3, mean that the head, flow rate and efficiency of two
reservoir is also from system3, now we are able to calculate the power consumed as show below
9.81
kN
m
3
:= Specific Density of water
P
cons
H
3
Q
3

3
100 := P
cons
1.594 kW =
23
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III PUMP PERFORMANCE AND
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
0.01 0.0115 0.013 0.0145 0.016 0.0175 0.019 0.0205 0.022 0.0235 0.025
0
1.2
2.4
3.6
4.8
6
7.2
8.4
9.6
10.8
12
Pump Curve
System Curve 1 with f1
System Curve 2 with f2
System Ideal Curve 3 with f3
Efficiency Curve
Flow Rate
H
e
a
d

&

E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
24
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III PUMP PERFORMANCE AND
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
4- The characteristic of a pump in terms of dimensionless coeffci ents may approximated to K
H
240 2 K
Q
21 K
Q
2
= .
Such a pump having an impeller of 0.4m and running at 145 rev/min operates against a system characteristic represeted
by H
sys
5 300 Q
2
+ = . Use Q=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5m
3
/s to plot the original pump curve and system curce.
a) Obtem the volume flow rate delivered and the pump operating head for the original pump from your graph?
b) Obtem the volume flow rate delivered and the pump operating head for a similar pump with an impeller diameter of
0.39m in the dame system operating at 220rev/min from your graph?
Solution:
Q
pump_145
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
m
3
s
:= d
1
0.4m := N
1
145rpm := d
2
0.39m := N
2
220rpm := z
145
5m :=
k
pump_145
300
s
2
m
5
:=
H
sys
z
145
k
pump_145
Q
pump_145
( )
2
+ := H
sys
5
8
17
32
53
80
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
m =
K
Q
Q
N d
3

= , K
H
g H
N
2
d
2

=
FROM AFFINITY
LAWS
K
H
240 2 K
Q
21 K
Q
2
=
g H
N
2
d
2

240 2
Q
N d
3

21
Q
N d
3

\
|
|
.
2
=
gH 240 N
2
d
2

( )

2 N
2
d
2

( )

N d
3

Q 21
N
2
d
2

N
2
d
6

\
|
|
|
.
Q
2
=
H 240
N
2
g 60 60
d 2
N
60 g d
Q
21
g d
4

Q
2
=
25
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III PUMP PERFORMANCE AND
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
H
pump_145
22.861 1.232Q
pump_145
83.62 Q
pump_145
( )
2
=
H
pump_145
22.861m 1.232
s
m
2
Q
pump_145
83.62
s
2
m
5
Q
pump_145
( )
2
:= H
pump_145
22.861
21.902
19.27
14.966
8.989
1.34
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
m =
H
pump_220
50.028 1.917 Q
pump_220
92.532 Q
pump_220
( )
2
=
H
pump_220
50.028m 1.917
s
m
2
Q
pump_145
92.532
s
2
m
5
Q
pump_145
( )
2
:= H
pump_220
50.028
48.911
45.943
41.125
34.456
25.936
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
m =
NB: Always use the operation flow rate to calcul ate any system head, pump
head and to plot the graph.
Q
pump_220
Q
pump_145
N
2
d
2
3

N
1
d
1
3

:= Q
pump_220
0
0.141
0.281
0.422
0.563
0.703
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
m
3
s
=
Q
pump_145
N
1
d
1
3

Q
pump_220
N
2
d
2
3

=
FROM AFFINITY
LAWS
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0
20
40
60
80
System Curve
Pump Curve at 145 rpm
Pump Curve at 220 rpm
Flow rate
H
e
a
d
Readings taken from the graph
Q
145
0.214
m
3
s
:= H
145
18.8m :=
Q
220
0.333
m
3
s
:= H
220
38.3m :=
26
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III PUMP PERFORMANCE AND
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
5- For the system in Question4, water at 15 (=9.81kN/m
3
, P
vap
=1.7kPa flows from a closed thank through a 50cm
diameter suction pipe (f=0.02) whose length is 2km. The pressure above the water in the sealed tank is 10kPa below
atmospheric. The similar pump for the Question1 is placed 4m below the surface of the water in the thank, the pipe
connection to the thank is square edged and there are two 90 elbows (f
T
=0.017, Le/D=30). Take atmospheric pressure
as 100.5kPa. Sketch the system. Calculate the net positive suction head available to this similar pump.
NB: The pressure in the thank always must be absolute pressure and do not
consider the suction after the pump, consider only the suction before the pump.
9.81
kN
m
3
:= p
vap
1.7kPa := d 50cm := f 0.02 := L 2km := p
g
10 kPa :=
f
T
0.017 :=
L
e
d
e
30 = p
at
100.5kPa := Q 0.333
m
3
s
:= from Question4
h
s
4m :=
NPSH
A
p
2

v
2
2
2 g
+
|

\
|
|
|
.
h
vap
= h
sp
h
s
+ h
L
h
vap
=
TO AVOID CAVITATION
NPSH
A
NPSH
R
>
p
sp
p
g
p
at
+ := p
sp
90.5 kPa = abs ( )
NPSH
A
1.10NPSH
R
=
h
sp
p
sp

:= h
sp
9.225 m =
h
L
entre friction + 2elbows + =
NPSH
A
h
sp
h
s
+
8 f L Q
2

2
g d
5

2 f
T
30 ( )
8 Q
2

2
g d
4

(
(
(

p
vap

:= NPSH
A
1.171 m =
27
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III PUMP PERFORMANCE AND
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
DISCUSSION:
Many pumps are too large to be tested in a laboratory therefore it is essential to be able to test small geometrically
similar ones and then scale the results up to the required size.
If a centrifugal pump operates in conjunction with a pipe system the two must handle the same volume and at the
same time, the head generated by the pump must be equal to the system energy requirement at that flow rate.
The point at which the system curve and the pump rating curve intercepts is the true operating point of the pump
in the system. At operating point, the pump head and system head the are equal ( H
pump
H
system
= ).
An important characteristic of the head flow curve is the best efficiency point, at this point, the pump operates
most cost-effectively in term of both energy, effi ciency and mai ntenance.
The performance of the centrifugal pumps is typically described by graph plotting the pressure head generated by
the pump over a range of flow rates.
Vapour bubbles are formed in the fluid in a manner similar to boling. If the suction pressure of pump inlet is too low.
The propety that determines the conditions under which vapour bubbles from is h
s
vapour pressure ( p
vap
). It is very
important to compute the net positive suction head available( NPSH
A
) to the pump in order to avoid cavitations.
The value of NPSH
A
depends on the vapour pressure of the flowing fluid, energy losses in the suction pipe, the
location of the fluid reservoir and the pressure applied to the fluid in reservoir.
28
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
TUTORIAL 1
1- A centrifugal pump has external and internal impeller diameters 600mm and 300mm respectively.The vane angle at
inlet and outlet are 30 and 45 respectively. The water the impeller at 2.5 m/s, velocity of flow is constant and there is
no whirl at inlet. Find the rotational speed of impeller in rpm and work done per unit force of water (theoretical head
developed by pump).
Solution:
d
2
600mm := d
1
300mm :=
1
30 :=
2
45 := v
1
2.5
m
s
:= vf v
1
:= vw
1
0 :=
r
2
d
2
2
:= r
1
d
1
2
:=
U r =
2 N
60
=
U N r , ( ) N r := N U r , ( )
U
r
:=
U
1
1
m
s
:=
Given
tan
1
( )
v
1
U
1
= U
1
Find U
1
( )
:= U
1
4.33
m
s
=
N U
1
r
1
,
( )
276 rpm = N 276 rpm :=
U N r
2
,
( )
8.671
m
s
= U
2
8.671
m
s
:=
29
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
vw
2
1
m
s
:=
Given
tan
2
( )
vf
U
2
vw
2
-
= vw
2
Find vw
2
( )
:= vw
2
6.171
m
s
=
H
th
U
2
vw
2

g
U
1
vw
1

g
- := H
th
5.456 m =
30
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
2- Calculate vane angle at the inlet of a centrifugal pump impeller having 200mm diameter at inlet and 400mm
diameter at outlet. The impeller vanes are set backwards45 at outlet and the entry of the pump is radial. The pump
runs at 1000 rpm and the velocity of flow through the impeller is constant at 3m/s. Also calculate t he work done per
unit force of water (theoretical head developed by pump), the velocity at which water lives the impeller at outlet
(absolute velocity at outlet), and the direction of the water at outlet (guide vane angle at outlet).
Solution:
d
1
200mm := d
2
400mm := N 1000rpm :=
2
45 := v
1
3
m
s
:= r
1
d
1
2
:= r
2
d
2
2
:=
vf v
1
:= vw
1
0 :=
U r =
2 N
60
=
U N r , ( ) N r :=
U N r
1
,
( )
10.472
m
s
= U
1
10.472
m
s
:=

1
1deg :=
Given
tan
1
( )
v
1
U
1

=
1
Find
1
( )
:=
1
15.986 deg =
U N r
2
,
( )
20.944
m
s
= U
2
20.944
m
s
:=
31
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
vw
2
1
m
s
:=
Given
tan
2
( )
vf
U
2
vw
2
-
= vw
2
Find vw
2
( )
:= vw
2
17.944
m
s
=
v
2
1
m
s
:=
Given
v
2
2
vw
2
2
vf
2
+ = v
2
Find v
2
( )
:= v
2
18.193
m
s
=

2
1 :=
Given
tan
2
( )
vf
vw
2
=
2
Find
2
( )
:=
2
9.491 deg =
H
th
U
2
vw
2

g
U
1
vw
1

g
- := H
th
38.323 m =
32
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
3- A centrifugal pump is to discharge water at the rate of 110 litres/second at a speed of 1450 rpm against a head of 23
metres. The impeller diameter and its width at outlet are 250mm and 50mm respectively. Determine the vane angle at
the outlet if the manometric efficiency of the pump is 75%. Assume zero whirl at inlet.
Solution:
Q 110
L
s
:= N 1450rpm := H
m
23m := d
2
250mm := b
2
50mm :=
m
75% :=
r
2
d
2
2
:= vw
1
0 :=
H
th
1m :=
Given

m
H
m
H
th
= H
th
Find H
th
( )
:= H
th
30.667 m =
Af
2
2 r b =
vf 1
m
s
:= U r =
2 N
60
=
Given
Q 2 r
2
b
2
vf = vf Find vf ( ) := vf 2.801
m
s
=
U
2
N r
2
18.98
m
s
= :=

2
1 :=
Given
H
th
U
2
g
U
2
vf tan
2
( ) ( )
1 -
-

=
2
Find
2
( )
:=
2
41.773 deg =
33
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
4- A centrifugal pump delivers water against a head of 14.5 metres while running at 1000 rpm. The vanes are curved
backwards30 at outlet. The impeller diameter and its width at outlet are 300mm and 50mm respectively.Determine the
discharge of pump if the manometric efficiency 85%. Assume zero whirl at inlet.
Solution:
H
m
14.5m := N 1000rpm :=
2
30 := d
2
300mm := b
2
50mm :=
m
85% := r
2
d
2
2
:=
U
2
N r
2
:= U
2
15.708
m
s
=
H
th
1m :=
Given

m
H
m
H
th
= H
th
Find H
th
( )
:= H
th
17.059 m =
vf 1
m
s
:=
Given
H
th
U
2
g
U
2
vf tan
2
( ) ( )
1 -
-

= vf Find vf ( ) := vf 2.92
m
s
=
Q 2 r
2
b
2
vf := Q 0.138
m
3
s
=
34
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
5- A centrifugal pump discharge 7500 litres of water per minute against a total head of 25metres when running at 660
rpm. The outer diameter of the impeller is 600mm and the ratio of outer to inner diameter is 2. The area of flow, through
the wheel is 0.06m
2
. The vanes are set backward 45 at outlet. Water enters the wheel radially and without shock.
Calculate:
(a) manometric efficiency, and
(b) vane angle at inlet

Solution:
Q 7500
L
min
:= H
m
25m := N 660rpm := d
2
600mm := d
1
d
2
2
:= Af 0.06m
2
:=
2
45 :=
vw
1
0 := r
1
d
1
2
:= r
2
d
2
2
:=
U
2
N r
2
:= U
2
20.735
m
s
=
U
1
N r
1
:= U
1
10.367
m
s
=
vf 1
m
s
:=
Given
Q Af vf = vf Find vf ( ) := vf 2.083
m
s
= v
1
vf :=
H
th
U
2
g
U
2
vf tan
2
( ) ( )
1 -
-

:= H
th
39.435 m =

m
H
m
H
th
:=
m
63.396 % =
35
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology

1
1 :=
Given
tan
1
( )
v
1
U
1
=
1
Find
1
( )
:=
1
11.362 deg =
36
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
TUTORIAL 2
1- A centrifugal pump has external an impeller diameter as 1500mm running at 210 rpm delivers 180 litres of water per
second. The vane angle at outlet is 25
o.
Assume radi al ent ry and veloci ty of flow throughout as 2.5m/s, determine
theoretical power developed by the pump. Find manometric head if manometric efficiency of the pump is 65%.
Solution:
d
2
1500mm := N 210rpm := Q 180
L
s
:=
2
25 := vf
2
2.5
m
s
:=
m
65% :=
9.81
kN
m
3
:=
r
2
d
2
2
:=
U
2
N r
2
:= U
2
16.493
m
s
=
H
th
U
2
g
U
2
vf
2
tan
2
( ) ( )
1 -
-

:= H
th
18.723 m =
P
th
H
th
Q := P
th
33.06 kW =
H
m
1m :=
Given

m
H
m
H
th
= H
m
Find H
m
( )
:= H
m
12.17 m =
37
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
2- A centrifugal pump delivers 50 litres per second against a head of 25m running at 1500 rpm. The velocit y of fl ow i s
maintained constant at 2.4 m/s and the blades are set backwards at 30 to the tangent at exit. The inner diameter is
half of the outer diameter, the manometric efficiency is 80%. Find the theoretical power developed by the pump and the
blade angle at inlet. Assume zero whirl at inlet.
Solution:
Q 50
L
s
:= H
m
25m := N 1500rpm := vf 2.4
m
s
:=
2
30 :=
m
80% := d
1
1
2
d
2
=
9.81
kN
m
3
:=
H
th
1m :=
Given

m
H
m
H
th
= H
th
Find H
th
( )
:= H
th
31.25 m =
P
th
H
th
Q := P
th
15.328 kW =
38
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
tan
2
( )
vf
U
2
vw
2
-
=
H
th
U
2
vw
2

g
=
U
2
U
2
=
vw
2
1
m
s
:=
Given
vf
tan
2
( )
vw
2
+
g H
th

vw
2
= vw
2
Find vw
2
( )
:= vw
2
15.55
m
s
=
U
2
1
m
s
:=
Given
H
th
U
2
vw
2

g
= U
2
Find U
2
( )
:= U
2
19.707
m
s
=
U
2
N
d
2.
2
= d
2
2 U
2

N
:= d
2
0.251 m =
d
1
1
2
d
2
:= d
1
0.125 m =
U
1
N
d
1
2
:= U
1
9.854
m
s
=

1
1 :=
Given
tan
1
( )
vf
U
1
=
1
Find
1
( )
:=
1
13.689 deg =
39
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
3- A centrifugal fan supplies air at rate of 4.5 m
3
/s and total theoretical head developed is100mm of water. The outer
diameter of the impeller is 50 cm and the outer width is 18 cm. Determine the blade angle at outlet if the fan runs at
1800rev/min. Assume zero whirl at inlet and take air desity as 1.23kg/m
3
.
Solution:
Q 4.5
m
3
s
:= H
w
100mm := d
2
50cm := b
2
18cm := N 1800rpm :=
a
1.23
kg
m
3
:=
r
2
d
2
2
:=
w
1000
kg
m
3
:= vw
1
0 :=
NB: when centrifugal fun delivers air and we have casing in the system threfore H
p
H
m
H
c
- = and
H
m
H
a
= ; when centrifugal fun is supplies air therefore H
th
H
a
=

w
H
w

a
H
a
=

w
g H
w

a
g H
a
=
H
a

w
H
w

a
=
H
th
H
a
=
H
th
1m :=
Given
H
th

w
H
w

a
= H
th
Find H
th
( )
:= H
th
81.301 m =
40
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
U
2
N r
2
:= U
2
47.124
m
s
=
A
f
2 r
2
b
2
:= A
f
0.283 m
2
=
vf 1
m
s
:=
Given
Q A
f
vf = vf Find vf ( ) := vf 15.915
m
s
=
vw
2
1
m
s
:=
Given
H
th
U
2
vw
2

g
= vw
2
Find vw
2
( )
:= vw
2
16.919
m
s
=

2
1 :=
Given
tan
2
( )
vf
U
2
vw
2
-
=
2
Find
2
( )
:=
2
27.786 deg =
41
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
4- A centrifugal pump delivers 0.3m
3
/s of water at 1400 rev/min. The total theoretical head developed is 20m. The
impeller is 30 cm in diameter and 32mm wide at exit, and is designed for constant velocity of flow. Assume zero whirl at
inlet. Calculate:
a) The guide vane angle at exit ?
b) The blade (vane) angle at exit ?
Solution:
Q 0.3
m
3
s
:= N 1400rpm := H
th
20m := d
2
30cm := b
2
32mm := r
2
d
2
2
:=
1
22.5 :=
U
2
N r
2
:= U
2
21.991
m
s
=
Af 2 r
2
b
2
:= Af 0.03m
2
=
vf 1
m
s
:=
Given
Q Af vf = vf Find vf ( ) := vf 9.947
m
s
=
vw
2
1
m
s
:=
Given
H
th
U
2
vw
2

g
= vw
2
Find vw
2
( )
:= vw
2
8.919
m
s
=
42
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology

2
1 :=
Given
tan
2
( )
vf
vw
2
=
2
Find
2
( )
:=
2
48.12 deg =

2
1 :=
Given
tan
2
( )
vf
U
2
vw
2
-
=
2
Find
2
( )
:=
2
37.269 deg =
43
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
TUTORIAL 3
1- A centrifugal pump has vane angle at inlet and outlet as 22.5 and 130 respectively, the relative velocity at outlet is
13 m/s and the vane velocity at outlet is 36 m/s. It is designed for a constant velocity of flow and assuming no whirl at
inlet.
1.1 Construct the inlet and outlet velocity triangles ?
1.2 Measure out the values of vf
2
, vw
2
,
2
, vr
1
and , U
1
?
1.3 Calculate the impeller diameter at inlet if the impeller width is 10 cm and flow rate is 4.8m
3
/s ?
Solution:

1
22.5 :=
2
130 := vr
2
13
m
s
:= U
2
36
m
s
:=
Make use of graph paper to constract the velocity triangles
NB: When vane angle ( ) is
greather then 90 or whirl
velocity ( v
w
) is greather then
tangent velocity of the
impeller ( U) , this will be
always the type of velocity
triangle that we going to
deal with.
vf 10
m
s
:= vw
2
44.4
m
s
:= v
2
45.5
m
s
:=
2
12.5 :=
NB: When there no
whirl velocity or guide
angle( ) is 90 this will
be always the type of
velocity triangle that we
going to deal with.
vr
1
26
m
s
:= U
1
24
m
s
:=
44
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
b
1
10cm := Q 4.8
m
3
s
:=
d
1
1m :=
Given
Q 2
d
1
2
b
1
vf = d
1
Find d
1
( )
:= d
1
1.528 m = r
1
d
1
2
:=
N 1rpm :=
Given
U
1
N r
1
= N Find N ( ) := N 300 rpm =
d
2
1m :=
Given
U
2
N
d
2
2
= d
2
Find d
2
( )
:= d
2
2.292 m =
b
2
1m :=
Given
Q 2
d
2
2
b
2
vf = b
2
Find b
2
( )
:= b
2
6.667 cm =
H
th
U
2
vw
2

g
:= H
th
162.991 m =
45
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
2- A centrifugal fan delivers 2 m
3
/s of air (density 1.2 kg/m
3
) running at 960 rev/min. The impeller outer diameter is
0.7m and inner diameter is 0.48m. The impeller width at inlet is 0.16m. The width is designed for constant radi al flow
velocity throughout. The blades are backward inclined making angle of 22.5 and 50 with the tangents at inlet and
outlet respectively. There is whirl at inlet.
a) Sketch the inlet and outlet velocity triangles ?
b) Calculate blade velocity at inlet and outlet ?
c) Calculate the whirl velocity at inlet and outlet ?
d) Calculate the absolute velocity at inlet and outlet ?
e) Calculate the relative velocity at inlet and outlet ?
f) Calculate the theoretical head produced by the impeller ?
g) If 5m of air is lost at inlet, calculate the pressure head across the impeller ?
h) Claculate the impeller width at outlet ?
Solution:
Q 2
m
3
s
:=
a
1.2
kg
m
3
:= N 960rpm := d
2
0.7m := d
1
0.48m := b
1
0.16m :=
1
22.5 :=

2
50 := r
1
d
1
2
:= r
2
d
2
2
:=
NB: when centrifugal fun delivers air and we have casing in the system threfore H
p
H
m
H
c
- = and
H
m
H
a
= ; when centrifugal fun is supplies air therefore H
th
H
a
=
U
1
N r
1
:= U
1
24.127
m
s
=
U
2
N r
2
:= U
2
35.186
m
s
=
Af 2 r
1
b
1
:= Af 0.241 m
2
=
46
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
vf 1
m
s
:=
Given
Q Af vf = vf Find vf ( ) := vf 8.289
m
s
=
vw
1
1
m
s
:=
Given
tan
1
( )
vf
U
1
vw
1
-
= vw
1
Find vw
1
( )
:= vw
1
4.115
m
s
=
vw
2
1
m
s
:=
Given
tan
2
( )
vf
U
2
vw
2
-
= vw
2
Find vw
2
( )
:= vw
2
28.23
m
s
=
v
1
vw
1
2
vf
2
+ := v
1
9.255
m
s
=
v
2
vw
2
2
vf
2
+ := v
2
29.422
m
s
=
vr
1
1
m
s
:=
Given
sin 90 ( )
vr
1
sin
1
( )
vf
= vr
1
Find vr
1
( )
:= vr
1
21.661
m
s
=
vr
2
1
m
s
:=
Given
sin 90 ( )
vr
2
sin
2
( )
vf
= vr
2
Find vr
2
( )
:= vr
2
10.821
m
s
=
H
th
U
2
vw
2

g
U
1
vw
1

g
- := H
th
91.164 m =
47
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
h
L
5m :=
p
1

z
1
+
v
1
2
2 g
+ H
th
+ h
L
-
p
2

z
2
+
v
2
2
2 g
+ =
p
2

p
1

-
v
1
2
v
2
2
-
2 g
z
1
+ z
2
- h
L
- H
th
+ =
H
2
H
1
-
v
1
2
v
2
2
-
2 g
h
L
- H
th
+ =
H
p
v
1
2
v
2
2
-
2 g
h
L
- H
th
+ := H
p
46.395 m =
b
2
1m :=
Given
Q 2 r
2
b
2

( )
vf = b
2
Find b
2
( )
:= b
2
0.11 m =
48
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
3- A centrifugal fan delivers 120 m
3
/min of air (density 1.2 kg/m
3
) running at 960 rev/min. The impeller outer diameter
is 0.7m and the inner is 0.48m. The air enters the impeller radially without shock, the impeller width at inlet is 0.133m
and at outlet is 0.115m. The blades are backward inclined making angles of 22.5 and 50 with the tangents at inlet
and outlet respectively. Losses in the impeller are 70% of the velocity head at outlet and 90% of velocity head at outlet
is converted to pressure head in the casing. There is no whirl at inlet. Sketch the inlet and outlet velocity triangles.
Calculate:

a) The theoretical head developed across the impeller ?
b) The pressure head diffrence across the fan meters of water ?
c) The theoretical power developed by the fan ?
d) The manometric efficiency ?
Solution:
Q 120
m
3
min
:=
a
1.2
kg
m
3
:= N 960rpm := d
2
0.7m := d
1
0.48m := b
1
0.133m := b
2
0.115m :=
vw
1
0 :=
1
22.5 :=
2
50 := r
1
d
1
2
:= r
2
d
2
2
:=
NB: when centrifugal fun delivers air and we have casing in the system threfore H
p
H
m
H
c
- = and H
m
H
a
= ;
when centrifugal fun is supplies air therefore H
th
H
a
=
U
1
N r
1
:= U
1
24.127
m
s
=
U
2
N r
2
:= U
2
35.186
m
s
=
49
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
vf
1
1
m
s
:=
Given
Q 2 r
1
b
1
vf
1
= vf
1
Find vf
1
( )
:= vf
1
9.972
m
s
=
vf
2
1
m
s
:=
Given
Q 2 r
2
b
2
vf
2
= vf
2
Find vf
2
( )
:= vf
2
7.908
m
s
=
vw
2
1
m
s
:=
Given
tan
2
( )
vf
2
U
2
vw
2
-
= vw
2
Find vw
2
( )
:= vw
2
28.55
m
s
=
H
th
U
2
vw
2

g
:= H
th
102.436 m =
v
1
vf
1
:=
v
2
vw
2
2
vf
2
2
+ := v
2
29.625
m
s
=
h
L
v
2
2
2 g

70 % 31.323 m = :=
p
1

z
1
+
v
1
2
2 g
+ H
th
+ h
L
-
p
2

z
2
+
v
2
2
2 g
+ =
p
2

p
1

-
v
1
2
v
2
2
-
2 g
z
1
+ z
2
- h
L
- H
th
+ =
H
2
H
1
-
v
1
2
v
2
2
-
2 g
h
L
- H
th
+ =
H
p
v
1
2
v
2
2
-
2 g
h
L
- H
th
+ := H
p
31.436 m =
50
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
H
p
H
m
H
c
- =
H
c
v
2
2
2 g

90 % :=
H
m
H
p
H
c
+ := H
m
71.708 m =

w
1000
kg
m
3
:= H
a
H
m
:=
H
w
1m :=
Given

a
g H
a

w
g H
w
= H
w
Find H
w
( )
:= H
w
86.05 mm =

m
H
m
H
th
:=
m
70.003 % =
51
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III TURBINES Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
NOTE:
Hydroelectric power has been developed by hydraulic turbines that convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.
This mechanical energy is used for running electric generators directly coupled to the shaft of turbines.
A pelton wheel i s an example of an impulsive t urbine. Pelton wheel can handle a gross head greater than 250m and is
regarded as a high turbine. If the turbine is working under a net head, h
p
(gross head-pipe friction loss), the jet velocity
at inlet is V
j
C
v
2 g h
p
= . C
v
ranges from 0.97 to 0.99. Bucket speed can be obtain from U r = . At i nlet
V
j
V
w1
= V
r1
U + = . The energy transferred is given by H
th
E =
U
g
V
j
U -
( )
1 k cos - ( ) -

= and V
r2
k V
r1
=
where k is the reduction in relative velocity and the value is usually between 0.8 and 0.85, is the angle of
deflection and can be taken as 165 if not mentioned. The maximum energy transferred will occur at some
point where dE/dU=0 which gives U=0.5Vj , note that hydraulic efficiency is maximum in practice when the
bucket speed U=0.46V
j
. No energy transfer when blade or vane velocity (U) is zero or equal to jet velocity.
Be aware about the hydraulic and ovarall efficiency of the turbine and pelton wheel they differs; pelton wheel

hyd
H
th
h
j
= , when nozzle excluded
hyd
H
th
h
p
= and
ova
P
sh
h
p
Q
= ; turbine
hyd
H
th
H
= and
ova
P
sh
H Q
= ,
Mechanical efficiency is the same for both cases
mech
P
sh
P
th
= .
TUTORIAL 1
1- A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 35 m/s. The discharge rate of t he jet i s 1 m
3
/s under a power head of
270 m. The bucket deflets the jet through an angle of 170. Calculate the power delivered to the runner, power
developed by the runner, and hydraulic effciency of the turbine. Take C
v
=0.98 and Vr
1
=Vr
2
Solution:
U 35
m
s
:= Q 1
m
3
s
:= h
p
270m := 170 := c
v
0.98 := k 1 := 9.81
kN
m
3
:=
v
j
c
v
2 g h
p
:= v
j
71.315
m
s
=
h
j
v
j
2
2 g
:= h
j
259.308 m =
P
j
h
j
Q := P
j
2.544 MW =
H
th
U
g
v
j
U -
( )
1 k cos ( ) - ( )

:= H
th
257.251 m =
P
th
H
th
Q := P
th
2.524 MW =

hyd
H
th
h
j
:=
hyd
99.207 % =
52
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III TURBINES Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
2- A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket diameter 0.8 m running at 1000 rpm. The power head is 400 m and the bucket
deflects the jet through 165 . The discharge through the nozzle is 0.15 m
3
/s. Find the jet power, power available
before nozzle and hydraulic efficiency. Take C
v
=0.98 and Vr1=Vr2
Solution:
Q 0.15
m
3
s
:= h
p
400m := 165 := c
v
0.98 := k 1 := N 1000rpm := d 0.8m :=
9.81
kN
m
3
:=
v
j
c
v
2 g h
p
:= v
j
86.802
m
s
=
h
j
v
j
2
2 g
:= h
j
384.16 m =
P
j
h
j
Q := P
j
565.291 kW =
P
bn
h
p
Q := P
bn
588.6 kW =
U N
d
2
:= U 41.888
m
s
=
H
th
U
g
v
j
U -
( )
1 k cos ( ) - ( )

:= H
th
377.156 m =
P
th
H
th
Q := P
th
554.985 kW =

hyd
H
th
h
j
:=
hyd
98.177 % =
53
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III TURBINES Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
3- The pipe supplies water to the pelton wheel with a gross head of 450. The head loss due to friction in the pipe is
one-third of the gross head. The bucket speed U=0.46V
j
for maximum practical conditions. Flow through the nozzle is
1.8 m
3
/s. Determine the power developed by the runner and hydraulic efficiency if angle of deflection is 168 and
C
v
=0.98. Vr1=Vr2
Solution:
H 450m := h
f
1
3
H := U 0.46 v
j
= Q 1.8
m
3
s
:= 168 := c
v
0.98 :=
k 1 := 9.81
kN
m
3
:=
h
p
H h
f
- := h
p
300 m =
v
j
c
v
2 g h
p
:= v
j
75.173
m
s
=
h
j
v
j
2
2 g
:= h
j
288.12 m =
U 0.46 v
j
:= U 34.58
m
s
=
H
th
U
g
v
j
U -
( )
1 k cos ( ) - ( )

:= H
th
283.148 m =
P
th
H
th
Q := P
th
4999.83 kW =

hyd
H
th
h
j
:=
hyd
98.274 % =
54
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III TURBINES Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
4- A jet of 0.13 m diameter impinges on bucket of a pelton wheel and the jet deflected through 165. The power head
is 400 m. The bucket is not smooth and there is a 20% reduction in relative velocity. C
v
=0.97, U=0.45V
j
. D
bucket
=0.8
m. Find the speed of the wheel and power developed by runner.
Solution:
d
j
0.13m := 165 := h
p
400m := k 100% 20% := c
v
0.97 := U 0.45 v
j
=
d
buck
0.8m := 9.81
kN
m
3
:= r
buck
d
buck
2
:=
v
j
c
v
2 g h
p
:= v
j
85.917
m
s
=
h
j
v
j
2
2 g
:= h
j
376.36 m =
U 0.45 v
j
:= U 38.662
m
s
=
H
th
U
g
v
j
U
( )
1 k cos ( ) ( )

:= H
th
330.258 m =
N 1rpm :=
Given
U N r
buck
= N Find N ( ) := N 922.998 rpm =
Q v
j

4
d
j
2

\
|
|
.
:= Q 1.14
m
3
s
=
P
th
H
th
Q := P
th
3.695 MW =
55
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III TURBINES Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
5- A penstock (pipeline) 1m in diameter and 10 km long carries water at 10C (=9.81kN/m
3
) from a reservoir to an
impulse turbine. The surface of fluid in reservoir is 650m above the turbine jet, the jet diameter is 16 cm. Use f=0.016
and C
v
=0.95. The rotational speed of turbine wheel is 360 rpm and the hydraulic effici ency is 85%. Assume ideal
conditions for the bucket design (U=0.5V
j
). Calculate the diameter of the turbine wheel, the flow rate, and the
theoretical power developed by the wheel.
Solution:
d
p
1m := L 10km := 9.81
kN
m
3
:= H 650m := d
j
16cm := f 0.016 := c
v
0.95 :=
N 360rpm :=
hyd
85% := U 0.5 v
j
=
Q
p
Q
j
=
v
p

4
d
p
2
v
j

4
d
j
2
= v
j
c
v
2 g h
p
= h
L
f
L
d
p

v
p
2
2 g
=
h
p
H h
L
- =
v
j
1
m
s
:=
Given
v
j
2
2 g c
v
2

H f
L
d
p

4
d
j
2

4
d
p
2

v
j
2
2 g
- =
v
j
Find v
j
( )
:= v
j
102.523
m
s
=
h
j
v
j
2
2 g
:= h
j
535.91 m =
U 0.5 v
j
:= U 51.261
m
s
=
56
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III TURBINES Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
d
tw
1m :=
Given
U N
d
tw
2
= d
tw
Find d
tw
( )
:= d
tw
2.72m =
Q v
j

4
d
j
2

:= Q 2.061
m
3
s
=
H
th
1m :=
Given

hyd
H
th
h
j
= H
th
Find H
th
( )
:= H
th
455.523 m =
P
th
H
th
Q := P
th
9.212 MW =
57
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III TURBINES Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
NOTE:
Reaction turbine is categorized in two forms based on the geometry / flow as : Inward flow reaction turbine and
outward flow reaction turbine. A Francis turbine (named after an American Engineer, James B Franci s) is an exampl e
of an inward flow reaction turbine. Modern Francis turbines can handle a supply head between 60m and 250m and it is
regarded as medium head turbine. In an inward flow reaction turbine, the inlet is through the external diameter and the
outlet is through the inner diameter (i.e. the flow of fluid is towards the runner centre) while in outward flow reaction
turbine, the inlet is through the inner diameter and outlet is through the external diameter (i.e. the fluid enters the guide
vanes at the centre and flow radially outwards into the runner). The maximum energy transferred to the runner
occur when V
w2
0 = and H
th
E =
U V
w1

g
= .
Be aware about the hydraulic and ovarall efficiency of the turbine and pelton wheel they differs; pelton wheel

hyd
H
th
h
j
= , when nozzle excluded
hyd
H
th
h
p
= and
ova
P
sh
h
p
Q
= ; turbine
hyd
H
th
H
= and
ova
P
sh
H Q
= ,
Mechanical efficiency is the same for both cases
mech
P
sh
P
th
= .
TUTORIAL 2
1- An inward fl ow reaction turbine has external and internal diameter as 1.2m and 0.6m, respectively. The velocity of
flow through the runner is constant and is equal to 1.8m/s. Determine the discharge through the runner and the width
at outlet if the width at inlet is 20cm.
Solution:
d
1
1.2m := d
2
0.6m := vr 1.8
m
s
:= vf vr := b
1
20cm := r
1
d
1
2
:= r
2
d
2
2
:=
Q 2 r
1
b
1
vf := Q 1.357
m
3
s
=
b
2
1m :=
Given
Q 2 r
2
b
2
vf = b
2
Find b
2
( )
:= b
2
40 cm =
58
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
2- An inward fl ow reaction turbine has external diameter of runner equal to 67.5cm and corresponding width of 15cm.
The effective head is 21m, velocity of flow at inlet is 3m/s, the guide vane angle at inlet is 12 and the vane angle is
90 at inlet. Inner diameter is 50cm and width is 22.5cm. Whirl velocity at outlet is zero. Find the speed of the turbine,
outlet vane angle, and power developed.
Solution:
d
1
67.5cm := b
1
15cm := H 21m := vf
1
3
m
s
:= vr
1
vf
1
:=
1
12 :=
1
90 :=
r
1
d
1
2
:= d
2
50cm := b
2
22.5cm := r
2
d
2
2
:=
U
1
1
m
s
:=
Given
tan
1
( )
vf
1
U
1
= U
1
Find U
1
( )
:= U
1
14.114
m
s
=
vw
1
U
1
:=
N 1rpm :=
Given
U
1
N r
1
= N Find N ( ) := N 399.341 rpm =
U
2
N r
2
:= U
2
10.455
m
s
=
59
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
Q 2 r
1
b
1
vf
1
:= Q 0.954
m
3
s
=
vf
2
1
m
s
:=
Given
Q 2 r
2
b
2
vf
2
= vf
2
Find vf
2
( )
:= vf
2
2.7
m
s
=

2
1 :=
Given
tan
2
( )
vf
2
U
2
=
2
Find
2
( )
:=
2
14.481 deg =
H
th
U
1
vw
1

g
:= H
th
20.313 m =
9.81
kN
m
3
:=
P H
th
Q := P 190.155 kW =
60
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III TURBINES Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
3- The runner of francis turbine developed 176.2 kW when rotating at 150 rpm and available head at inlet is 12.5m. The
velocity of flow through the runner must be constant at 0.251 2 g H . The peripheral speed at inlet is 0.81 2 g H and
there was no whirl velocity component at the exit from the runner. Assume the hydraulic effici ency is 87% and t he
overall efficiency is 79%. Draw the velocity driagrams and calculate: The diameter of the runner at i nlet, the guide vane
angle at inlet, the runner blade angle at inlet, the discharge (Q) in m
3
/s, the width of the runner blades at inlet of if the
blades occupy 8% of the circumference, the shaft power developed and the mechanical efficiency.
Solution:
P
th
176.2kW := N 150rpm := H 12.5m := vf 0.251 2 g H := U
1
0.81 2 g H :=

hyd
87% :=
ova
79% := b
1
100% 8% - ( )
U
1
12.683
m
s
=
d
1
1m :=
Given
U
1
N
d
1
2
= d
1
Find d
1
( )
:= d
1
1.615 m = r
1
d
1
2
:=
H
th
1m :=
Given

hyd
H
th
H
= H
th
Find H
th
( )
:= H
th
10.875 m =
61
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III TURBINES Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
vw
1
1
m
s
:=
Given
H
th
U
1
vw
1

g
= vw
1
Find vw
1
( )
:= vw
1
8.409
m
s
=

1
1 :=
Given
tan
1
( )
vf
vw
1
=
1
Find
1
( )
:=
1
25.05 deg =

1
1 :=
Given
tan
1
( )
vf
U
1
vw
1
-
=
1
Find
1
( )
:=
1
42.6 deg =
Q 1
m
3
s
:= 9.81
kN
m
3
:=
Given
P
th
H
th
Q = Q Find Q ( ) := Q 1.652
m
3
s
=
b
1
1m :=
Given
Q 2 r
1
b
1
100% 8% - ( ) vf = b
1
Find b
1
( )
:= b
1
90.041 mm =
P
sh
1kW :=
Given

ova
P
sh
H Q
= P
sh
Find P
sh
( )
:= P
sh
159.998 kW =

mech
P
sh
P
th
:=
mech
90.805 % =
62
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
4- An inward fl ow reaction turbine havi ng external diameter of 1.5m runs at 400rpm. The velocity of flow at inlet is
10m/s. If the guide blade angle is 15, find the absolute velocity of water at inlet, velocity of whirl at inlet, inlet vane
angle of runner, and relative vel ocity at inlet.
Solution:
d
1
1.5m := N 400rpm := vf
1
10
m
s
:=
1
15 := r
1
d
1
2
:=
U
1
N r
1
:= U
1
31.416
m
s
=
vw
1
1
m
s
:=
Given
tan
1
( )
vf
1
vw
1
= vw
1
Find vw
1
( )
:= vw
1
37.321
m
s
=
NB: When vane angle ( ) is
greather then 90 or whirl
velocity ( v
w
) is greather then
tangent velocity of the
impeller ( U) , this will be
always the type of velocity
triangle that we going to
deal with.
vr
1
vw
1
U
1
-
( )
2
vf
1
( )
2
+ := vr
1
11.613
m
s
=
1 :=
Given
tan ( )
vw
1
U
1
-
vf
1
= Find ( ) := 30.56 deg =

1
90deg + :=
1
120.56 deg =
v
1
vw
1
( )
2
vf
1
( )
2
+ := v
1
38.637
m
s
=
63
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
Alternative calculation of V
1

v
1
1
m
s
:=
Given
sin
1
( )
vf
1
v
1
= v
1
Find v
1
( )
:= v
1
38.637
m
s
=
64
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III TURBINES Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
5- An outward fl ow reaction turbine has internal and external diameter as 0.5m and 1m, respectively. The guide vane
angle is 15 and velocity of flow through the runner is constant and is equal to 3m/s. The speed of turbine is 250 rpm,
the head on turbine is 10m, and discharge at outlet is radial (guide vane angle is 90).Determine runner vane angle at
inlet and outlet, the work done by water per unit weight, and hydraulic efficiency.
Solution:
d
1
0.5m := d
2
1m :=
1
15 := vf 3
m
s
:= N 250rpm := H 10m :=
2
90 :=
r
1
d
1
2
:= r
2
d
2
2
:= vw
2
0 :=
U
1
N r
1
:= U
1
6.545
m
s
=
vw
1
1
m
s
:=
Given
tan
1
( )
vf
vw
1
= vw
1
Find vw
1
( )
:= vw
1
11.196
m
s
=
NB: When vane angle ( ) is
greather then 90 or whirl
velocity ( v
w
) is greather then
tangent velocity of the
impeller ( U) , this will be
always the type of velocity
triangle that we going to
deal with.
1 :=
Given
tan ( )
vw
1
U
1
-
vf
= Find ( ) := 57.178 deg =

1
90deg + :=
1
147.178 deg =
65
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III TURBINES Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
NB: When there no
whirl velocity or guide
angle( ) is 90 this will
be always the type of
velocity triangle that we
going to deal with.
U
2
N r
2
:= U
2
13.09
m
s
=

2
1 :=
Given
tan
2
( )
vf
U
2
=
2
Find
2
( )
:=
2
12.908 deg =
H
th
U
1
vw
1

g
:= H
th
7.472 m =

hyd
H
th
H
:=
hyd
74.723 % =
66
For any r evi ew and suggest i on pl ease addr ess me by emai l : 208017470@edu.vut .ac.za


REFERENCES

Lect ur i ng not es of subj ect Hydr aul i c M achi nes III, (AN Pel eow o, Seni or Lect ur e
i n Depar t ment of M echani cal Engi neer i ng at t he Vaal Uni ver si t y of
Technol ogy)
Sol vi ng Pr obl ems i n Fl ui d M echani cs (Vol ume 1): J.F Dougl as & R.D M at hew s
Appl i cat i ons of Fl ui d M echani cs (Par t 2): C.F M eyer
Fl ui d M echani cs (Fi f t h edi t i on): J.F Dougl as et al
Fl ui d M echani cs (Fi f t h edi t i on): Fr ank M . Whi t e
Fl ui d M echani cs Fundament al and Appl i cat i on: Yunus A. Cengel & John M .
Ci mbal a.

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