MEL 341: Gas Dynamics and Propulsion

Amit Gupta Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi 2nd Semester 2011-2012

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

Transonic flow: If 1M<1.2, shock pattern moves to trailing edge of airfoil. Second shock wave appears upstream of leading edge => bow shock

Supersonic flow: M>1 everywhere Straight oblique shock wave attached to nose of wedge, across which streamline direction changes discontinuously

Hypersonic flow: M >5, properties change explosively across shock; at the same time, shock moves closer to surface => flowfield b/w shock and surface becomes very hot Source:Anderson(2004)
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

--M relation
Source:Anderson(2004) Shock wave angle , in degrees
Department Deflection angle , in degrees of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

Key observations
a) For a given M1, there exists a maximum deflection angle max. If the physical geometry is such that >max, then no solution exists for a straight oblique shock wave. Instead the shock will be curved and detached

Source:Anderson(2004)
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

Key observations
b) For <max, there are two values of predicted by --M relation for a given Mach number. Since changes across shock are more severe as increases, the large value of is called strong shock solution; the small value is called weak shock solution. In nature, weak shock is favored, and usually occurs

Source:Anderson(2004)
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

Key observations
c) However, whether the shock will be weak or strong depends on back pressure; if downstream pressure is increased, then strong shock could be forced to occur. In strong shock, M2<1. In weak shock, M2>1 except for a small region near max

Source:Anderson(2004)
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

Key observations
d) If =0, then =/2 (corresponding to normal shock) or = (corresponding to Mach wave) e) For a fixed , as M1 decreases from high to low supersonic values, increases (for weak shock solution). Finally, there is a Mach number below which no solutions exist; at this Mach number, =max. For lower M1, shock becomes detached

Source:Anderson(2004)
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

Basic variations
1) Anything that increases Mn1 increases the strength of the shock (i.e. P2/P1) increases 2) In general, as increases (with M1=constant), the shock wave becomes stronger, and increases 3) In general, as M1 increases (with =constant), the shock wave becomes stronger, and decreases

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi