PCK 1 Newtons laws of motion

PRACTICAL INVESTIGATION INVOLVING PCK ( PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE ) OF PRIMARY SCHOOL SCIENCE CURRICULUM) PCK 1 : WORK AND MACHINES

OBJECTIVES : TO BUILD A SIMPLE AND COMPOUND MACHINE MATERIAL : Inclined plane , load . pulley and block of wood Mechanical work is the amount of energy transferred by a force acting through a distance. It is a scalar quantity with SI units of joules. W = F - d If the force and the displacement act perpendicular to each other, zero work is done by the force, W = 0 Simple machine is a device that helps make work easier to perform. The definition of simple machine is a mechanical device that changes the direction or magnitude of a force. In general, they can be defined as the simplest mechanisms that use mechanical advantage also called leverage to multiply force. Simple machines are types of machines that do work with one movement. There are 6 simple machines; the inclined plane, the wedge, the screw, the lever, the pulley, and the wheel and axle. Compound machines are two or more simple machines working together. A wheelbarrow is an example of a complex machine that uses a lever and a wheel and axle. Machines of all types make work easier by changing the size or direction of an applied force. The amount of effort saved when using simple or complex machines is called mechanical advantage or MA .The mechanical advantage of an inclined plane is the ratio of the length of the sloped surface to the height it spans; this may also be expressed as the cosecant of the angle between the plane and the horizontal. Note that due to the conservation of energy, the same amount of mechanical energy is required to lift a given object by a given distance, except for losses from friction, but the inclined plane allows the same work to be done with a smaller force exerted over a greater distance Pulleys are used to change the direction of an applied force, transmit rotational motion, or realize a mechanical advantage in either a linear or rotational system of motion. It is one of the six simple machines. Two or more pulleys together are called a block and tackle. There are three types of pulley which is a fixed pulley, a movable pulley and a combined pulley. The fixed pulley is the pulley that does not change the force required to lift the block. The movable pulley is adding a movable pulley that will decrease the force by half.

Activity 1 : Building a simple and compound machine.

PCK 1 Newtons laws of motion

Hypothesis: The inclined plane will be easier to push up the load if the gradientof the inclined plane is lower.

Procedures : 1. Set up two sets of inclined plane as shown below:

10 cm 1m

0.5

block 10 cm Of wood

Try pushing the same load up both inclined plane. Which is easier ? When you double the length of an inclined plane, you increase the mechanical advantage. Result : The inclined plane with the 1m length is easier to push up the load compare to 0.5 m inclined plane

PCK 1 Newtons laws of motion

Activity 2 : Building a simple and compound machine. Hypothesis: The least energy are requires to lift the load if the amount of pulley is higher in a set. Procedures 1. Built 4 sets of pulley with the same load attached as shown below. 2. The load is lifted for each pulley. 3. Observation is recorded.

Result :Which set of pulley requires the least force to lift the load? Explain. C<D<A<B The C set of pulley requires the least force to lift the load. This because, in the C set there are two pulleys used to lift the load. Moreover, the load is lift to the gravity. So that, least force is requires to lift the load through this set of pulley.

PCK 1 Newtons laws of motion

d) I also learnt how to handle simple machine. Before the experiment I learnt how to

PCK 1 Newtons laws of motion

prepare the tools and how to use it wisely. In this activity, I must prepare the inclined plane and 4 set of pulley. I must handle it and do it carefully, so that I can get a good result. 2 .Which part of the primary Science curriculum teaches this particular topic? Level 2 - (Year 6 Theme 5: Investigating Technology) - Machines.

3. Discuss how you can use these activities in your teaching and learning ? a. ) I can use concrete material in the beginning of the lesson. or example, first show and explain about the simple machine like wedges to the students. b. ) I also can use teaching aid like video in my teaching and learning process. c. ) I also can teach this activity by using simulation or demonstration method. Firstly, I may explain to the students and do some short discussion with the students. This will make the students more understand to the lesson and can give their opinion to the class d. ) I should explain the important of machine in our daily life and how to apply this activity in daily life. The students can understand and try to figure out the uses of machine and apply in their daily life. e. ) I can create a problem and ask students to solve it in group. 4 What was the role of the teacher in these activities? Teacher acts as an observer. Teacher recognizes the student ideas, interacts with students and also provides learning alternatives formally or in formally. Teacher also acts as a facilitator.The teacher guides the students to carry out the activity. Teacher act as a demonstrator where, on the other hand ,allow students to experience more fully the information and concepts Conclusion : Pulley systems make our work easier. Using two or more pulleys reduces the amount of effort needed and the force to pull load is less compare to the system that have one pulley.

PCK 1 Newtons laws of motion

References: Tong Yoke Chai, Wan aizatul Shima, Yoong Kain Seng (2005.Phy sics Form 4 : WilayahPersekutuan Kuala Lumpur. Paul W. Zitzewitz (2002. GLENCOE PHYSICSPrinciples andProblem.Glencoe/McGrawHill 8787 OrionPlace Columbus, Ohio Retrievedfrom http://id.mind.net/~zona/mstm/physics/mechanics/energy/work/work.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workhttp://www.iq.poquoson.org/8science/workmachines/ 8workandmachines06tlm.htm