Institute for Advanced Studies

Saratpally, golapbag-713104 burdwan

Contact- 9635172100 e-mail: parth.biotech@gmail.com

1.Hormones: a) are secreted by exocrine glands. b) act only on neighboring cells. c) are always peptides. d) are secreted into the blood. 2.Prostaglandins: a) are secreted by exocytosis. b) are blood-borne chemical signals. c) re synthesized from membrane lipids. d) activate nuclear receptors. 3.Hormone receptors: a) have a high affinity for their natural ligand. b) are always linked to G proteins. c) are lipids. d) are always located in the plasma membrane of their target cells. 4.G protein activation: a) leads to changes in gene expression. b) always causes an increase in cyclic AMP. c) leads to the generation of second messengers. d) always results in a decrease in cyclic AMP. 5.Steroid hormones such as aldosterone: a) bind to nuclear receptors to regulate gene expression. b) activate G protein cascades. c) activate receptors on the cell membrane. d) directly regulate protein synthesis.

6.Hormones: a) are secreted by exocrine glands. b) act only on neighboring cells. c) are always peptides. d) are secreted into the blood 7.Prostaglandins: a) are secreted by exocytosis. b) are blood-borne chemical signals. c) re synthesized from membrane lipids. d) activate nuclear receptors. 8.Hormone receptors: a) have a high affinity for their natural ligand. b) are always linked to G proteins. c) are lipids. d) are always located in the plasma membrane of their target cells. 9.G protein activation: a) leads to changes in gene expression. b) always causes an increase in cyclic AMP. c) leads to the generation of second messengers. d) always results in a decrease in cyclic AMP 10.Steroid hormones such as aldosterone: a) bind to nuclear receptors to regulate gene expression. b) activate G protein cascades. c) activate receptors on the cell membrane. d) directly regulate protein synthesis.

12. Cell signaling means all of the following except: A. intercellular communication. B. export of cellular waste products. C. environmental monitoring. D. response to stimuli. 13. In a signal transduction pathway, what is passed from the upstream member of the pathway to the downstream member? A. Electrons B. Protons C. Phosphates D. information in the form of alterations in protein conformation 14. Both epinephrine and glucagon bind to G protein-coupled receptors and activate glycogen breakdown. Therefore, epinephrine and glucagon must: A. have very similar structures and bind to the same receptor. B. bind to receptors with different ligand-binding sites but similar functions. C. bind to different receptors and activate different second messengers. D. bind to the same receptors, one being intracellular and the other, extracellular. 15. If you break liver cells by homogenization, separate the broken cell membranes (particulate) from the cytoplasm (soluble), and add epinephrine to the soluble portion, the result will be: A. the production of cAMP. B. binding of the epinephrine to its receptor. C. activation of adenylyl cyclase. D. None of these are correct. 16. Glucagon binds to the glucagon receptor, which interacts with a membrane-bound G protein, whose subunit releases GDP and binds GTP. The subunit then dissociates from the G protein and diffuses to a membrane-bound adenylyl cyclase which produces cAMP. In this scenario, name the (1) transducer, (2) effector, (3) first messenger, and (4) second messenger A. (1) glucagon (2) cAMP (3) G protein (4) GTP B. (1) G protein (2) adenylyl cyclase (3) glucagon (4) cAMP C. (1) G protein (2) GTP (3) glucagon (4) cAMP D. (1) glucagon (2) G protein (3) adenylyl cyclase (4) cAMP 17. Epinephrine binds to the same type of receptors in liver, fat, and smooth muscle cells. Yet in liver, glycogen breaks down; in fat, triacylglycerols break down; and smooth muscle cells relax. How can the same hormone produce three such different responses?

A. The same receptors activate three different second messengers. B. The same second messengers activate three different intracellular cascades. C. The same enzyme that breaks down glycogen also breaks down fat and relaxes muscle. D. None of these are correct. 18. G proteins are said to be self-inactivating. What G-protein function accounts for this? A. GTPase activity of the subunit B. activation of the effector C. binding to the receptor D. dissociation of the subunits 19. People who suffer from thyroid adenomas have constitutively activated G proteins in some cells of the thyroid gland. Tumor cells not only secrete copious quantities of thyroid hormones but also divide and grow excessively. Based on these observations, in what kind(s) of signal transduction pathways do the mutant G proteins participate? A. cAMP-regulated pathways B. MAP kinase pathways C. both cAMP and MAP kinase pathways D. neither cAMP nor MAP kinase pathways 20. What factors are responsible for the specificity of G protein-coupled responses? A. Protein kinases can phosphorylate different proteins in different cells. B. Receptors can exist as isoforms. C. G-protein subunits can exist as isoforms. D. All of these are correct. 21. IgE-antigen complex on a mast cell is to phospholipase C as epinephrine on a liver cell is to ________. A. protein kinase C B. cAMP C. adenylyl cyclase D. GTP 22. Serine and threonine are to _________ as tyrosine is to receptor tyrosine kinases. A. Phosphatases B. G proteins C. cAMP D. protein kinases A and C 23. Ryanodine and IP3 receptors are found on membranes, whereas epinephrine and glucagon receptors are found on .

A. plasma, intracellular B. intracellular, plasma C. mitochondrial, endoplasmic reticulum D. outer, inner 24. Depending on the cell, increases in intracellular Ca2+ can do all of the following except: A. stimulate the increase of intracellular calcium. B. stimulate the removal of intracellular calcium. C. stimulate stimulates the opening of ryanodine receptors. D. stimulate the deactivation of calmodulin. 25. The sequence of events that occurs after insulin binds to its receptor tyrosine kinase is: A. binding of IRS > phosphorylation of proteins with SH2 domains > effect B. binding of proteins with SH2 domains > phosphorylation of IRS > effect C. autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of IRS > binding of proteins with SH2 domains > effect D. autophosphorylation and binding of IRS > phosphorylation of proteins with SH2 domains > effect 26. Proteins with SH2 domains are to ? as adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C are to G protein-coupled receptors. A. IRSs B. receptor tyrosine kinases C. insulin D. autophosphorylation 27. Which mutant form of ras is likely to cause malignancy? A. ras that cannot hydrolyze GTP B. ras that cannot bind to GTP C. ras that cannot bind to Grb2 or Sos D. ras that cannot bind to Raf 28. in the MAP kinase cascade phosphorylations occur sequentially on: A. receptor-protein tyrosine kinase, Ras-GDP, Soluble Raf, ERK B. receptor-protein tyrosine kinase, Ras-GDP, Soluble Raf, MEK C. receptor-protein tyrosine kinase, Soluble Raf, MEK, ERK D. Ras-GDP, Soluble Raf, TF, MEK 29. What second messenger has been implicated in blood pressure regulation?

A. cAMP B. NO C. CO D. IP3 30. A mutation in the FAK gene would likely result in: A. abnormal cell shape. B. abnormal wound healing. C. abnormal cell growth. D. All of these are correct. 31. A cell responds to an external stimulus by releasing abscisic acid, increasing cytoplasmic Ca2+ and triggering a net outflow of K+ ions, causing a decrease in turgor pressure. What kind of cell does this describe? A. Bacterial B. Viral C. Plant D. Animal 32) A ligand is A. chemical which mimic endogeneous signaling molecule in the body B. a drug C. an endogeneous signaling molecule D. all of the above

1.d) are secreted into the blood. Feedback:Hormones are blood borne chemical signals secreted by endocrine glands. They act on cells remote from the point of secretion. The secretion of most hormones is regulated by negative feedback. 2.c) re synthesized from membrane lipids.

Feedback:Prostaglandins are synthesized as required and act as paracrine signaling agents. As they are highly lipophilic, they cannot be stored in membrane bound vesicles but are secreted by diffusion across the plasma membrane. They act on G protein linked receptors. 3.a) have a high affinity for their natural ligand. Feedback:Hormone receptors are always proteins but they may be located on the plasma membrane or inside the cell. Many hormone receptors do activate G proteins but others activate membrane bound enzymes or bind to nuclear receptors. 4.c) leads to the generation of second messengers. Feedback:G proteins link extracellular signals to the control of intracellular metabolism via the generation of second messengers. Second messengers include cyclic AMP, inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacyl glycerol (DAG). 5.a) bind to nuclear receptors to regulate gene expression. Feedback: There is no feedback for this question.

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