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Purpose 2
Objectives 14
Model Description 15
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Objectives
14
Objectives
This getting started tutorial goes through the basic steps in creating a Patran Thermal model, submitting
the analysis, and visualizing the results.
Build a two-dimensional thermal model in Patran (Geometry and Finite Elements).
Apply temperature, heat flux, nodal heat source, and convective boundary conditions.
Apply elements properties.
Create a run-ready analysis deck and spawn a thermal batch job.
Postprocess the results.
Important: For more information about module operation, with step-by-step instructions for various
types of thermal applications, see Reference Notes, 129.
15 Chapter 2: Getting Started
Model Description
Model Description
In this exercise you will determine the steady-state temperature distribution in a 1m by 1m Aluminum
slab. The slab will be modeled in two dimensions. The loads and boundary conditions you will apply to
the model are shown in the figure below
.
Exercise Procedure
Accessing Patran
Step 1: In your xterm window, type patran to start Patran.
You should see various status messages being printed in the xterm window. After a short time,
the following Patran main form will appear.
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Model Description
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Initially, all selections within the main form are ghosted except the File selection. Typically
when an option does not pertain to the task you are performing, Patran ghosts that selection to
make it easier for you to choose the viable options. For example, move the cursor to the File
selection in the main form and click the left mouse button. In the pull-down menu that appears
(also shown below), the operations that do not pertain to manipulating databases are ghosted,
since the first thing you must do when starting Patran is access a database.
Next, select New from the pull-down menu.
To create a new database, type the name exercise_1.db under New Database Name, and click
OK. In a short time, you should see your graphics viewport open.
17 Chapter 2: Getting Started
Model Description
Lets stop for a moment to discuss the icons located in the main form. Notice the Patran
Heartbeat in the upper right-hand corner of the main form.
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
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18
The Heartbeat changes color to inform the user of Patrans status.
If the Heartbeat is green, Patran is waiting for you to enter a command.
If the Heartbeat is blue, Patran is busy with an operation, but it can be interrupted by clicking
on the Patran Hand. The operation of the Hand is similar to control C (interrupt task).
If the Heartbeat is red, Patran is busy with an operation and cannot be interrupted. Typing or
mouse selections at this time will be ignored.
There are two more buttons in the upper right-hand corner of the main form. One is the Refresh
button (the paint brush) and the other is the Undo button (the eraser).
19 Chapter 2: Getting Started
Model Description
Step 2: After the database is opened, a New Model Preferences form will appear. Select the Default
Tolerance and change the Analysis Code to Patran Thermal. The completed form is shown
below for your reference.
Click on the OK button to close that form.
Selecting Patran Thermal causes Patran to customize the user interface forms to include
terminology pertaining to the Patran Thermal code.
Step 3: You will now create a patch that will represent the geometry of the plate. Click on the Geometry
toggle in the main form. When the Geometry form appears, set it to Create, Surface, and XYZ.
The Refresh button repaints the model. After you delete something from the viewport
or pull menus over the viewport, the model might need repainting. If it does, press the
Refresh icon.
The Undo button can be used to undo most commands. Only the previous operation
can be undone by the Undo button.
The Interrupt button is used to stop Patran from completing the process in which it is
working. You can only use it when the heartbeat is blue. It will ask you to confirm the
interruption.
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
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The forms default settings will create a 1 x 1 patch at the default global coordinate origin. Click
on Apply to create the patch. Your Geometry form and patch model should now look like the
ones shown below.
To turn on labels click on the Show Label icon. Use the Label Control icon to select specific
labels.
The number of geometric display lines can be changed on the Display -> Geometry and
specifying the number of lines desired.
Step 4: To create the finite element model, click on the Elements toggle in the main form. Set the
Action, Object, and Type pull-down options to Create, Mesh, and Surface. To mesh the patch
with a 5x5 mesh density (i.e., 4x4 elements), change the Global Edge Length to 0.25.
Select the Quad4 Element Topology. Since the patch you have created has four sides, choose
IsoMesh Mesher option.
When a surface has more than 4 edges, you must use the Paver Mesher option or you can
decompose the n-sided surface into subsurfaces containing no more than 4 edges and use the
IsoMesher.
21 Chapter 2: Getting Started
Model Description
Click in the Surface List databox at the bottom of the Finite Elements form. Select Surface 1
and click on Apply to create the finite element mesh. Your completed Finite Elements form and
model should look like the ones shown below. Node 999 is created later.
Step 5: You will now define the models Element Properties. Click on the Properties toggle in the main
form.
When the Element Properties form appears set the Action, Dimension, and Type option menus,
to Create, 2D, and Thermal 2D. Enter the Property Set Name, Prop1.
Next, click on the Input Properties button. When the Input Properties form appears, you will
see the Material Name, Material Orientation-X, Material Orientation-Y, and Material
Orientation-Z databoxes. For this exercise, you will use the Patran Thermal material database.
Aluminum is the first material that occurs in the database (Material ID, MID=1). To use the
Aluminum Material, type 1 in the Material Name databox. The material is isotropic; therefore,
no directional data (material orientation angles) will be input to the form. The Element
Properties and Input Properties forms are shown below for your reference.
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
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Click on the OK button to close the Input Properties form.
You will now apply the element properties to your model. Click the Select Members listbox. At
the bottom of the screen, a select menu will appear. The icons represent selection filters that
allow you to assign the element properties to the geometry (left icon) or the finite elements
(right icon). Since the Dimension is set to 2D, you can select a surface or face of a solid if you
apply the properties to the geometry, or surface elements (e.g., triangle, quad) if you apply the
properties to the finite element model (FEM). Select Surface 1 with mouse and click on the Add
button to add this surface as the chosen application region.
23 Chapter 2: Getting Started
Model Description
Click on the Apply button to create and assign the Element Properties to the model.
Step 6: In this step you will create a finite element node, next to, but not on your model. The node will
represent the models surrounding environment. In a later step, you will assign the
environmental (ambient) temperature to the node. This temperature is needed for the convective
film coefficient definition. Click on the Elements toggle in the main form. Set the Action,
Object, and Type option menus to Create, Node, and Edit. Change the Node ID List to 999.
This number is the ID of the next node to be created.
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Model Description
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Next, set the Associate with Geometry button off and click in the Node Location List databox.
In the select menu, highlight the right most icon, which allows you to select an arbitrary screen
position. Click in the graphics window at a position, next to, but not on the model to specify the
position of Node 999. Click on the Apply button to create the node. The completed Finite
Element form and model are shown below for your reference.
25 Chapter 2: Getting Started
Model Description
Step 7: You will now assign the thermal boundary conditions for the model.
Temperature Boundary Conditions
Click on the Loads/BCs toggle in the main form. When the Loads/Boundary Conditions form appears
set the Action, Object and Type, respectively to Create, Temperature (P/Thermal), and Nodal. Set the
Option menu to Fixed.
Enter Temp1 as the New Set Name for this boundary condition. Click on the Input Data button, enter a
temperature of 300. The completed Input Data form is shown below.
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Click on the OK button to close the form. Next, click on the Select Application Region button. When
the Select Application Region form appears, set the Geometry Filter to Geometry and click in the Select
Geometry Entities databox. In the select menu, highlight the curve icon since you will now apply the
temperature to the left vertical edge of the patch. Click on the left vertical edge of the patch and Surface
1.1 will appear in the Select Geometry Entities box. Add this selection to the Application Region box.
The completed form is shown below.
27 Chapter 2: Getting Started
Model Description
Click on the OK button to close the form. Click on the Apply button to create the temperature boundary
condition. Your model should now look similar to the one below.
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
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To apply the ambient temperature to Node 999, create a new temperature set named Temp2 with the
Option menu again set to Fixed. Enter a temperature of 300 in the Input Data form and click on the OK
button. In the Select Application Region, choose the FEM Geometry Filter. Click in the Select Nodes
databox and select Node 999 in the viewport. Add this node to the Application Region and click on the
OK button. The completed forms are shown below for your reference.
29 Chapter 2: Getting Started
Model Description
Finally, click on the Apply button in the Loads/Boundary Conditions form to create the second
temperature boundary condition.
Nodal Heat Source Boundary Condition
Change the Object pull-down menu on the Loads/Boundary Conditions form to Heating (PThermal).
Change the Option menu to Nodal Source. Enter a New Set Name, Nodal_Heat, and input 1000 for the
heat source value. Do not input a value for the Template ID. This value is used to identify a user-defined
macro function that can be used to define a varying heat source. Assign the heat source to the center node
of your model (Node 13). The completed forms are shown below for your reference. Click the Apply
button to create the boundary condition.
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
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Convective Heat Transfer Boundary Condition
Set the Object and Type option menus on the LoadsBoundary Conditions form to Convection (Patran
Thermal) and Element Uniform. Set the Option menu to Use Correlations. Enter the New Set Name,
Convection, and change the Target Element Type to 2D. Click on the Input Data button and enter 13.5
for the Convection Coefficient and specify the Fluid Node ID as Node 999. Click on the OK button to
close the Input Data form. Next, click on the Select Application Region button, set the Geometry Filter
to Geometry and highlight the edge icon. Apply the convection boundary condition to the right vertical
edge (Edge 3) of the surface. The completed forms are shown below for your reference.
31 Chapter 2: Getting Started
Model Description
Step 8: You are now finished defining your analysis model. In this step, you will submit the job for
analysis.
Click on the Analysis toggle on the main form. In the Analysis form that appears. The job name
is assigned the database name and the job description references the session file used to create
the model at the time of construction. Go ahead and change these to something more meaningful
if desired. Click on the Translation Parameters button. The following Patran Thermal
Translation Parameters form will appear.
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The default model dimensionality is 2D and the file to extract undefined materials is
mpidmks.bin. To use these default settings, click on the OK button at the bottom of the form.
You will also use the default setting found in the Solution Type, Solution Parameters, Output
Requests, and Submit Options forms. If you would like to inspect these forms, feel free to do so
but do not change the default settings.
To submit the analysis run, click on the Apply button at the bottom of the Analysis form. Patran
Thermal will create the jobname directory (exercise_1 if you did not change it) and spawn the
Patran Thermal job.
Patran Thermal will create a subdirectory with the job name exercise_1 containing the data
files, message files and the results file for this analysis. If you would like to check the status,
open a new window and look at the contents of the exercise_1/patq.msg.01 file. If
there is a stat.bin file present, you can check the progress of the solution convergence by
typing in this shell the command:
% qstat
33 Chapter 2: Getting Started
Model Description
By selecting Thermal Tools as the action on the analysis menu, you can obtain an interactive
XY plot of the convergence status as the job is being executed.
Step 9: After the job is complete (this job takes less than a minute), change the Action pull-down option
menu on the top of the Analysis form to Read Results. Next, click on the Select Results file
button. When the Select File form appears, select the subdirectory for the job just submitted by
double clicking the appropriate path:
... ./exercise_1/*.nrf*
Update the Available Files list by clicking on the Filter button. Highlight the file, nr0.nrf.01, in
the Available Files list. Your edited Select File form should now look like the one shown below.
Click on the OK button to close that form.
Step 10: A result template file is necessary to define the nodal results being read back into PATRAN.
One is created and placed in the same subdirectory that job was executed thus it is not necessary
to select one. If it is desired to use something other than the originally created default do the
following. The Select Rslt Template File button in the Analysis form. Move the Files scroll
button to the bottom and select the pthermal_nod_T.res_tmpl results template file. The form
is shown below for your reference.
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
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34
Click on the OK button to close that form.
Finally, click on the Apply button on the bottom of the Analysis form to cause Patran to read in
the analysis results.
Step 11: To display the temperature distribution across the aluminum plate, click on the Results button
in the main form.
When the Results Display form appears and the only results case will be highlighted. Select the
result it is desired to plot and click on the Apply button to render the plot. Your temperature
distribution should now look similar to the one shown below.
35 Chapter 2: Getting Started
Model Description
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Model Description
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Chapter 3: Building A Model
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
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Building A Model
Geometry Modeling 41
Fields Form 42
Material Library 48
Element Properties 53
Input Properties 58
Delete 163
T j | | T i | |
R i j , | |
---------------------------- dt
j 1 =
al l
=
Important:Since QTRAN uses implicit integration, stability considerations are not required. However,
the maximum stable time steps for an explicit forward Euler algorithm would be given by
the following expression:
dt maximum stable explicit | |
C K | |
K 1 =
al l
G i j , | |
j i =
al l
-------------------------- =
207 Chapter 7: Thermal/Hydraulic Theory
Network Methods
may take to execute. A network with tiny stable time steps tends to generate stiff systems of equations
which are more difficult to solve than non-stiff systems. However, a network whose nodes have
predominantly small stable time steps will also give better resolution in the time domain to fast transients,
especially at very early times in the simulation. A rule of thumb for the mesh spacing (which directly
affects the explicit stable time step) is to compute the approximate mesh spacing from the following
formula:
(7-10)
This is an extremely approximate formula and you can typically violate it by a factor of several. If
violated by orders of magnitude, however, the results may be in serious error. The formula given can be
arrived at from several approaches. One approach is to look at the most significant term of a 1-D
conduction solution which is an infinite series. Another approach is to look at response times and decay
rates of exponentially damped dynamic systems. Try it out and see what results are obtained. Review past
analyses that have been performed and compare the mesh spacing to this criteria.
Although this mesh spacing criteria is important in regions undergoing rapid change, this criteria can
typically be grossly violated in regions where the transient is very mild.
Conduction in Cylindrical and Spherical Geometries
Cylindrical, spherical, polar, triangular, skew, or other networks all use the same underlying principles
as Cartesian meshes for both steady-state and transient runs. However, there are special formulas for the
conductive resistance in these coordinate systems that must be used to account for the differences in
effective cross-sectional areas. For hollow cylinders and a 360-degree circumference, the effective
conductive resistance is as follows:
(7-11)
And, for spheres:
(7-12)
approximate average mesh spacing in regions of rapid change
thermal diffusivity
earliest time point of interest (e.g., first print dump for a transient problem
dx
o * t i me
i | |
5
---------------------------- <
dx
o
k
C
p
( )
--------------------- =
t i me
i | |
R cyl i nder | |
1n (R out er | | R i nner | |)
2
*
t
*
k
*
Lengt h
------------------------------------------------------------------ =
R sphere | |
R out er | | R i nner | |
4
*
t
*
R out er | |
*
R i nner | |
*
k
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =
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208
Conduction with Phase Changes
Heat conduction with phase change introduces an extra term into the network capacitors. Specifically,
the capacitors must now be able to properly account for latent heat effects at a given temperature as well
as the normal specific heat effects. Furthermore, to be perfectly general a code must be able to account
for multiple phase change temperatures and latent heat effects within each capacitor. In addition,
simultaneous phase changes at multiple nodes with the transition direction going in either direction (e.g.,
either melting or freezing) must be allowed.
To be mathematically ideal, at least some phase changes are supposed to occur at a single temperature,
not over a temperature band. This causes the internal energy of a material undergoing a phase transition
to cease being a function of temperature. This can cause some rather significant numerical headaches,
and the introduction of a narrow phase transition temperature range (say, 0.1 to 1.0 degrees in width) will
not usually significantly affect the answers to most problems. The introduction of this artificial phase
transition range has the benefit of causing the internal energy to be a function of temperature at all points,
and this is a great advantage from a computational standpoint.
The advantage of smearing this phase change over a very narrow band is not, however, enough of an
advantage to allow even QTRANs SNPSOR algorithm to converge if it relied only upon Newtons
Second Order Method. The S shape that the phase transition introduces into the nodal heat flow rate
curve is a classic way to kill Newtons methods. QTRAN, however, detects when the old time steps
temperature and the new time steps temperature straddle or intrude into a phase transition region. At
these times and for only those nodes involved, QTRANs SNPSOR algorithm reverts to a bisection
algorithm technique which is immune to S curve effects. Thus, the SNPSOR algorithm remains
convergent even for implicitly solved phase transition problems.
It is also possible to solve some problems involving phase transitions over a large temperature range by
putting a bump into the specific heat curve and then being careful not to allow large temperature changes
in a single time step. This has the advantage of sometimes being much faster than the built-in phase
change algorithm, but it also carries some risk with regard to accuracy.
Phase transition problems tend to consume considerably more CPU time than normal problems. It is,
therefore, an advantage to specify that a problem does not involve phase changes if it is known a-priori
that this is the case. This is done by specifying 0 for all capacitor PHIDs. When using PATQ to translate
a Patran neutral file, specify 0 for the PHID on all MID templates.
Convection Networks
Convection networks can be a source of great anxiety. They tend to embody an empirical convection
coefficient h in the convective resistors, and the formulas used to compute this h value are usually highly
R[outer] outer radius of cylindrical or spherical section
R[inner] inner radius of cylindrical or spherical section
k thermal conductivity of the material
Length length of the cylindrical section
209 Chapter 7: Thermal/Hydraulic Theory
Network Methods
complex. Transition regimes also frequently exist, where the empirical correlation used for a particular
configuration may be a function of Reynolds, Grashoff, Rayleigh, Prandtl, Graetz, and add infinitum
number ranges.
For example, the pipe flow configuration in QTRAN uses five different correlations with seven factorial
transition regimes based on everything from Reynolds number ranges to viscosity ratio ranges. Also,
since the correlations are not in general continuous through the transition regimes, interpolation must be
used when in a transition regime to maintain continuity and avoid numerical convergence problems.
Further complications arise when mass flow through tubes or packed beds occur, as three temperatures
are then needed. The following sections expand on these concepts.
Ordinary 2-Node Convection Thermal Resistors
The majority of the QTRAN convection configurations are in keeping with the conventional thermal
resistor concept in that there are two nodes associated with each resistor. The conventional convective
resistance is given by the following expression:
(7-13)
where:
R is the thermal resistance, h is the convection coefficient, and Area is the surface area from which heat
is being convected. The heat flow across the resistor is then given by:
(7-14)
The tricky detail of this operation, of course, is to compute an h value for the resistance expression. In
general, empirical correlations must be relied upon. These correlations are usually somewhat tedious to
evaluate, since they themselves are in general a function of temperature and/or temperature difference.
Furthermore, each correlation is usually only applicable to a range of dimensionless parameters, and
hence these parameters must be evaluated to determine which correlation to use for a given configuration.
The result is a very painful (if done by hand) iterative solution for even a relatively simple convection
problem.
QTRAN alleviates the pain somewhat by offering a convection library from which the user may select
any one of 37 configurations which are in turn supported by 61 correlations (several generic correlations
also exist). QTRAN will automatically and dynamically select the appropriate correlation for both the
configuration type and the dimensionless parameter range for the resistor. A catalogue of available
configurations is contained in Convection Library (Ch. 9) along with a catalogue of supporting
correlations. All correlations are fully documented and referenced such that the user may easily locate
the references from which the correlations were taken.
Special 3-Node Convection Thermal Resistors
As stated previously, the majority of the QTRAN convection configurations are in keeping with the
conventional thermal resistor concept in that two temperature nodes are associated with each resistor.
However, certain configurations (i.e., configurations CFIG = 1, 2, 21, and 25) require the association of
R
1
h
*
Area ( )
---------------------------- =
Q 1 2 | |
T 1 | | T 2 | | ( )
R
------------------------------------ =
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
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210
a third temperature node with the convective resistor. Configurations CFIG = 1, 2, and 21 are pipe flow
configurations and CFIG = 25 is a flow through porous media configuration. For all four configurations,
three temperature values are needed. The three temperatures needed are:
1. a wall (or media) temperature
2. an upstream temperature
3. a downstream temperature
It is at this point that the computational hydrodynamics concept of upwind differencing must be
introduced. Upwind differencing is a numerical technique that is used to maintain stability for a
numerical solution which involves advection. Simply stated, upwind differencing assumes that
information (in this case, heat) is carried only from upstream to downstream. Information (or heat) is
never carried from downstream to upstream. The impact of upwind differencing on the three-node
convective resistors is that the upstream node NEVER gains or loses heat through the convective resistor
so long as the flow velocity associated with the resistor remains positive.
Thus, it is seen that all heat transfer through the three-node convective resistors occurs between the wall
(or media) node and the downstream node. The upstream node is used solely as a reference temperature
node for LMTD calculations (if appropriate) so long as the flow velocity is positive. The LMTD is used
for those flow configurations for which it is appropriate, and a differential between the wall temperature
and the average bulk fluid temperature is used for other configurations.
From this discussion, it is obvious to the casual observer that the three-node convective resistors do not
account for advective heat transfer (i.e., the heat carried along on the mass flow). In order to complete a
thermal model involving a three-node convective resistor, it is frequently necessary (depending on the
boundary conditions of the problem) to use an advection resistor to properly account for the heat balance.
Another point that may not be quite so obvious is that the three-node convective resistors may not be
directly used to compute entrance temperatures given that the wall (or media) and exit temperatures are
known. Remember that the heat transfer to the upstream node is not a function of a the three-node
convective resistor since the upstream node is used only as a reference temperature. The upstream node
temperature must be taken from boundary conditions or else calculated from other thermal resistor,
capacitor, and heat source influences.
Gray Body Radiation Networks
Gray body radiation networks also differ slightly from the normal thermal resistor concept in that the
potential across the radiative resistor is evaluated as o
*
T
4
, where o is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant.
QTRAN automatically uses the o
*
T
4
potential when evaluating gray-body resistors, and hence the
difference between radiative and conductive resistors is essentially transparent to the user. Note that the
o
*
T
4
potential is also applicable to non-surface radiosity nodes such as are encountered in gray
networks.
Note: There is no current way of assigning 3-noded convective resistors from Patran. To use any
of the 3-noded configurations, they will have to be assigned manually.
211 Chapter 7: Thermal/Hydraulic Theory
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The formula for radiative heat transfer used in thermal networks in QTRAN is as follows:
(7-15)
The formula for R is dependent upon whether R is a surface resistor, a view factor resistor with or without
a participating media, and so on. The actual formulation of the specific resistor types is defined after
Table 8-1 and Table 8-2 for gray body and wavelength dependent radiation respectively.
For more information on radiative networks, consult any radiative heat transfer book that describes the
network approach. See Ref. 6. in Appendix A.
The gap radiation creates radiation coupling without the radiosity network or performing form factor
calculations. Some assumption inherent in the formulation are that the area radiating is large relative to
the distance between the radiating surfaces. A form factor may be included, but if it is significantly less
than one, consideration should be given to using the radiosity network and calculating the appropriate
form factors. Type 5 radiation resistors are used thus the emissivities must be constant. Type 5 resistor
are constant and are treated internally as conductances. The last major assumption is that the two surfaces
radiating to each other are of equal value. Since a form factor is included, small variation can be
compensated for by adjusting emissivity or form factor values. The radiation conductance is determined
with (7-16)
(7-16)
Wavelength Dependent Radiation Networks
Wavelength-dependent thermal radiation networks are a rather significant extension of the gray-body
radiation network theory. In essence, the normal radiosity network is divided up into discrete frequency
bands such that the emissivities, transmissivities, and absorptivities of the radiating materials can be
assumed to be gray within each frequency band. For each frequency band that is used, a distinct but
frequently parallel radiosity network is generated between the radiating surfaces and participating media.
Each frequency band network is typically coupled to any of the other bands only at the surfaces of the
radiating materials or at participating media nodes. This treatment allows reflections from dissimilar
surfaces to be handled correctly, and is directly analogous to the multigroup treatment used in certain
high-energy physics codes. This approach does not assume an average emissivity over the entire
spectrum (e.g., the Air Force Weapons Labs TRAP code), but instead inherently allows emissivities,
absorptivities, and transmissivities to be functions of frequency band, temperature, and/or time.
Advection Networks
Advection occurs whenever some quantity is carried along on a mass flow stream. For example, if hot
fluid enters a container, heat (energy) is carried with the fluid into the container. Similarly, if a cold fluid
enters a hot container, cold (or negative energy) is carried with the fluid into the container. This transfer
of positive or negative energy by mass flow must be accounted for when doing thermal simulations if
Q 1 2 | |
o * T 1 | |
4
T 2 | |
4
( )
R
----------------------------------------------------- =
C
1
R
---- A
1
F
12
A
1
1
c
1
------
1
c
2
------
1
F
12
----------- 2.0 + +
------------------------------------------------------ = = =
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
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212
such mass flows exist. The mathematical equation for the heat added to node [i] by such a mass flow
stream is as follows:
Q [12]=MDOT
*
Cp
*
( T[1] - T[2] ) (7-17)
One facet of numerical stability should be mentioned at this point because of its influence on advective
resistors. It is necessary to limit the transport of energy by advective resistors to one direction only for
the purposes of the QTRAN program. Specifically, energy is carried by advective resistors only from the
upstream node to the downstream node (which node is upstream or downstream is determined by the sign
of the MDOT mass flow term). This scheme is immediately seen to be equivalent to one-sided or
upwind differencing which is a common practice among numerical fluid flow analysts, and is
commonly used because of its stability enhancing characteristics.
By introducing upwind differencing, we can guarantee that the system of equations has a stable solution.
This does not mean, however, that the SNPSOR algorithm in QTRAN can always solve the system of
equations. This is due to the point iterative nature of the SNPSOR algorithm. As long as the system of
equations is diagonally dominant, point iterative schemes tend to work very well. However, the
introduction of advection tends to weaken this diagonal dominance. As the diagonal dominance weakens,
point iterative methods have more and more difficulty converging, until they eventually fail. One way of
aiding convergence (at the expense of speed) is to under-relax. With a small enough relaxation parameter,
a solution will usually converge. However, be aware that CPU times increase rapidly as the relaxation
parameter approaches 0.0.
The user has the option of applying the relaxation parameters to the entire system of equations, by node
group types, or on a node by node basis. To under relax, apply the under relaxation only to the advection
nodes by using a relaxation multiplier less than one. Apply this to the advection nodes. This will direct
the under relaxation only to those nodes that need to be under relaxed and still give some flexibility, by
allowing the solution module to search for an optimum relaxation parameter.
Q [12] the amount of energy transported by the mass flow from node #1 to
node #2
MDOT the mass rate of flow from node #1 to node #2
Cp the specific heat of the flowing mass
Note: QTRAN evaluates the specific heat as the integration between the temperatures of node #1
and node #2 using the temperature increment defined by CPDELT.
T [1] the temperature of node #1 (upstream node)
T [2] the temperature of node #2 (downstream node)
213 Chapter 7: Thermal/Hydraulic Theory
Network Methods
Heat and Temperature Source Networks
In virtually all thermal problems either temperature sources or heat sources exist. A temperature source
is defined to be simply an externally controlled boundary temperature. A heat source is defined to be
anything that contributes heat to the network, not including the resistors and capacitors.
QTRAN Microfunctions
Microfunctions are a unique QTRAN feature. Frequently, there is a need to apply very complicated
temperature or heat sources that may consist of tabular data, sines or cosines, exponentials, constants, or
terms which may or may not be multiplied together or divided by one another. QTRAN lets each discrete
component of a complicated temperature or heat source be defined as a microfunction. Once all of
these component microfunctions have been defined, then a library is available from which to build the
more complicated functions (macrofunctions) that are needed for temperature or heat sources. Many
macrofunctions are allowed to reference the same microfunction. Thus, for a very complicated tabular
data microfunction, it is only necessary to build it once and then reference it as many times as needed.
Other microfunctions can then be used to multiply or scale this complicated microfunction. Currently,
the argument of a microfunction can be either time, temperature, a temperature difference, a temperature
average, or a o
*
(T[1]
4
- T[2]
4
) radiation potential. If the radiation potential is specified, QTRAN will
convert the T[1] and T[2] values to degrees absolute before computing the radiation potential value.
QTRAN Macrofunctions
As stated above, a macrofunction consists of one or more microfunctions that are either multiplied or
divided by one another. Quite complicated macrofunctions can be expressed in this manner. Note that,
when building temperature or heat sources, it is quite allowable to assign more than one macrofunction
to the same node. Multiple macrofunctions assigned to the same node are simply added together to
compute the final source value.
Flow Networks
This section briefly outlines the fundamentals of fluid flow networks and the associated equations.
One Dimensional Flow Network
Flow networks are incorporated into the Patran Thermal system to analyze the complex fluid flow system
coupled with the heat transfer problem. The analysis is focused on average flow parameters, like mass
flow rate, and pressure. Users requiring a detailed analysis of the flow field have to resort to CFD solvers.
Assumptions:
1. The flow is assumed to be incompressible single phase with no viscous heat effects.
2. Physical and material properties are assumed constant over the element; however, they can vary
from element to element and can be temperature and/or time dependent.
3. Flow is assumed to be steady-state or quasi-steady (steady state at each transient point).
The pressure drop in a fluid flowing in a duct from point I to J can be expressed as:
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Network Methods
214
(7-18)
casting equation 1 in terms of mass flow rate.
(7-19)
(7-20)
linearizing the above equation.
(7-21)
or:
adding the head losses in flow with the loss coefficient, K.
(7-22)
Adding gravity and pump/turbine heads, the basic equation in matrix form can be written as:
(7-23)
P Static pressure in the duct
r Fluid mass density
f Moody friction factor
V Fluid mean velocity
D Hydraulic diameter of the flow passage
L Length of flow passage from node I to node J
P
I
P
J
AP
f L V
2
2D
-------------------------- = =
P
I
P
j
AP f L .
m
2
A
2
------------ .
1
2D
------- = =
m
A
2
f L
D
. P
I
- P
J
=
m
A
2
f L
D
.
1
P
I
- P
J
------------------------ P
I
- P
J
( ) =
m
flow resistance * P
I
- P
J
( ) =
Flow resistance A
2
f L
D
----- K +
.
|
| P
I
- P
J
|
------------------------------- =
K
p
| | P | | m
| | Heads | | + =
215 Chapter 7: Thermal/Hydraulic Theory
Network Methods
The flow resistance is a function of pressure; therefore, the problem is nonlinear and an iterative
procedure is required for solution. The resistances are computed, assembled and the matrix equations are
solved for nodal pressures.
Pressure conductivity matrix
Nodal static pressure
Fluid mass flow rate
K
p
P
m
Overview 226
2
-------------------------------------------
Re ( ) Pr ( )
D
L
----
\ .
| |
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
346
LMTD = log mean temperature difference.
m
= viscosity, usually at free-stream temperature.
B
= viscosity at fluid bulk temperature.
f
= viscosity at film temperature.
f
= viscosity of liquid.
w
= viscosity, usually at wall temperature.
Nu =
Nusselt Number,
f = angle, in radians.
Pr =
Prandtl number,
y = particle shape factor. See Correlation 52 Forced Convection Through a Packed Bed
(Ref. 8 in Appendix A), 411 and Correlation 53 Forced Convection Through a Packed
Bed (Ref. 8 in Appendix A), 412.
Ra = Rayleigh number, Gr Pr.
Re =
Reynolds number,
v
= density of liquid.
v
= density of vapor.
S = empirical liquid constant for Correlation 50 Filmwise Condensation on Horizontal
Tube (Ref. 6 in Appendix A), 407
S = 1.0 for water; S = 1.7 for all other liquids.
AT
o
AT
L
( )
l
AT
o
AT
L
----------
\ .
| |
------------------------------
T
3
T
2
( )
l
T
1
T
2
T
1
T
3
-----------------
\ .
| |
-------------------------
hD
k
-------
C
p
k
----------
VD
------------
347 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
T
B
= temperature of bulk fluid.
T
f
= temperature of film, average of bulk and wall
T
w
= temperature of wall.
AT
o
= T
1
- T
2
AT
L
= T
1
- T
3
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
348
Configuration 1
Forced Convection, Smooth Isothermal Tubes
Node Number 1 =
tube/element inside wall temperature, .
2 =
fluid entrance temperature, .
3 =
fluid exit temperature, .
GP* 1 =
tube/element inside surface area, .
2 =
distance from upstream tube/element section to the tube inlet, .
3 =
distance from downstream tube/element section to the tube inlet,
.
4 =
tube/element inside diameter, .
5 =
average fluid velocity, .
MPID 1 = fluid density, .
2 =
fluid absolute viscosity, .
3 =
fluid specific heat, .
4 = fluid thermal conductivity, k.
T
1
T
2
T
3
A
s
x=L
i
x=L
f
D
i
v
c
P
349 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Figure 9-1
Correlations for Configuration 1
Correlation 1
Smooth Tubes, Fully Developed Turbulent Flow (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
(Used for heating the fluid)
Evaluate properties at arithmetic mean bulk temperature, except for
which is evaluated at the wall
temperature. Use LMTD for calculation of Q.
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 and GP3 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC
Convection Coefficient input databox.
.
5.E+03 < Re < 1.25E + 05
2.0 < Pr < 140.0
W
F
1.0
1.82 * log
10
Re ( ) 1.64 ( )
2
----------------------------------------------------------------- =
F8
F
8
--- =
H
k
D
i
-----
\ .
| |
F8 * Re * Pr
1.07 12.7
*
F8
*
Pr
2 3
1.0 ( ) +
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
w
------
\ .
| |
0.11
=
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
350
Correlation 2
Smooth Isothermal Tubes, Turbulent Flow (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
(Used for cooling the fluid)
[
Evaluate properties at arithmetic mean bulk temperature, except for
w
which is evaluated at the wall
temperature. Use LMTD for calculation of Q.
Correlation 3
Smooth Isothermal Tubes, Laminar Flow (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
Re < 2000
Evaluate properties at arithmetic mean bulk temperature. Use LMTD to calculate Q.
Correlation 4
Liquid Metals, Smooth Tubes, Turbulent Flow (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
Use LMTD to calculate Q.
Q H * A
s
* LMTD =
5.E + 03 < Re < 1.25E +
2.0 < Pr < 140.0
F
1.0
1.82 * log
10
Re ( ) 1.64 ( )
2
----------------------------------------------------------------- =
F8
F
8
--- =
H
k
D
i
-----
\ .
| |
F8 * Re * Pr
1.07 12.7
*
F8
*
Pr
2 3
1.0 ( ) +
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
w
------
\ .
| |
0.25
=
Q H * A
s
* LMTD =
H
k
D
i
-----
\ .
| |
3.66 0.0668
*
D
L
----
* Re * Pr
+
1.0 0.04 *
D
L
---- * Re * Pr
\ .
| |
2 3
+
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- =
Q H * A
s
* LMTD =
(Re * Pr) > 1000
351 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Correlation 5
Smooth Isothermal Tubes, Turbulent Flow (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
This equation will be used when other smooth tube, constant wall temperature correlations are out of their
respective Pr and tl number ranges (i.e., 0.05 < Pr < 2.0).
Evaluate properties at mean bulk temperature, with the exception of the wall viscosity. Use LMTD to
calculate Q.
Transitional Region
For Reynolds numbers between 2000 and 5000, a linear interpolation between the laminar and turbulent
functions is used.
H
k
D
i
-----
\ .
| |
5.0 0.025 * Re * Pr ( )
0.8
+ ( ) =
Q H * A
s
* LMTD =
H 0.027
*
k
D
i
-----
\ .
| |
Re
0.8
*
Pr
1 3
w
------
\ .
| |
0.14
=
Q H * A
s
* LMTD =
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
352
Configuration 2
Smooth Tubes, Constant Heat Flux, Forced Convection
Node Number 1 =
tube/element inside wall temperature, .
2 =
fluid entrance temperature, .
3 =
fluid exit temperature, .
GP* 1 =
tube/element inside surface area, .
2 =
distance from upstream tube/element section to the tube inlet, .
3 =
distance from downstream tube/element section to the tube inlet, .
4 =
tube/element inside diameter, .
5 =
average fluid velocity, .
MPID 1 =
fluid density, .
2 =
fluid absolute viscosity, .
3 = fluid specific heat,
.
4 = fluid thermal conductivity, k.
T
1
T
2
T
3
A
s
x=L
i
x=L
f
D
i
v
c
p
353 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Figure 9-2
Correlations for Configuration 2
Correlation 6
Liquid Metals, Smooth Tubes, Turbulent Flow, Constant Heat Flux (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
Correlation 7
Smooth Tubes, Turbulent Flow, Constant Heat Flux (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
Evaluate properties at arithmetic mean bulk temperature. Use LMTD to calculate Q.
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 and GP3 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC
Convection Coefficient input databox.
3.6E + 03 < Re < 9.05E + 05
1E + 02 < (Re *Pr) < 1.E + 04
H
k
D
i
-----
\ .
| |
* 4.82 0.0185 * Re * Pr ( )
0.827
+ ( ) =
Q H * A
s
* LMTD =
(2300 < Re)
(0.05 < Pr)
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
354
Correlation 8
Smooth Tubes, Laminar Flow, Constant Heat Flux (Rohsenow & Hartnett, Handbook of Heat
Transfer)
Properties are evaluated at arithmetic mean bulk temperature. The h value returned will be an integrated
average of the H values along the tube length. Four sample points will be taken, and an averaging scheme
analogous to Simpsons 3/8ths rule for integration will then be used. Use the LMTD to calculate Q.
X1 is the distance between the upstream end of the tube section and the tube entrance. X2 is the distance
between the downstream end of the tube section and the tube entrance. DXP is one third the length of the
tube section being modeled.
Compute the x-value distances at four sample points. For consistency, the 4 X values will be stored in
XPLUS variables, i.e. (XPLUS1, XPLUS2, XPLUS3, and XPLUS4). XPLUS1 will be the distance
between the tube entrance and the upstream end of the tube section. XPLUS4 is the distance between the
tube entrance and the downstream end of this tube section. XPLUS2 and XPLUS3 are spaced evenly so
as to divide the tube section being modeled into thirds. Subroutine NUSLT8 will then convert these
distances into the XPLUS values as used in Rohsenow and Hartnett.
XPLUS1 = X1
XPLUS4 = X2
XPLUS2 = XPLUS1 + DXP
XPLUS3 = XPLUS2 + DXP
Compute the h values at the (4) sample points along the tube length.
CALL NUSLT8(H1, K, D, XPLUS1, Re, Pr)
CALL NUSLT8(H2, K, D, XPLUS2, Re, Pr)
F
1.0
1.82 * log
10
Re ( ) 1.64 ( )
2
----------------------------------------------------------------- =
F8
F
8
--- =
H
k
D
i
-----
\ .
| |
F8 * Re * Pr
1.07 12.7
*
F8
*
Pr
2 3
1.0 ( ) +
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =
Q H * A
s
* LMTD =
(Re < 2300)
DXP
X2 X1 ( )
3.0
------------------------ =
355 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
CALL NUSLT8(H3, K, D, XPLUS3, Re, Pr)
CALL NUSLT8(H4, K, D, XPLUS4, Re, Pr)
Use a weighted average of the H values along the tube length. The weighting scheme is that used for
Simpsons 3/8ths rule for integrating ordinary differential equations.
H=(H1+3.0*(H2+H3+H4)*0.125
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
356
Configuration 3
Flat Plates, Forced Convection
Figure 9-3
Node Number 1 =
plate/element surface temperature, .
2 =
free-stream fluid temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 and GP3 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC
Convection Coefficient input databox.
1 =
plate/element surface area, /element.
2 = shortest distance from the plate/elements surface area to the plates leading
edge, .
3 = longest distance from the plate/elements surface area to the plates leading
edge, .
4 =
free-stream fluid velocity, .
MPID 1 =
fluid density, .
2 =
fluid absolute viscosity, .
3 =
fluid specific heat, .
4 = fluid thermal conductivity, k.
T
1
T
2
A
s
x=L
i
x=L
f
v
c
p
357 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Correlations for Configuration 3
Correlation 9
Flat Plate Forced Convection, Laminar Flow (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
Reynolds number is based on plate length. Use to calculate Q.
Correlation 10
Flat Plate Forced Convection, Turbulent Flow (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
2.0E+05 < Re < 5.5E+6
0.7 < Pr < 380.0
Use for small temperature differences. Reynolds number is based on plate length. Use
to calculate Q. Properties are calculated at free stream temperature.
T
WALL
T
FLUID
k
L
---
\ .
| |
0.664 * Re * Pr
1 3
=
Q = H * A
s
*B(T
w
T
f
)
0.26
w
------ 3.5 < <
T
WALL
T
FLUID
H
k
L
---
\ .
| |
0.036 * Re
0.8
* Pr
0.43
17400.0 ( ) 297.0 * Pr
1 3
+ ( ) =
Q = H * A
s
*B(T
w
T
f
)
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
358
Configuration 4
Circular Tube in Cross Flow, Forced Convection
Figure 9-4
Correlations for Configuration 4
Correlation 11
Circular Tube in Cross Flow, Forced Convection (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
Reynolds number based upon tube diameter. Used for both gases and liquids.
Node Number 1 =
tube outside wall temperature, .
2 =
fluid free-stream temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 and GP3 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC
Convection Coefficient input databox.
1 =
tube/outside surface area, .
2 = tube/outside diameter, D.
3 =
fluid free-stream velocity, .
MPID 1 = fluid density, .
2 =
fluid absolute viscosity, .
3 = fluid specific heat, .
4 = fluid thermal conductivity, k.
T
1
T
2
A
s
v
c
p
0.4 < Re < 4.0)
359 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Correlation 12
Circular Tube in Cross Flow, Forced Convection (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
Reynolds number based upon tube diameter. All properties based upon film temperature unless otherwise
noted. Used for both gases and liquids.
Correlation 13
Circular Tube in Cross Flow, Forced Convection (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
Reynolds number based upon tube diameter. All properties based upon film temperature unless otherwise
noted. Used for both gases and liquids.
Correlation 14
Circular Tube in Cross Flow, Forced Convection (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
Reynolds number based upon tube diameter. All properties based upon film temperature unless otherwise
noted. Used for both gases and liquids.
H
k
D
----
\ .
| |
0.989 * Re
0.33
* Pr
1 3
=
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
4.0 < Re < 40.0)
H
k
D
----
\ .
| |
0.911 * Re
0.385
* Pr
1 3
=
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
40.0 < Re < 4000.0)
H
k
D
----
\ .
| |
0.683 * Re
0.486
* Pr
1 3
=
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
4000.0 < Re < 40,000.0 ( )
H
k
D
----
\ .
| |
0.193 * Re
0.618
* Pr
1 3
=
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
360
Correlation 15
Circular Tube in Cross Flow, Forced Convection (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
Reynolds number based upon tube diameter. All properties based upon film temperature unless otherwise
noted. Used for both gases and liquids.
(4.0E+04< Re < 4.0E+05)
H
k
D
----
\ .
| |
0.0266 * Re
0.805
* Pr
1 3
=
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
361 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Configuration 5
Square Tube in Cross Flow, Stagnation Point at Tube Corner, Gas Only, Forced
Convection
Figure 9-5
Node Number 1 =
tube outside wall temperature, .
2 =
gas free-stream temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 and GP3 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC
Convection Coefficient input databox.
1 =
tubes outside surface area, .
2 = length of square tube's diagonal, D.
3 =
gas free-stream velocity, .
MPID 1 =
gas density, .
2 =
gas absolute viscosity, .
3 =
gas specific heat, .
4 = gas thermal conductivity, k.
T
1
T
2
A
s
v
c
p
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
362
Correlations for Configuration 5
Correlation 16
Square Tube in Cross Flow, Stagnation Point at Corner of Tube, Forced Convection (Ref. 6 in
Appendix A)
(5.0E+03 < Re < 1.0E+05)
Reynolds number based on length of squares diagonal. All properties based upon film temperature
unless otherwise noted. Used for gases only.
H
k
D
----
\ .
| |
0.0246 * Re
0.588
* Pr
1 3
=
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
363 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Configuration 6
Square Tube, Cross Flow, Stagnation Point at Mid-Side, Gas Only, Forced Convection
Figure 9-6
Node Number 1 =
tube outside wall temperature, .
2 =
gas free-stream temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 and GP3 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC
Convection Coefficient input databox.
1 =
tubes outside surface area, .
2 = length of one side of tubes square, D.
3 =
gas free-stream velocity, .
MPID 1 =
gas density, .
2 =
gas absolute viscosity, .
3 =
gas specific heat, .
4 = gas thermal conductivity, k.
T
1
T
2
A
s
v
c
p
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
364
Correlations for Configuration 6
Correlation 17
Square Tube in Cross Flow, Stagnation Point at Mid-Side, Forced Convection
(Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
(5.0E+03 < Re < 1.0E+05)
Reynolds number based upon length of one side of square. All properties based upon film temperature
unless otherwise noted. Used for gases only.
H
k
D
----
\ .
| |
0.102 * Re
0.675
* Pr
1 3
=
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
365 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Configuration 7
Hexagonal Tube, Cross Flow, Stagnation Point at Edge, Gas Only, Forced Convection
Figure 9-7
Correlations for Configuration 7
Correlation 18
Hexagonal Tube in Cross Flow, Stagnation Point at Edge, Forced Convection
(Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
(5.0E+03 < Re < 1.0E+05)
Node Number 1 =
tube outside tube wall temperature, .
2 =
gas free-stream temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 and GP3 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC
Convection Coefficient input databox.
1 =
tubes outside surface area, .
2 = distance between parallel sides, L.
3 =
gas free-stream velocity, .
MPID 1 =
gas density, .
2 =
gas absolute viscosity, .
3 =
gas specific heat, .
4 = gas thermal conductivity, k.
T
1
T
2
A
s
v
c
p
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
366
Reynolds number based on distance between parallel sides. All properties based upon film temperature
unless otherwise noted. Used for gases only.
H
k
L
---
\ .
| |
0.153 * Re
0.638
* Pr
1 3
=
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
367 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Configuration 8
Hexagonal Tube, Cross Flow, Stagnation Point at Mid-Side, Gas Only, Forced
Convection
Figure 9-8
Node Number 1 =
tube outside wall temperature, .
2 =
gas free-stream temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 and GP3 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC
Convection Coefficient input databox.
1 =
tubes outside surface area, .
2 = distance between parallel sides, L.
3 =
gas free-stream velocity, .
MPID 1 =
gas density, .
2 =
gas absolute viscosity, .
3 =
gas specific heat, .
4 = gas thermal conductivity, k.
T
1
T
2
A
s
v
c
p
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
368
Correlations for Configuration 8
Correlation 19
Hexagonal Tube in Cross Flow, Stagnation Point on One Side, Convection
(Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
(5.0E+03 < Re < 1.95E+04)
Reynolds number based on distance between parallel sides. All properties based upon film temperature
unless otherwise noted. Used for gases only.
Correlation 20
Hexagonal Tube in Cross Flow, Stagnation Point on One Side, Forced Convection (Ref. 6 in
Appendix A)
(1.95E+04 < Re < 1.0E+05)
Reynolds number based on distance between parallel sides. All properties based upon film temperature
unless otherwise noted. Used for gases only.
H
k
L
---
\ .
| |
0.16 * Re
0.638
* Pr
1 3
=
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
H
k
L
---
\ .
| |
0.0385 * Re
0.782
* Pr
1 3
=
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
369 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Configuration 9
Vertical Plate in Horizontal Flow, Gas Only, Forced Convection
Figure 9-9
Node Number 1 =
plate surface temperature, .
2 =
gas free-stream temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 and GP3 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC
Convection Coefficient input databox.
1 =
plate/element surface area, .
2 =
shortest distance from element to plates edge, .
3 =
longest distance from element to plates edge, .
4 =
gas free-stream velocity, .
MPID 1 =
gas density, .
2 =
gas absolute viscosity, .
3 =
gas specific heat, .
4 = gas thermal conductivity, k.
T
1
T
2
A
s
x=L
i
x=L
f
v
c
p
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
370
Correlations for Configuration 9
Correlation 21
Vertical Plate in Horizontal Flow, Forced Convection (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
(4.0E+03 < Re < 1.5E+04)
Reynolds number based on height of plate. All properties based upon film temperature unless otherwise
noted. Used for gases only.
H
k
L
---
\ .
| |
0.228 * Re
0.731
* Pr
1 3
=
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
371 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Configuration 10
Flow Around a Sphere, Gas Only, Forced Convection
Figure 9-10
Correlations for Configuration 10
Correlation 22
Flow Around a Sphere, Forced Convection (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
(17.0 < Re < 7.0E+05)
Reynolds number based upon sphere diameter. All properties based upon film temperature unless
otherwise noted. Used for gases only.
Node Number 1 =
sphere wall temperature, .
2 =
gas free-stream temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 and GP3 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC
Convection Coefficient input databox.
1 =
spheres surface area, .
2 =
sphere diameter, .
3
=
gas free-stream velocity, .
MPID 1 =
gas density, .
2 =
gas absolute viscosity, .
3 = gas thermal conductivity, k.
T
1
T
2
A
s
D
o
v
c
p
373 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Correlations for Configuration 11
Correlation 23
Flow Around a Sphere, Forced Convection (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
(1.0 < Re < 2.0E+05)
Reynolds number based upon sphere diameter. All properties based upon film temperature unless
otherwise noted. Used for oil and water only.
w
is the viscosity evaluated at the wall temperature.
H
k
D
o
------
\ .
| |
1.2 0.53
* Re
0.54
+ ( )
*Pr
0.3
w
------
\ .
| |
0.25
=
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
374
Configuration 12
Staggered Tube Banks Consisting of Ten or More Rows, Single Phase Flow, Forced
Convection
Figure 9-12
Node Number 1 = tube wall temperatures, T.
2 =
fluid free-stream temperatures, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 and GP3 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC
Convection Coefficient input databox.
1 =
tube's elements outside surface area, .
2 = tube outside diameter, D.
3 =
fluid free-stream velocity, .
4 = void fraction (area of flow with tubes divided by area of flow without tubes).
MPID 1 =
fluid density, .
2 =
fluid absolute viscosity, .
3 =
fluid specific heat, .
4 = fluid thermal conductivity, k.
T
2
A
s
v
c
p
375 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Correlations for Configuration 12
Correlation 24
Staggered Tube Banks Consisting of Ten or More Rows, Single Phase Flow, Forced Convection
(Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
100.0 < Re < 1.0E+05
0.7 < Pr < 760.0
EPSI < 0.65
EPSI = void fraction (area of flow with tubes/area of flow without tubes)
U
AVERAGE
= average fluid velocity
Fluid properties evaluated at bulk mean temperature.
= viscosity of the fluid at the wall temperature
0.18
BULK
w
--------------- 4.3 < <
Re
3.0
*
* D *
U
average
( )
2.0
*
BULK
*
1.0 EPSI ( )
-------------------------------------------------------------------- =
w
H
k
D
----
\ .
| |
0.5 * Re
0.5
0.2 * Re
2 3
+ ( ) * Pr
1 3
w
------
\ .
| |
0.14
=
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
376
Configuration 13
Isothermal Vertical, Horizontal, or Inclined Flat Plates, Natural Convection
Node Number 1 =
plate surface temperature, .
2 =
fluid temperature, .
GP* 1 =
plate/element's surface area, .
2 = for vertical or inclined plates, shortest distance between the plate/elements
surface area and the plates edge where the boundary layer thickness is zero.
For example, on a heated vertical plate exposed to a relatively cooler gas, the
buoyancy driven convective flow will be upward and hence the boundary
layer is of zero thickness at the plates bottom edge. You would then enter
the shortest distance between the plate/elements area and the bottom edge of
the plate, . For horizontal plates, this value is the surface area
divided by the plate perimeter.
3 = ignored for horizontal plates. For vertical and inclined plates, this is the
longest distance to the plates edge where the boundary layer thickness is
zero, .
4 = plate inclination angle PHI in degrees.
implies the plate is vertical.
implies the plate is horizontal and facing upward.
implies the plate is horizontal and facing downward.
must be between -90 and +90. The only correlation in the library for
inclined plate is for the hot surfaces down or cold surfaces up.
5 =
gravitational constant, .
MPID 1 =
fluid density, .
2 =
fluid absolute viscosity, .
3 =
fluid coefficient of thermal expansion, .
4 =
fluid specific heat, .
5 = fluid thermal conductivity, k.
T
1
T
2
A
s
x=L
i
( )
x=L
f
| 0 =
| 90 =
| 90 =
|
g
|
c
p
377 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Figure 9-13
Correlations for Configuration 13
Correlation 25
Isothermal Vertical Plates, Natural Convection (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
Ra < 1.0E+09
Rayleigh number based upon plate height.
All properties based upon film temperature.
Correlation 26
Isothermal Vertical Plates, Natural Convection (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
1.E+09 < Ra
Rayleigh number based upon plate height.
All properties based upon film temperature.
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 and GP3 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC
Convection Coefficient input databox.
H
k
L
---
\ .
| |
0.68
0.670 * Ra
0.25
1.0
0.492
Pr
-------------
\ .
| |
9 16
+
4 9
-------------------------------------------------------- +
\ .
|
|
|
| |
=
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
378
Correlation 27
Hot Horizontal Plate Facing Upward (or Cold Horizontal Plate Facing Downward), Natural
Convection (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
2.6E+04 < Ra < 1.0E+07
L = surface area / perimeter
All properties based upon film temperature.
Correlation 28
Hot Horizontal Plate Facing Upward (or Cold Horizontal Plate Facing Downward), Natural
Convection (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
1.0E+07 < Ra < 3.0E+10
L = surface area / perimeter
All properties based upon film temperature.
Correlation 29
Hot Horizontal Plate Facing Downward (or Cold Horizontal Plate Facing Upward), Natural
Convection (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
3.0E+05 < Ra < 3.0E+10
L = surface area / perimeter
All properties based upon film temperature.
H
k
L
---
\ .
| |
0.825
0.387 * Ra
1 6
1.0
0.492
Pr
-------------
\ .
| |
9 16
+
8 27
---------------------------------------------------------- +
\ .
|
|
|
| |
2
=
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
H
k
L
---
\ .
| |
0.54 * Ra
0.25
=
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
H
k
L
---
\ .
| |
0.15 * Ra
1 3
=
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
H
k
L
---
\ .
| |
0.27 * Ra
0.25
=
379 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Correlation 30
Inclined Surfaces, Natural Convection (Hot Surface Facing Downward or Cold Surface Facing
Upward) (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
L = plate length
= angle of plate inclination from the vertical
All properties based upon film temperature. For laminar regions, use correlations
(Ref. 6 in Appendix A). Extend correlation using the vertical surface correlations
(Ref. 14 in Appendix A).
Note: the first if statement below should be put with the above equation and then everything lined up
and this statement deleted. I dont know how to do that.
Configuration 14
Rectangular Blocks, Natural Convection
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
1.0E+05 < Ra * COS(|) 1.0E+11 <
|
H
k
L
---
\ .
| |
0.56 Ra * cos | ( ) ( )
0.25
=
H
k
L
---
\ .
| |
0.021 Ra * cos | ( ) ( )
0.4
if Ra * | ( ) cos 3.1E9 <
if Ra * | ( ) cos 3.1E9 >
=
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
380
Node Number 1 =
block surface temperature, .
2 =
fluid temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran.
1 =
blocks surface area, .
2 =
gravitational constant, .
3 = characteristic length L, where:
L = F(LH * LV,LH + LV)
and:
LH = the longer of the two horizontal dimensions.
LV = the vertical dimension.
MPID 1 =
fluid density, .
2 =
fluid absolute viscosity, .
3 =
fluid coefficient of thermal expansion, .
4 =
fluid specific heat, .
5 = fluid thermal conductivity, k.
T
1
T
2
A
s
g
=
LH * LV
LH L +
-------------------
|
c
p
381 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Figure 9-14
Correlations for Configuration 14
Correlation 31
Rectangular Blocks, Natural Convection (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
1.0E+04 < Ra < 1.0E+09
LH = the longer of the two horizontal dimensions.
LV = the vertical dimension.
All properties based upon film temperature.
L =
LH * LV
LH LV +
----------------------
H =
k
L
---
\ .
| |
* 0.55 * Ra
0.25
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
382
Configuration 15
Horizontal Cylinders, Natural Convection
Figure 9-15
Node Number 1 =
cylinder outside surface temperature, .
2 =
fluid free-stream temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran.
1 =
cylinders outside surface area, .
2 =
gravitational constant, .
3 = cylinder outside diameter, D.
MPID 1 =
fluid density, .
2 =
fluid absolute viscosity, .
3 =
fluid coefficient of thermal expansion, .
4 =
fluid specific heat, .
5 = fluid thermal conductivity, k.
T
1
T
2
A
s
g
|
c
p
383 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Correlations for Configuration 15
Correlation 32
Horizontal Cylinders, Natural Convection (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
1.0E+04 < Ra < 1.0E+09
D = cylinder diameter
All properties based upon film temperature.
Correlation 33
Horizontal Cylinders, Natural Convection (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
1.0E+09 < Ra < 1.0E+12
D = cylinder diameter
All properties based upon film temperature.
H =
k
D
----
\ .
| |
* 0.53 * Ra
1
3
---
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
H =
k
D
----
\ .
| |
* 0.13 * Ra
1 3
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
384
Configuration 16
Sphere, Natural Convection
Figure 9-16
Correlations for Configuration 16
Correlation 34
Sphere, Natural Convection (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
1.0E+00 < Ra < 1.0E+05
D. = sphere diameter
All properties based upon film temperature.
Node Number 1 =
sphere surface temperature, .
2 =
fluid free-stream temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran.
1 =
spheres surface area, .
2 =
gravitational constant, .
3 = sphere diameter, D.
MPID 1 =
fluid density, .
2 =
fluid absolute viscosity, .
3 =
fluid coefficient of thermal expansion, .
4 =
fluid specific heat, .
5 = fluid thermal conductivity, k.
T
1
T
2
A
s
g
|
c
p
385 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
H =
k
D
----
\ .
| |
* 2.0 0.43 + * Ra
0.25
( )
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
386
Configuration 17
Enclosed Spaces Between Flat Plates, Natural Convection
Node Number 1 =
top plate, low or surface temperature, .
2 =
bottom plate, upper surface temperature, .
GP* 1 =
plate/elements surface area that is exposed to the enclosed space, .
2 = enclosed space inclination angle PHI in degrees.
implies that the enclosed space is horizontal.
implies that the space is vertical.
3 =
gravitational constant, .
4 = length of the enclosed space, L.
5 = distance between the flat plates, D.
MPID 1 =
fluid density, .
2 =
fluid absolute viscosity, .
3 =
fluid coefficient of thermal expansion, .
4 =
fluid specific heat, .
5 = fluid thermal conductivity, k.
T
1
T
2
A
s
| 0 =
| = + or -90
g
|
c
p
387 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Figure 9-17
Correlations for Configuration 17
Correlation 35
Enclosed Vertical Space, Natural Convection (Ref. 2 in Appendix A)
2.0E+04 < Gr < 2.0E+05
L = plate height
D = space between plates (normal distance)
Gr number based upon D
All properties based upon average of surface temperatures.
Correlation 36
Enclosed Vertical Space, Natural Convection (Ref. 7 in Appendix A)
2.0E+05 < Gr < 1.1E+07
L = plate height
*GP1 is provided by Patran.
Definition:
Q
A
s
----- Ke *
T
1
T
2
D
-----------------
\ .
| |
=
Ke 0.18 * k * Gr
0.25 D
L
----
\ .
| |
1 9
=
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
388
D = space between plates (normal distance)
Gr number based upon D
All properties based upon average of surface temperatures.
Correlation 37
Enclosed Horizontal Space, Natural Convection, Hot Plate on Bottom, Cold Plate on Top, (Ref. 6
in Appendix A)
6.0E+06 < Ra < 1.0E+08
D = space between plates (normal distance)
Ra number based upon D
All properties based upon average of surface temperatures.
Correlation 38
Enclosed Horizontal Space, Natural Convection, Cold Plate on Bottom, Hot Plate on Top, (Ref. 6
in Appendix A)
0 < Gr < 2000
All proprieties based upon average of surface temperatures.
Correlation 39
Inclined Spaces Between Flat Plates, Natural Convection, Hot Plate on Top and Cold Plate on
Bottom, (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
0.0 < | < 90.0
1.0E+03 < Ra < 1.0E+06
Definition:
Q
A
s
----- Ke *
T
1
T
2
D
-----------------
\ .
| |
=
Ke 0.065 * k * Gr
1 3 D
L
----
\ .
| |
1 9
=
Definition:
Q
A
s
----- Ke *
T
1
T
2
D
-----------------
\ .
| |
=
Ke
k
D
----
\ .
| |
0.104 * Ra
0.305
* Pr
0.084
=
H
k
D
----
\ .
| |
=
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
389 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
2.0E+04 < Gr < 2.0E+05
= angle inclined from the horizontal.
Ra number based on D.
Gr number based on D.
D = distance between plates.
L = length of plates.
All properties based upon average of plate temperatures.
Correlation 40
Inclined Spaces Between Flat Plates, Natural Convection Hot Plate on Top and Cold Plate on
Bottom, (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
0.0 < Ra < 1.0E+06
2.0E+05 < Gr < 1.1E+07
= angle inclined from the horizontal.
Ra number based on D.
Gr number based on D.
D = distance between plates.
L = length of plates.
All properties based upon average of plate temperatures.
|
Definition:
Q
A
s
----- Ke *
T
1
T
2
D
-----------------
\ .
| |
=
Ke k * 1.0 0.18 * Gr
0.25 D
L
----
\ .
| |
1 9
1.0
\ .
| |
SIN ABS | ( ) ( ) + =
|
Definition:
Q
A
s
----- Ke *
T
1
T
2
D
-----------------
\ .
| |
=
Ke k * 1.0 0.065 * Gr
1 3 D
L
----
\ .
| |
1 9
1.0
\ .
| |
SIN ABS | ( ) ( ) + =
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
390
Configuration 18
Annular Space Between Concentric Spheres, Natural Convection
Node Number 1 =
outer sphere surface temperature, .
2 =
inner sphere surface temperature, .
GP* 1 =
surface area, of inner diameter of larger sphere, .
2 = radius at the location of the resistor surface area.
3 = gap (distance between spheres), D.
4 =
radius of the inner sphere, .
5 =
gravitational constant, .
MPID 1 =
fluid density, .
2 =
fluid absolute viscosity, .
3 =
fluid coefficient of thermal expansion, .
4 =
fluid specific heat, .
5 = fluid thermal conductivity, k.
T
1
T
2
A
s
R
i
g
|
c
p
391 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Figure 9-18
Correlations for Configuration 18
Correlation 41
Annular Space Between Concentric Spheres, Natural Convection (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
1.2E+02 < Ra < 1.1E+09
0.7 < Pr < 4148.0
D = distance between spheres (difference in radii)
= outer radius =
= inner radius
= Surface Area
= Surface Heat Flex
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 and GP3 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC
Convection Coefficient input databox.
R
o
R
i
D +
R
i
A
s
Q
s
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
392
All properties based on average of surface temperatures.
Ra
g * | * D
4
* * T
1
T
2
( )
o R
i
----------------------------------------------------------------- *
D
R
i
-----
\ .
| |
=
Definition:
Q
A
s
----- Ke *
T
1
T
2
D
-----------------
\ .
| |
=
Q 4 * t * Ke * R
i
* R
o
*
T
1
T
2
R
o
R
i
----------------- =
Ke = k * 0.228 * Ra
0.226
H
Qs
A
s
* T
1
T
2
( )
---------------------------------- =
Q = H * A
s
* (T
1
T
2
)
393 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Configuration 19
Vertical or Inclined Surface, Uniform Heat Flux, Natural Convection
Node Number 1 =
plate surface temperature,
.
2 =
fluid free-stream temperature, .
GP* 1 =
plate/elements surface area, .
2 = shortest distance between plate/elements surface area and the surface edge
whose boundary layer thickness is zero,
3 = longest distance between plate/elements surface area and the surface edge
whose boundary layer thickness is zero, .
4 =
plate inclination angle in degrees from the horizontal. The value of
must be such that 0 < < 90, inclusive.
5 =
gravitational constant, .
6 = estimated applied heat flux. QTRAN will constantly update this value to
reflect the actual heat flux applied to the surface. QTRAN will use your input
value only as an initial guess at the heat flux. Zero is an allowed guess, q.
MPID 1 =
fluid density, .
2 =
fluid absolute viscosity, .
3 =
fluid coefficient of thermal expansion, .
4 =
fluid specific heat, .
5 = fluid thermal conductivity, k.
T
1
T
2
A
s
x=L
i
x=L
f
| |
|
g
|
c
p
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
394
Figure 9-19
Correlations for Configuration 19
Correlation 42
Uniform Heat Flux, Vertical and Inclined Surface, Natural Convection
(Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
1.0E+05 < Ra < 1.0E+11
Ra number based on L.
L = plate length, in boundary layer flow direction.
= plate angle from the horizontal.
All properties based on film temperatures.
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 and GP3 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC
Convection Coefficient input databox.
|
Ra
g * | * * L
4
* Q
k * * o * A
s
---------------------------------------------- =
H
k
L
---
\ .
| |
* 0.60 * Ra * SIN | ( ) | |
0.20
=
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
395 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Correlation 43
Uniform Heat Flux, Vertical and Inclined Surface, Natural Convection
(Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
2.0E+13 < Ra < 1.0E+16
Ra number based on L.
L = plate length, in boundary layer flow direction.
= plate angle from the horizontal.
All properties based on film temperatures.
|
Ra
g * | * * L
4
* Q
k * * o * A
s
---------------------------------------------- =
H
k
L
---
\ .
| |
* 0.568 Ra * SIN | ( ) | |
0.22
=
Q = H * A
s
* (T
w
T
f
)
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
396
Configuration 20
Vertical Enclosed Space, Uniform Heat Flux, Natural Convection
Node Number 1 =
plate 1s surface temperature (arbitrary), .
2 =
plate 2s surface temperature (arbitrary), .
GP* 1 =
plate/elements surface area that is exposed to the enclosed space, .
2 =
gravitational constant, .
3 = perpendicular distance between plates, D.
4 =
height of the enclosed space, .
5 = estimated applied heat flux. QTRAN will constantly update this value to
reflect the actual heat flux applied to the surface. QTRAN will use your input
value only as an initial guess at the heat flux q. Zero is an allowed guess.
MPID 1 =
fluid density, .
2 =
fluid absolute viscosity, .
3 =
fluid coefficient of thermal expansion, .
4 =
fluid specific heat, .
5 = fluid thermal conductivity, k.
T
1
T
2
A
s
g
L
c
|
c
p
397 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Figure 9-20
Correlations for Configuration 20
Correlation 44
Uniform Heat Flux, Vertical Enclosed Space, Natural Convection (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
1.0E+04 < Ra < 3.0E+06
1.0 < Pr < 2.0E+04
L
c
= space height.
D = distance between plates.
Ra number based on D.
All properties based on average of surface temperatures.
*GP1 is provided by Patran.
10.0
L
c
D
----- 40.0 < <
Definition:
Q
A
s
----- Ke *
T
1
T
2
D
-----------------
\ .
| |
=
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
398
Correlation 45
Uniform Heat Flux, Vertical Enclosed Space, Natural Convection (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
1.0E+06 < Ra < 1.0E+09
1.0 < Pr < 20.0
= space height.
D = distance between plates.
Ra number based on D.
All properties based on average of surface temperatures.
Ke k * 0.42 * Ra
0.25
* Pr
0.012
*
D
L
c
-----
\ .
| |
0.30
=
1.0
L
c
D
----- 40.0 < <
L
c
Definition:
Q
A
s
----- Ke *
T
1
T
2
D
-----------------
\ .
| |
=
Ke k * 0.046 * Ra
1 3
=
399 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Configuration 21
Combined Natural and Forced Convection in Horizontal Tubes
Node Number 1 =
tube/element inside wall temperature, .
2 =
fluid entrance temperature, .
3 =
fluid exit temperature, .
GP* 1 =
tube/elements surface area on inside of tube, .
2 =
shortest distance between elements fluid exit area and the tube inlet, .
3 =
longest distance between elements fluid exit area and the tube inlet, .
4 =
gravitational constant, .
5 =
average fluid velocity, .
6 = tube inside diameter, D.
MPID 1 =
fluid density, .
2 =
fluid absolute viscosity, .
3 =
fluid coefficient of thermal expansion, .
4 =
fluid specific heat, .
5 = fluid thermal conductivity, k.
T
1
T
2
T
3
A
s
x=L
i
x=L
f
g
v
|
c
p
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
400
Figure 9-21
Correlations for Configuration 21
Correlation 46
Combined Natural and Forced Convection In Horizontal Tubes, Laminar Flow
(Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
Gr number based on D.
D = tube diameter.
= viscosity evaluated at fluid bulk temperature.
= viscosity evaluated at wall temperature.
All properties evaluated at film temperature.
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 and GP3 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC
Convection Coefficient input databox.
Gr
Re
2
--------- >> 1.0
Gz Graetz number Re * Pr *
D
L
c
----- = =
w
401 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Correlation 47
Combined Natural and Forced Convection In Horizontal Tubes, Turbulent Flow
(Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
Gr number based on D.
D = tube diameter.
= tube length.
All properties evaluated at film temperature.
H
k
D
----
\ .
| |
*1.75 *
B
w
------
\ .
| |
0.14
* Gz 0.012 * Gz * Gr
1 3
( )
4 3
+ | |
1 3
=
Q = H * A
s
* LMTD
Gr
Re
2
--------- << 1.0 ( )
L
c
H
k
D
----
\ .
| |
*4.69 * Re
0.27
* Pr
0.21
* Gr
0.07 D
L
c
-----
\ .
| |
0.36
=
Q = H * A
s
* LMTD
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
402
Configuration 22
Filmwise Condensation on a Vertical Surface
Node Number 1 =
plate/element surface temperature, .
2 =
vapor temperature, .
GP* 1 =
plate/elements surface area, .
2 = shortest distance between plate/elements surface area and the top edge of
the vertical surface, .
3 = longest distance between plate/elements surface area and the top edge of the
vertical surface, .
4 = wetted perimeter of plate/element surface, p.
5 =
mass flow rate of condensate, .
6 =
gravitational constant, .
7 =
vapor saturation temperature, .
MPID 1 =
liquid density,
l
2 =
vapor density,
3 =
liquid absolute viscosity,
l
4 =
phase change enthalpy,
,
5 = liquid thermal conductivity, k
l
T
1
T
2
A
s
x=L
i
x=L
f
M
DOT
g
T
sat
,
,v
h
fg
403 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Figure 9-22
Correlations for Configuration 22
Correlation 48
Filmwise Condensation on Vertical Surface, Horizontal Tubes, Turbulent Flow
(Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
Re < 1800
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 and GP3 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC
Convection Coefficient input databox.
Re = * U *
L
--- 4 *
M
DOT
P *
--------------
\ .
| |
=
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
404
Correlation 49
Filmwise Condensation on Vertical Surface, Turbulent Flow (Ref. 6 in Appendix A )
(1800. < Re)
Liquid density.
U Average film velocity.
L
Liquid viscosity.
Mass rate of condensate flow.
P Wetted perimeter.
Liquid conductivity.
Enthalpy of phase change.
Gravitational constant.
L Surface height.
Vapor density.
Saturation temperature.
Wall temperature.
Liquid density.
U Average film velocity.
l
4 *
cross-sectional area
wetted perimeter
-----------------------------------------------
l
M
DOT
k
l
h
fg
g
V
T
sat
T
w
H =
4
3
--- * k
3
*
*
v
( ) * g * h
fg
4.0 * * T
sat
T
w
( ) * L
-------------------------------------------------------------
0.25
Q = H * A
s
* (T
1
T
2
)
Re = * U *
L
--- 4 *
M
DOT
P *
--------------
\ .
| |
=
l
405 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
L
Liquid viscosity.
Mass rate of condensate flow.
P Wetted perimeter.
Liquid conductivity.
Enthalpy of phase change.
Gravitational constant.
L Surface height.
Vapor density.
Saturation temperature.
Wall temperature.
4 *
cross-sectional area
wetted perimeter
-----------------------------------------------
l
M
DOT
k
l
h
fg
g
V
T
sat
T
w
H = 0.0077 * Re
0.4
*
k
3
* *
v
( ) * g
2
--------------------------------------------------
1 3
Q = H * A
s
* (T
1
T
2
)
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
406
Configuration 23
Filmwise Condensation on a Horizontal Tube
Node Number 1 =
tube/element outside wall temperature, .
2 =
vapor temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran.
1 =
tube/elements outside surface area .
2 =
gravitational constant, .
3 =
vapor saturation temperature, .
4 =
tube outside diameter, .
MPID 1 =
liquid density,
2 =
vapor density,
3 =
liquid absolute viscosity,
4 =
phase change enthalpy,
5 = liquid thermal conductivity, k
l
T
1
T
2
A
s
g
T
sat
D
o
l
h
fg
407 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Figure 9-23
Correlations for Configuration 23
Correlation 50
Filmwise Condensation on Horizontal Tube (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
Liquid conductivity.
Liquid density.
Vapor density.
Gravitational constant.
Enthalpy of phase change.
Liquid viscosity.
Saturation temperature.
Wall temperature.
Tube diameter.
H
Q
k
l
V
g
h
fg
l
T
sat
T
w
D
o
0.73 *
k
l
* *
v
( ) * g * h
fg
* T
sat
T
w
( ) * D
o
---------------------------------------------------------------
0.25
H * A
s
* (T
1
T
2
)
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
408
Configuration 24
Pool Boiling
Node Number 1 =
inside wall temperature, .
2 =
fluid temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran.
1 =
liquid contact surface area, .
2 = CSF (experimental constant).
3 = S (liquid constant).
S[water] = 1.0
S[other liquids] = 1.7
4 =
saturation temperature, .
MPID 1 =
liquid specific heat, c
2 =
phase change enthalpy, .
3 =
liquid absolute viscosity,
4 =
liquid surface tension,
5 =
liquid density,
6 =
vapor density,
7 = liquid thermal conductivity kl
T
1
T
2
A
s
Pool Boiling Liquid/Surface Combination Factor
Surface Combination CSF
Water-Nickel 0.0060
Water-Platinum 0.0130
Water-Copper 0.0130
Water-Brass 0.0060
CC1[4]-Copper 0.0130
Benzene-Chromium 0.0100
n-pentane-Chromium 0.0150
Ethyl alcohol-Chromium 0.0027
Isopropyl alcohol-Copper 0.0025
35% K[2]CO[3]-Copper 0.0054
50% K[2]CO[3]-Copper 0.0027
-butyl alcohol-Copper 0.0030
T
sat
l
h
fs
l
v
l
v
409 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Correlations for Configuration 24
Correlation 51
Pool Boiling (Ref. 6 in Appendix A)
Specific heat of liquid.
Enthalpy of phase change.
CSF Experimental constant (see Ref. 6 in Appendix A).
Liquid viscosity.
Surface tension at vapor-liquid interface.
S Liquid constant; 1.0 for water; 1.7 for all other liquids.
Saturation temperature.
Wall temperature.
Q
DIFF
C
p
l
h
fg
l
o
T
sat
T
w
H * A* (T
w
T
sat
)
ABS(T
w
T
sat
)
H =
C
pl
* DIFF
h
fg
* Pr
s
* CSF
--------------------------------------
\ .
|
| |
3
*
l
* h
fg
DIFF *
o
l
l
v
( )
-------------------------
-----------------------------------------------
Q = H * A
s
* B(T
1
T
2
)
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
410
Figure 9-24
411 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Configuration 25
Forced Convection Through Packed Beds
Figure 9-25
Correlations for Configuration 25
Correlation 52
Forced Convection Through a Packed Bed (Ref. 8 in Appendix A)
(Re < 50)
Node Number 1 =
bed temperature, .
2 =
fluid entrance temperature, .
3 =
fluid exit temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC Convection
Coefficient input databox.
1 =
bed surface area, .
2 = ratio of bed surface area to bed volume, A.
3 =
mass flux (mass flow/unit cross-sectional area of bed), .
4 =
particle shape factor, .
MPID 1 =
fluid absolute viscosity, .
2 =
fluid specific heat, .
3 = fluid thermal conductivity, k.
T
1
T
2
T
3
A
s
G
o
C
p
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
412
Correlation 53
Forced Convection Through a Packed Bed (Ref. 8 in Appendix A)
(Re > 50)
Fluid specific heat at bulk temperature.
Mass flux rate.
A ratio = surface area/volume of bed
y Particle shape factor, as follows:
1.00 (spheres)
0.91 (cylinders)
0.86 (flakes)
0.79 (raschig rings)
0.67 (partition rings)
0.80 (berl saddles)
Absolute viscosity at film temperature.
Pr Prandtl number at film temperature.
Re
H
Q =
C
p
G
o
FILM
nolds number
Go
A *
FILM
* (
--------------------------------- =
91 * * C
p
G
Re
0.51
* Pr
2 3
---------------------------------------
H * A
s
* LMTD
413 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Configuration 26
Generic Natural Convection, H=H(TDIFF)
Fluid specific heat at bulk temperature.
Mass flux rate.
A ratio = surface area/volume of bed
y Particle shape factor, as follows:
1.00 (spheres)
0.91 (cylinders)
0.86 (flakes)
0.79 (raschig rings)
0.67 (partition rings)
0.80 (berl saddles)
Absolute viscosity at film temperature.
Pr Prandtl number at film temperature.
Re
H
Q
Node Number 1 =
element surface temperature, .
2 =
fluid temperature, .
GP* 1 =
elements surface area, .
2 = generic convection correlation coefficient, GP (2).
3 = generic convection correlation exponent, GP (3).
MPID (Not used)
C
p
G
o
FILM
Reynolds number
Go
A *
FILM
* ( )
-------------------------------------------- =
.61 * * C
p
G
Re
0.41
* Pr
2 3
---------------------------------------
H * A
s
* LMTD
T
1
T
2
A
s
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
414
Figure 9-26
Correlations for Configuration 26
Correlation 54
Generic Natural Convection
*GP1 is provided by Patran.
H=GP(2) * ABS(T
1
T2)GP
3
|
C
p
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
416
Correlations for Configuration 27
Correlation 55
Generic Natural Convection
H = GP(4) * Gr
GP(5)
*Pr
GP(6)
Q = H * A
s
* (T
1
T
2
)
417 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Configuration 28
Generic Forced Convection
Node Number 1 =
element surface temperature, .
2 =
fluid temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC Convection
Coefficient input databox.
1 =
elements surface area, .
2 =
characteristic length used for Reynolds number, .
3 =
fluid free stream velocity, .
4 = coefficient for correlation, GP (4).
5 = Prandtl number exponent, GP (5).
6 = Reynolds number exponent, GP (6).
MPID 1 =
fluid density, .
2 =
fluid absolute viscosity, .
3 =
fluid specific heat, .
4 = fluid thermal conductivity, k.
T
1
T
2
A
s
L
c
v
C
p
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
418
Figure 9-28
Correlations for Configuration 28
Correlation 56
Generic Forced Convection
Configuration 29
Generic H Value, H = H(TBAR) or H(time)
Figure 9-29
Node Number 1 =
element surface temperature, .
2 =
fluid temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran.
1 =
elements surface area, .
MPID 1 = H value (entered as a material property). This value is evaluated as a function
of the average of the two nodes' temperatures. If the MPID is flagged with
time as the independent variable, it will be used instead of the average
temperature.
H = GP(4) * Pr
GP(5)
*Re
GP(6)
Q = H * A
s
* (T
1
T
2
)
T
1
T
2
A
s
419 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Correlations for Configuration 29
Correlation 57
Generic H Value, H = H(tbar)
Configuration 30
Generic H Value, H = H(TDIFF)
Figure 9-30
Node Number 1 =
element surface temperature, .
2 =
fluid temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran.
1 =
elements surface area, .
MPID 1 = H value (entered as a material property). This value is evaluated as a function
of the absolute value of the temperature difference of the two nodal
temperatures.
H = H T
BAR
( ), T
BAR
T
1
T
2
+ ( )
2
---------------------- =
Q = H * A
s
* (T
1
T
2
)
T
1
T
2
A
s
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
420
Correlations for Configuration 30
Correlation 58
Generic H Value, H = H(TDIFF)
Configuration 31
Constant H Value
Figure 9-31
Node Number 1 =
element surface temperature, .
2 =
fluid temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC Convection
Coefficient input databox.
1 =
elements surface area, .
2 = constant H value.
MPID (Not used)
H = H T
DIFF
( ), T
DIFF
ABS T
2
T
1
( ) =
Q = H * A
s
* (T
1
T
2
)
T
1
T
2
A
s
421 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Correlations for Configuration 31
Correlation 59
Generic Constant H Value
H = GP(2)
Q = H * A
s
* (T
1
T
2
)
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
422
Configuration 32
Rotating Disk
Figure 9-32
Node Number 1 =
disk element surface temperature, .
2 =
fluid temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 and GP3 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC
Convection Coefficient input databox.
1 =
elements surface area, .
2 = elements resistors surface area inner radius.
3 = elements resistors surface area outer radius.
MPID 1 =
fluid density, .
2 =
fluid absolute viscosity, .
3 =
fluid specific heat, .
4 = fluid thermal conductivity, k.
5 =
disk rotation speed, radians/time, .
T
1
T
2
A
s
C
p
e
423 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Correlations for Configuration 32
Correlation 60
Rotating Disk
(Reynolds Number)
Pr = C
p
*
/k (Prandtl Number)
r = r
i
r
o
+ ( ) 2
V = e * r
Re = * V * r
H = 0.0267 *
k
r
--
\ .
| |
* Pr
0.6
* Re
0.8
Q
2 1
H*A
s
* T
2
T
1
( ) =
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
424
Configuration 33
Forced Convection, Smooth Isothermal Tubes
Figure 9-33
Node Number 1 =
tube/element inside wall temperature, .
2 =
fluid temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 and GP3 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC
Convection Coefficient input databox.
1 = tube/elements inside surface area.
2 =
distance from upstream tube section to the tube inlet, .
3 =
distance from downstream tube section to the tube inlet, .
4 =
tube inner diameter, .
MPID 1 =
fluid density, .
2 =
fluid absolute viscosity, .
3 =
fluid specific heat, .
4 = fluid thermal conductivity, k.
5 =
average fluid velocity, .
T
1
T
2
x L
i
=
x L
f
=
D
i
C
p
v
425 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Note: This configuration is identical to Configuration 1, 348 and its accompanying correlations,
except that it requires only 2-noded resistors and uses DT instead of an LMTD.
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
426
Configuration 34
Smooth Tubes, Constant Heat Flux, Turbulent Flow, Forced Convection
Figure 9-34
Node Number 1 =
tube/element inside wall temperature, .
2 =
fluid temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 and GP3 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC
Convection Coefficient input databox.
1 =
tube/elements inside surface area, .
2 =
distance from upstream tube section to the tube inlet, .
3 =
distance from downstream tube section to the tube inlet, .
4 =
tube inside diameter, .
MPID 1 =
fluid density, .
2 =
fluid absolute viscosity, .
3 =
fluid specific heat, .
4 = fluid thermal conductivity, k.
5 =
average fluid velocity, .
T1
1
T
2
A
s
x L
i
=
x L
f
=
D
i
C
p
v
427 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Note: This configuration is identical to Configuration 2, 352 and its accompanying correlations,
except that it requires only 2-noded resistors and uses DT instead of an LMTD.
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
428
Configuration 35
Combined Natural and Forced Convection in Horizontal Tubes
Node Number 1 =
tube inside wall temperature, .
2 =
fluid temperature, .
GP* 1 =
tube/elements inside surface area,
.
2 =
distance from upstream tube section to the tube inlet, .
3 =
distance from downstream tube section to the tube inlet, .
4 =
gravitational constant, .
5 = tube inside diameter, D.
MPID 1 =
fluid density, .
2 =
fluid absolute viscosity, .
3 =
fluid coefficient of thermal expansion, .
4 =
fluid specific heat, .
5 = fluid thermal conductivity, k.
6 =
average fluid velocity, .
T
1
T
2
A
s
x L
i
=
x L
f
=
g
|
C
p
v
429 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Figure 9-35
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 and GP3 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC
Convection Coefficient input databox.
Note: This configuration is identical to Configuration 21, 399 and its accompanying correlations,
except that it requires only 2-noded resistors and uses DT instead of an LMTD.
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
430
Configuration 36
Forced Convection Through Packed Beds
Figure 9-36
Node Number 1 =
bed temperature,
.
2 =
fluid temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC Convection
Coefficient input databox.
1 =
bed surface area, .
2 = ratio of bed surface area to bed volume, A.
3 =
particle shape factor, .
MPID 1 =
fluid absolute viscosity, .
2 =
fluid specific heat, .
3 = fluid thermal conductivity, k.
4 =
mass flux (mass flow/unit cross-sectional area of bed), .
T
1
T
2
A
s
C
p
G
o
Note: This configuration is identical to Configuration 25, 411 and its accompanying correlations,
except that it requires only 2-noded resistors and uses DT instead of an LMTD. In addition,
this configuration allows the mass flux to be a variable rather than a constant as is the case
with Configuration 25, 411.
431 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Configuration 37
Contact Resistance with an Interstitial Fluid
Correlations for Configuration 37
Correlation 61
Contact Resistance
Configuration 37 originally was based on Ref. 12 in Appendix A. With Version 8, the correlation has
been redone based on the original work defined in Ref. 13 in Appendix A. The ability to input fluid
pressure was added to the correlation.
Node Number 1 =
surface temperature of surface 1, .
2 =
surface temperature of surface 2, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran.
1 = elements surface area, A.
2 =
rms roughness (meters) of surface ,
3 =
rms roughness (meters) of surface ,
4 =
mean free path at 15 and 1 atm, .
5 =
temperature jump ratio
6 = scale factor (usually 1.0), F.
MPID 1 =
interstitial fluid thermal conductivity
2 =
thermal conductivity surface #1
3 =
thermal conductivity surface #2
4 =
contact pressure (Pascals), .
5 =
strength of surface #1 or surface #2, whichever is softest (Pascals), .
6 =
fluid pressure, (Pascals), .
T
1
T
2
T
1
o
1
T
2
o
2
C A
0
2l
A
0
------
w
m K
-------------- , k
f
.
w
m K
-------------- , k
1
.
w
m K
-------------- , k
2
.
P
c
o
s
p
f
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
432
This correlation which defined the total conductance between two surfaces is assumed to be the sum of
two mutually independent conductances-the component through the interstitial fluid and that through the
contacting area.
These are dependent on the contact area and equivalent fluid thicknesses which in correlation are
correlated to fluid characteristics and material properties.
The fluid conductance is defined by its conductance and the fluid equivalent thickness.
where:
Data has been correlated over a wide range by the following expression:
where the dimensionless quantities are defined:
where:
Fluid thermal conductivity.
Equivalent fluid thickness.
c
h
f
h
m
+ =
h
f
k
f
o
e
----- =
k
f
o
e
Y =
10
3
------
10
X
------
4
X
--- 4
1
X
3
------
3
X
2
------
2
X
--- + +
\ .
| |
ln 1 X + ( ) + +
Y
o
max
o
e
------------ =
X
o
max
2l
------------ =
433 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
It is often difficult to pinpoint a value for the accommodation coefficient and this reference provides a
table for some gases. It should be noted that the mean free paths quoted in this reference are at best 50%
higher than many other references, but are provided to be consistent with the reference the correlation
was developed in.
The mean free path is directly proportional to absolute temperature and inversely proportional to
pressure. The corrections for actual conditions is adjusted with the following relation:
where all the reference values are related to 15 and 1 atmosphere. All fluid material properties are
evaluated at the average temperature of the surface nodes. Appropriate adjustment in the temperature
from the internal calculation units to units consistent with the correlation are done automatically;
however, all quantities must be in SI units
= 288.15 K
= 101325 Pa
the maximum distance between surfaces and as a first approximation can be taken as
twice the mean roughness of each surface.
l temperature jump distance and based on molecular-kinetic concepts and is defined:
where a = accommodation coefficient and = fluid molecules mean free path.
Table 9-2 Gas Constants at 15
o
C and 760 Torr
Gas a
2l/
Air 0.83
9.6 x 10
-8
4.6
Hydrogen 0.20
16.0 x 10
-8
22.1
Helium 0.38
28.5 x 10
-8
14.8
Argon 0.85
10.0 x 10
-8
5.1
o
max
o
max
2 o
1
o
2
+ ( )
2 a
a
----------
.
|
2
P
r
-----
\ .
| |
C
p
C
v
C
p
C
v
+ (
--------------------------
\
|
A
A
0
m A
0
A A
o
T
T
o
------
\ .
| |
P
o
P
f
------
\ .
|
| |
=
C
T
o
P
o
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
434
The second part of the conductance is that through the material which is in contact. This is dependent on
the contact pressure and material strength to define the effective area of conductance. The correlation for
this term is
This equation is valid for relative contact pressure to strength ratios in the order of 0.025 and
temperatures below 0.3 of the fusion point. For higher or prolonged loads at elevated temperatures, creep
must be considered which increases the interface conductance.
The coefficient C is a function of the rms roughness of each surface.
The final conductance involves a scale factor which can provide desired adjustments due to additional
knowledge about the surfaces or for units adjustment because some aspects of the correlation are
dependent on the SI units system.
The resultant heat transfer is
P
contact pressure, Pascals, .
strength of the softest material, Pascals, .
effective thermal conductivity of the material combination.
C = 1.0 if
>
if
<
<
if
<
h
m
8000k
m
C P
c
3 o
s
-----------
\ .
|
| |
0.86
=
P
a
o
s
P
a
k
m
k
m
k
1
k
k
1
k
2
+
----------------------
o
1
o
2
+
0 10
6
30 10
6
o
1
o
2
+
-----------------------
\ .
|
| |
=
0 10
o
1
o
2
+
0 10
6
14.42 10 =
o
1
o
2
+
10 10
Note: The 14.42 is an adjustment from what was defined in the reference in order to provide a
continuous function.
h h
c
* F =
435 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
where the area is equated based on the geometric node where the contact coupling is applied.
Q
1 2
h * A * T
1
T
2
( ) =
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
436
Configuration 38
Generic Forced Convection with Variable Velocity
Node Number 1 =
element surface temperature, .
2 =
fluid temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC Convection
Coefficient input databox.
1 =
elements surface area, .
2 =
characteristic length used for Reynolds number, .
3 =
fluid free stream velocity, .
4 = coefficient for correlation, GP (4).
5 = Prandtl number exponent, GP (5).
6 = Reynolds number exponent, GP (6).
MPID 1 =
fluid density, .
2 =
fluid absolute viscosity, .
3 =
fluid specific heat, .
4 = fluid thermal conductivity, k.
5 = fluid velocity, variable dependence.
T
1
T
2
A
s
L
c
v
C
p
437 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Figure 9-37
Correlations for Configuration 38
Correlation 62
Generic Forced Convection with Variable Velocity
Fluid velocity is the product of GP(2) and MPID(5) evaluation. The independent variable for velocity
evaluation is either the bulk fluid temperature or time.
H = k / Lc * GP(4)
*
Pr
GP(5)
*
Re
GP(6)
Q H * A
s
* T
1
T
2
( ) =
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
438
Configuration 39
Generic H Value, H = H(Tb) * GP
Figure 9-38
Correlations for Configuration 39
Correlation 63
Generic H Value, H = H(Tb) * GP(2)
Heat transfer coefficient is the product of GP(2) and MPID(1) evaluation. The independent variable for
the variable evaluation is either the bulk fluid temperature or time.
H = H(Tb) * GP(2)
Node Number 1 =
element surface temperature, .
2 =
fluid temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC Convection
Coefficient input databox.
1 =
elements surface area, .
2 = Heat Transfer Coefficient Scale factor.
MPID 1 = Heat Transfer Coefficient Variable Definition.
T
1
T
2
A
s
Q H * A
s
* T
1
T
2
( ) =
439 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Configuration 40
Generic H Value, H = H(Tb) * GP - Ignore Area
Figure 9-39
Correlations for Configuration 40
Correlation 63
Generic H Value, H = H(Tb) * GP(2)
Heat transfer coefficient is the product of GP(2) and MPID(1) evaluation. The independent variable for
the variable evaluation is either the bulk fluid temperature or time. Although the surface area is defined,
it is not used to determine the heat flux.
H = H(Tb) * GP(2)
Node Number 1 =
element surface temperature, .
2 =
fluid temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC Convection
Coefficient input databox.
1 =
elements surface area, .
2 = Heat Transfer Coefficient Scale factor.
MPID 1 = Heat Transfer Coefficient Variable Definition.
T
1
T
2
A
s
Q H * T
1
T
2
( ) =
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
440
Configuration 41
Generic Forced Convection with Viscosity Correction
Node Number 1 =
element surface temperature, .
2 =
fluid temperature, .
GP* 1 =
elements surface area, .
2 =
characteristic length used for Reynolds number, .
3 =
fluid free stream velocity, .
4 = coefficient for correlation, GP (4).
5 = Prandtl number exponent, GP (5).
6 = Reynolds number exponent, GP (6).
7 = Viscosity Exponent if heating fluid, GP(7).
8 = Viscosity Exponent if cooling fluid, GP(8).
MPID 1 =
fluid density, .
2 =
fluid absolute viscosity, .
3 =
fluid specific heat, .
4 = fluid thermal conductivity, k.
5 = fluid velocity, variable dependence
T
1
T
2
A
s
L
c
v
C
p
441 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Figure 9-40
Correlations for Configuration 41
Correlation 64
Generic Forced Convection with Viscosity Correction when Heating fluid.
Fluid velocity is the product of GP(2) and MPID(5) evaluation. The independent variable for velocity
evaluation is either the bulk fluid temperature or time.
Correlation 65
Generic Forced Convection with Viscosity Correction when Cooling fluid.
Fluid velocity is the product of GP(2) and MPID(5) evaluation. The independent variable for velocity
evaluation is either the bulk fluid temperature or time.
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC Convection
Coefficient input databox.
H = k/Lc * GP(4) * Pr
GP(5)
* Re
GP(6)
*
B
w
( )GP(7)
Q H * A
s
* T
1
T
2
( ) =
H = k/Lc * GP(4) * Pr
GP(5)
* Re
GP(6)
*
B
w
( )GP(8)
Q H * A
s
* T
1
T
2
( ) =
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
442
Configuration 42
Generic Forced Convection with Temperature Correction
Node Number 1 =
element surface temperature, .
2 =
fluid temperature, .
GP* 1 =
elements surface area, .
2 =
characteristic length used for Reynolds number, .
3 =
fluid free stream velocity, .
4 = coefficient for correlation, GP (4).
5 = Prandtl number exponent, GP (5).
6 = Reynolds number exponent, GP (6).
7 = Temperature Exponent if heating fluid, GP(7).
8 = Temperature Exponent if cooling fluid, GP(8).
MPID 1 =
fluid density, .
2 =
fluid absolute viscosity, .
3 =
fluid specific heat, .
4 = fluid thermal conductivity, k.
5 = fluid velocity, variable dependence.
T
1
T
2
A
s
L
c
v
C
p
443 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Figure 9-41
Correlations for Configuration 42
Correlation 66
Generic Forced Convection with Temperature Correction when Heating fluid.
Fluid velocity is the product of GP(2) and MPID(5) evaluation. The independent variable for velocity
evaluation is either the bulk fluid temperature or time.
Correlation 67
Generic Forced Convection with Viscosity Correction when Cooling fluid.
Fluid velocity is the product of GP(2) and MPID(5) evaluation. The independent variable for velocity
evaluation is either the bulk fluid temperature or time.
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC Convection
Coefficient input databox.
H = k / Lc * GP 4 ( ) * Pr
GP 5 ( )
* Re
GP 6 ( )
*
Tw
Tb
--------
\ .
| |
GP 7 ( )
Q H * A
s
* T
1
T
2
( ) =
H = k / Lc * GP 4 ( ) * Pr
GP 5 ( )
* Re
GP 6 ( )
*
Tw
Tb
--------
\ .
| |
GP 8 ( )
Q H * A
s
* T
1
T
2
( ) =
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
444
Configuration 43
Local Flat Plates, Forced Convection
Figure 9-42
Velocity is the product of velocity scale factor and the variable velocity material property. All
temperature dependent material properties are evaluated at the film temperature.
Node Number 1 =
plate/element surface temperature, .
2 =
free-stream fluid temperature, .
GP*
*GP1 is provided by Patran; GP2 can be optionally provided in the Convection Loads/BC Convection
Coefficient input databox.
1 =
plate/element surface area, /element.
2 =
distance to the plates leading edge, .
3 = free-stream fluid velocity, x=L scale factor.
MPID 1 =
fluid density, .
2 =
fluid absolute viscosity, .
3 =
fluid specific heat, .
4 = fluid thermal conductivity, k.
5 = variable fluid velocity.
T
1
T
2
A
s
x=L
i
c
p
445 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Correlations for Configuration 43
Local Flat Plate Forced Convection, Laminar Flow
Correlation 68 (Ref. 11 in Appendix A)
Correlation 69 (Ref. 11 in Appendix A)
Correlation 70 (Ref. 11 in Appendix A)
All other cases, but valid for
Local Flat Plate Forced Convection, Turbulent Flow
Correlation 71 (Ref. 11 in Appendix A)
Re 2.0 E 5 + <
Pr 0.05 <
H
k
L
---
\ .
| |
* 0.565 * Re * Pr =
0.6 Pr 50.0 < <
H
k
L
---
\ .
| |
* 0.332 * Re * Pr
1 3
=
Re * Pr 100 >
H
k
L
---
\ .
| |
0.338 * Re * Pr
1 3
1
0.0468
Pr
---------------- +
\ .
| |
2 3 1 4
------------------------------------------------------
)
`
=
Re 5.0 E 5 + >
5.0 E 5 Re 1.0E7 < < +
C
f
0.0592 Re
1 5
=
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
446
Correlation 72 (Ref. 11 in Appendix A)
If Reynolds number between laminar and turbulent limits, a linear interpolation between the laminar and
turbulent values is used.
Configurations 44-999
Reserved (not currently used)
These configuration numbers are reserved for future expansion of the QTRAN convection correlation
library.
Re 10
7
>
C
f
0.37
log
10
Re ( )
2.584
------------------------------------ =
H
k
L
---
\ .
| |
1
2
---
* C
f
* Re * Pr
1.0 5
1
2
---
* C
f
Pr 1.0 ( ) 1n 1.0
5
6
---
Pr 1 ( ) + +
)
`
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
=
Q H * A
s
* T
1
T
2
( ) =
447 Chapter 9: Convection Library
Convection Configurations
Configurations 1000+
User Supplied
These configuration numbers are reserved for User-Coded convection configurations that may be
incorporated into subroutine UHVAL. The calling sequence for UHVAL is as follows:
SUBROUTINE UHVAL (ICFIG, IRESIS, COEFF, EXPO, MPID, GP,
T1, T2, GVALH, Q, LOGP, J1, J2, J3, J4, J6)
An example UHVAL subroutine is included in the QTRAN package with excellent internal
documentation. Refer to it before attempting to write your own.
The arguments for UHVAL are defined as follows:
:
Values Passed to the User
Values Passed by You, Required by QTRAN
INTEGER ICFIG, IRESIS, MPID, J1, J2, J3, J4, J6
LOGICAL LOGP
REAL
*
8 COEFF, EXPO,GP, T1, T2, GVALH, Q
ICFIG Configuration type (CFIG value). This value will always come to be as 1000 or
greater. Use the ICFIG integer to choose between one or more of the convection
configurations.
IRESIS The convective resistor number whose heat flow is being calculated. This integer is
used to point into the correct row of the GP and MPID arrays.
COEFF Material Property Data.
EXPO Material Property Data.
MPID MPIDs assigned by the user to the convective resistor.
GP Geometric Property data assigned by the user to the convective resistor.
T1 Temperature of node 1.
T2 Temperature of node 2.
LOGP If LOGP = .TRUE., the routine is being called to dump any resistor data to the output
file.
J1-J4, J6 Dimensions for the COEFF, EXPO, MPID and GP arrays.
GVALH The conductance of the resistor, equal to the product of the h value and the resistor
area.
Q Heat flow from node 1 to node 2 through the resistor.
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
Convection Configurations
448
Chapter 10: Microfunction Library
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
10
Microfunction Library
Purpose 578
References 610
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
References
610
References
1. Hughes, Thomas J. R. Unconditionally Stable Algorithms for Nonlinear Heat Conduction,
Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol 10, pp. 135-139, North-Holland
Publishing Company, 1977.
2. Forsythe, G. E. and Wasow, W. R. Finite Difference Methods for Partial Differential Equations,
pp. 119-121, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1960.
3. James, M. L., Smith, G. M., and Wolford, J. C. Applied Numerical Methods for Digital
Computation with FORTRAN and CSMP, 2nd ed., pp. 111-113, IEP - A Dun-Donnelley
Publisher, New York, 1977.
4. White, F. M. Viscous Fluid Flow, McGraw-Hill, 1974.
5. Siegel, R., and Howell, J. R. Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1981.
6. Karlekar, B. V., and Desmond, R. M. Engineering Heat Transfer, West Publishing Co, 1977.
7. Gebhart, B. Heat Transfer, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1971.
8. Bird, R. B., Stewart, W. E., and Lightfoot, E. N. Transport Phenomena, John Wiley & Sons, 1960.
9. Hageman, L. A., and Young, D. M. Applied Iterative Methods, Academic Press, New York, 1981.
10. Ames, W. F. Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations, 2nd ed., Academic Press,
New York, 1977.
11. Champman, A. J. Heat Transfer, 4th ed,.MacMillan Publishing Company, 1984.
12. Kraus, A. D., and Bar-Cohen, A. Thermal Analysis and Control of Electronic Equipment, pp. 210-
211, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., 1983.
13. Shlyhov, Y.L.. "Calculating Thermal Contact Resistance of Machined Metal Surfaces,"
Teploenergetika, Vol 12, No. 10, pp 79-83, 1965.
14. Kreith, Frank, and Bohn, Mark S., Principles of Heat Transfer, 5th ed., PWS Publishing
Company, 1997.
Appendix B: Mid Templates Supplied in Templatebin and Templatetxt
Patran Thermal Users Guide Volume 1: Thermal/Hydraulic Analysis
B
Mid Templates Supplied in
Templatebin and Templatetxt
Overview 672
Overview 776