CIVIL ENGINEERING

NANOTECHNOLOGY USED IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Presented by U.vetrivel B.E

Arunai College Of Engineering 9/15/2012

Nanotechnology/New Vision for Civil Engineering with Nanotechnology PPT

INDRODUCTION
Nanotechnology is the re-engineering of materials and devices by controlling the matter at the atomic level .Nanotechnology is not a new science or technology; rather it was first introduced by Richard P. Feynman in his famous lecture at the California Institute of Technology in 1959.However, the research on this topic has been very active only in recent two decades. Ever the less, nanotechnology is still is one of the most active research areas with both novel science and innovative applications.

ABSTRACT:
Nanotechnology is one of the most active research areas that encompass a number of disciplines including civil engineering and construction materials. Traditionally, nanotechnology has been concerned with developments in the fields of microelectronics, medicine and materials sciences. However, the potential for application of many of the developments in the nanotechnology field in the area of construction engineering is growing. In this paper a broad overview of the potential application of various nanotechnology developments in the Construction engineering field is discussed, and the potential for further basic research that may lead to improved systems is evaluated.

What is Nanoscale Science and Engineering?

One nanometer (one billionth of a meter) is a magical point on the dimensional scale. Nanoscale science and engineering here refer to the fundamental understanding and resulting technological advances arising from the exploitation of new systems that are intermediate in size, between isolated atoms and molecules and bulk materials.

What is Nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology is the creation and utilization of functional materials, devices, and systems with novel properties and functions that are achieved through the control of matter, atom-by atom molecule-by-molecule, or at the nanoscale or macromolecular level.

Nanotechnology Can Do:

 Create functional materials, devices and systems with novel functions and properties through the control of matter at the nano-scale. Exploit properties and phenomena developed at the nanometer scale. Consider a scale in which matter shows a special behavior due to both the quantum effects

Nanotechnology Application in Civil Engineering Nano cement

Portland cement is the most widely used construction material. It can be argued that concrete utilizes nanotechnology because it contains nano-particles as ingredients including nano-water particles and nano-air voids. But, it is not the application of the technology at nano level. If it is possible to create the technological tools and organize the amount and locations of these nano-ingredients in a scientific way.

Materials:

Ultra-high strength and ductility of steels Polymers composite and concrete Multifunctional materials

Coatings:
o New composite materials, photocatalytic o Corrosion protection coating o And self cleaning coating Sensors:

Nano-Coatings for concrete

To protect the structures/components from abrasion, chemical attack and hydro-thermal variations, and to improve aesthetics, chemical coatings are generally and routinely used. Till date technology which limits the size of coating materials in micrometer, can enjoy the great advancement by using nano science and technology.

Nano steel
Steel has played a major role in construction industry since past two centuries. Fatigue is a significant issue for the structures subjected to cyclic loading, such as in bridges, towers and off-shore platforms.

 Fatigue failure can occur at significantly low stresses than the yield stress of the material and lead to a significant reduction in service.

Sensors:

Intelligent aggregates and coatings acting as wireless sensors and actuators.

Durability:

Self-healing structural polymer composite, Pavements.

New designs:

Infrastructure taking advantage of much stronger materials, ductile concrete and other advances, as such multifunctional or smart materials.

New tools:
Giving new understanding of basic materials structure-property relations, especially for cement.

Nano Particles for fire protection

Application of Portland cement based coatings for fire protection of steel structures is limited since it is thick, tend to be brittle and polymer additions are needed to improve adhesion with steel surface. It has been found that nanocement mixing with carbon nanotubes (CNT) with the cementious material to fabricate fiber composites has outstanding properties of high strength and fire resistance.

Future Vision for Civil Engineering with Nanotechnology

Cracked bridges and potholes in pavement repair on their own. Guardrails re-align automatically after impact. Bridges adjust their shapes to control movement caused by wind. Coatings make metal structures self clean to avoid corrosion, and make road sign never need to be washed. Rearranging and combining alloy particles could make bridge steel many times more durable and stronger. MEMS/NEMS sensors could be embedded into highways or coat an entire bridge for monitoring the processes of deterioration, and allowing to fix them long before they are apparent to human inspectors.

Apply Nanotechnology to Improve Construction Material

High performance steel for bridges. With copper nanoparticles forming at the steel grain boundary, the resulting microstructures

Changes make the steel tougher, easier to weld and more corrosion-resistance.

Nanomaterials Modified Concrete

Concrete is a porous material, ranging from air voids to nanometers scale pores. These nanoscale pores control the properties of the calcium-silicate-hydrate hydration product, or C-S-H colloids. Exploring and modifying these nanoscale pores can result in improved concrete. Nano-engineered cement materials with nano-sized reaction modifier and reinforcing materials are under development. This addition could compensate for its weakness in tension and result in concrete with greatly improved stress-strain behavior. Possibly result in the range of newly introduced smart properties, such as electrical conductivity, sensing abilities.

Nanoscale Silica Fume Modifier

De-icing chemicals could penetrate concretes porous structure and oxidize the reinforcing steel and cause cracking and deterioration to the structure. The addition of nanoscale silica fume operates at a nanoscale and can improve durability of concrete structures exposed to de-icing salts.

Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) Reinforced Cement/Concrete

A carbon nanotube is a one atom thick sheet of graphite rolled up into a seamless cylinder with diameter of the order of a nanometer. They are one-dimensional nanostructure where the length-to-diameter ratio exceeds 10,000. The Young's modulus of CNTs can be as high as 1000 GPa ,5 times higher than steel. The tensile strength can be up to 63 GPa, 50 times higher than steel. They exhibit unique electrical properties, and are efficient conductors of heat CNTs hold great promise for the next generation of high performance and multifunctional composite materials. Much research activities have focused on CNTs-reinforced polymer or ceramic composite. Exploration of applications of this new material in cement/concrete is underway . Plain concrete itself is a brittle material that is much stronger in compression than in tension. Carbon nanotubes may be applied to improve mechanical performance of cement/carbon-nanotub composite.

Polymeric polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)fiber

nanoscale coating that controls the chemical bonding between reinforcing PVA fibers and the mortar matrix This nano-enabled concrete is 500 times more resistant to cracking and makes concrete tough.

Apply Nanotechnology to Improve sensor for Civil Engineering

Nanotechnology-based Devices for Quality Control and Durability Monitoring of Concrete Material understanding of the cement hydration process, strength development, and damage evolution. Detecting crack initiation under loading, as well as pressure, temperature, chemical , stress, strain for both nondestructive evaluation and condition-based maintenance.

Sensor examples

A sensor was developed to measure the density and viscosity of uncured concrete in mixing and pumping equipment during pouring concrete. Fresh concrete workability is important and improper workability will prevent concrete fully flowing into form and result in porous. NSF currently supports a research of strain and corrosion sensors for civil structures by exploring the fabrication of carbon nanotube-polyelectrolyte thin films . Another NSF funded research is to develop embedded strain sensors, using nanoscale engineering of ultra-sonic consolidation. some embedded sensors have been developed and applied to verify designs. These sensors do not constitute nanotechnology, they do illustrate the use of embedded sensors and give a indication of what can be accomplished in the future as the nanotechnology reduces the sensorsize. The Golden Gate Bridge now has an experimental sensor network of approximately 200 small MEMS sensors, Each sensor can measure movement such as traffic, wind, or seismic loads.

All sensor readings are correlated, a three-dimensional picture is created which may
portray structural abnormalitie.

Apply Nanotechnology for nanocomposite

Nanomaterials-by-design can deliberately creating materials with unique functionality for target applications. Nanocomposites can possess the ability to repair themselves after major damage. Nanosensors and multifunctional material scan be built into composite materials to produce smart building.

Self-Healing Nanocomposite

Inspired by biological systems in which damage trigger an autonomic healing response. A polymer composite material that can heal itself when cracked has been developed. Incorporate a microencapsulated healing agent and a catalytic chemical trigger within an epoxy matrix. a structural polymeric material can have the ability to s self-heal cracks An approaching crack ruptures embedded microcapsules, releasing a healing agent into the crack. Polymerization of the healing agent is triggered by contact with the embedded catalyst and will bond the crack.

Self-Sensing Concrete :

The inclusion of electrically conducting short fibers can make concrete sense elastic and inelastic formation and fracture necessary

The electrical resistance (ER)increase is due to conducting fiber pullout in the elastic regime, conducting fiber breakage in the inelastic regime, and crack propagation at fracture.

Correlations exist between concrete ER and its strain or damage condition:

Reversible change in ERis for elastic deformation Irreversible change in ERis for inelastic deformation Irreversible dramatic change in ER is for fracture.

Self-Cleaning Nano-Coating:
In some Eastern cultures, the lotus plant is a symbol of purity.

Even lotuses emerge from muddy ponds or lakes, its leaves and flowers remain uncontaminated and pure

Lotus leaves have a fine surface with wax crystals of around 1 nm in diameter The contact area between the water and surface is reduced to only 2-3% of the dropletcovered surface. Development of lotus-effect aerosol spray is underway It combines nanoparticles with hydrophobic polymers and propellant gas, and develops a nanostructure through self-assembly. It particularly suits rough surfaces such as paper, leather, textiles and masonry

The Lotus-Effect exterior coating or paint on traffic signs or control devices:

Require no labor-intensive and periodic washing to remove road grime . enhance visibility and Safety.

CONCLUSIONS
Based on the information discussed in this paper, the following conclusions are drawn: Nanotechnology is a rapidly expanding area of research where novel properties of materials manufactured on the nanoscale can be utilized for the benefit of construction infrastructure. A number of promising developments exist that can potentially change the service life and lifecycle cost of construction infrastructure.