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NOTES ON THE LABORATORY OF PHYSIOLOGICAL
HYGIENE AND PROBLEMS OF EXPERIMENTAL
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY.
Ancel Benjamin Keys, 1904-
NOTES ON
THE LABORATORY OF PHYSIOLOGICAL
AND PROBLEMS OF
EXPERIIviENTAL HUlviAN PHYSIOLOGY
'by
Ancel
April 12, 1944
OF MINNESOTA
STADIUM SOUTH TOwER
Minneapolis 14
No,tes on
THE LABORATORY OF PHYSIOLOGICAL HYGIENE
and problems of
EXPERIMENTAL HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
A. INTRODUCTION
It is believed here that experimental human .physiology deserves much more
intensive cultivation. The contingencies of war have emphasized the' needs for
knowledge and have provided experience as to how research in this field should
be conducted. The relative success of this Laboratory in attacking practical
problems of war wOl,lld seem to offer validation of the principles on . \-Thich this
Laboratory has operated. There is every reason to believe that the value of
research in experimental human physiology should be not less in peace time and
that the utility of this Laboratory should actually increase when the pressure
of war necessity diminishes.
The following notes are offered to point out the p ,' rmanent value ' of an
organization like the Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and to explain the
organization and operation of this Laboratory.
B. HUMAN EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY
The Province of Physiology
The science of physiology, properly speaking, should include a number of
disciplines which ordinarily or frequently have separate administrative status--
bio'chemistry, biophysics , pathological physiology, parts of hygione and much of
psychology. Applied physiology, likewise, would include a large sector of
medicine and "TQuld extend beyond the more common medical responsibility to
include the adjustment of man to his physical activities and environment, Ilfit_
ness" and degrees of "health.1I
Medical School Organization
The fact that present administrative organization in university medica}-
schools does not conform to the foregoing is understandable because of the para-
mount requirements for instruction at the elementary level on the one hand and
for the actual treatment of patients on the other. Unfortunately, the organiza-
tion of research tends to follow the departmental structure and is further fre-
quently limited by dependence on facilities supplied primarily for pedagogical
PUrposes in the "fundamental
ll
departments and for direct therapeutic and
diagnostiC purposes in the clinical departments. The net result is that reseal\ch
in experimental human physiology seldom has full opportunity for broad develop-
ment. Escape from these limitations seem to call for either drastic
reVision of medical school organization in general Of the provision of a special
department or division for research and instruction in the experimental study
of human physiology.
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Recent Developments
Growing recognition of the need to provide organizations 9f t4is kind is
seen in numerous developments of the past 15 ot 20 years. Departments I institutes
and laboratories. some on a very ambitious scale. 111ere created lit Copephagen,
Harvard, in Germany at Dortmund and irl at Len1ngradJ Khatkov and
Moscow. in Ital;y in Turin and in Jal'an at Tokyo. The of
the great Gorky Institute. of Medicine at 1.1oscow is of much
interest in this conhectioh, particularly slhce all recent observers are
unanimous ifi their praise of Russiari organization. This Laboratory at
the University of dates from 1937.
The Demands of War
The demands of the war have sharply underscored the need for facilities
and research in applied physiology. Efforts in this direction have been made
as war measures at a number of universities in this country, including North-
western, Rochester, Indiana, Illinois and Yale. Government laboratories are now
operating at Fort Knox (Kentucky), Pensacola (Florida),
Bethesda (Md.), lvright Field (Ohio), Randolph Field (Texas), and Fort Monmouth
(New Jersey). These laboratories are doing very useful work but their horizons
are bounded by the strict necessities of war and their post'-war continuation for
civilian purposes is highly doubtful. At present the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory
and the Minnesota Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene are the only relatively
permanent of academic status devoted to the broad problems of
experimental human physiology.
Public Health and Hygiene
The place of experimental human physiology in the field of public health
and hygiene is frequentlY overlooked. Public health, preventive medicine and
hygiene have made tremendous developments but these have been almost wholly in
the fields of sanitation, infectious diseases and medical service organization.
Physiological hygiene has received scant attention except for the minor field of
industrial toxicology. The present enthusiasm for nutrition has proceeded with
little effort to obtain the proper bases in precise experimentation on hUman
functions. There is an extraordinary lack of concrete kno1.rledge behind the
generali ties taught as hygiene. Qp.estions of rest, sleep, exercise, fat,igue,
fasting, training, size and spacing of meals, adjustments to temperature,
altitude and posture, baths, alcohol. tobacco and so on, at present must 'be
discussed largely on the basis of personal opinions, surmises and previous
customs. It would be reasonable to suppose that preventive medicine should be
concerned about these matters and that more exact knowledge would be of
value in the maintenance of health and the restoration to full fitness after
It is not too much to suggest that the solutions to many
ln the degenerative diseases and in geriatrics must be sought, in part at least,
in the field of PhYSiological Hygiene.
C. THE LABORATORY OF PHYSIOLOGICAL HYGIENE
Origin of this Laboratory
The development of the Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene at the University
of Minnesota was begun at the end of 1937 as a joint enterprise between the
Medical School and the Department of Physical Education. The initial aim was
to proviae improved instruction in the basic medical sciences for students in
physical. education and related fields and to allow the development of scientific
studies on activity and 11 fi tness. II The provision of essential laboratory
l
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facili ties and personnel the start of experimental work in . physio-
logical hygiene in the fall of Full scale operations have been under way
since 1942.
Developments Since 1941
Since 1941 much of the in this Laboratory has been sp,onsored by the
War Department and by the National Research Council. The growth of thi!
Laboratory both in facilities and in experience was thereby accelerated and
opportunity was afforded demonstrate the value of work in this field and,
in particular, the potentialities of the laboratory organization here. Excellent
material facilities and personnel have been assembled. The Staff has reached -
a high degree of efficiency both in ,specific methods and in the close integration
of effort which is so important in this type of work.
Fields of Recent Effort
In the past several years the major efforts in this Laboratory have been
in the following fields:
1) The relation of vitamin "supercharging
ll
to humap work performance and
fatigue "
2) The human requirements for vitamins of the B complex, especially thiamine '
and riboflavin, for maximal physical IIfitness" and effiyiency.
3) Deterioration in man produced 'by total and by partial starvation.
4) Heat disability in man and its relation to adaptation, water, salt and
diet.
5) Emergency rations for military operations.
6) The course of physical and psychomotor training and de-training.
7) The vitamin contents (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and ascorbic acid)
in foods, particularly military r ations, and the effect of storage.
8) Objective alterations produced inman by absence of the B vitamins.
9) The development of psychological tests and measurements for the evalua-
tion of fatigue and fitness.
10) Methods for the estimation of vitamins in foods and in human sweat and
excreta.
11) The effect of physical training on heart size in man.
12) Evaluation of the magnitude and the effects of the circulatory
abnormality in patent artoriosus.
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Accompli shrnen t s Since 1941
Accomplishments in the work here in the past several years are illustrated in
the publications, a list of which is appended, A considerable portion of the
effort was devoted' to which are not represented in actual publications.
Some of this will be covered in future papers but some aspects cannot be dis-
closed for reasons of military security. We may note that this Laboratory
has supplied scientific direction and expert observation on field tests with
the U. S. Army as follows:
1) Regular Infantry - Fort Snelling, June, 1941-
2) Regular Infantry - Fort Benning, Ga., February, 1942.
3) Nountain Infantry - Fort Lewis and l-'iount Rainier, 1942.
4) Armored Forces and Desert Operations - Camp Young and the Desert
Maneuver Area, California, August, 1942.
5) Ir>..fantry Winter Operations - Land 0 'Lakes, \Visconsin, Narch. 1943.
6) Air Forces Life Raft Subsistence - Gulfport Army Air Field, Hiss.,
!Jiarch, 1944.
Methods in Physiology
The development and standardization of, quantitative objective methods in
human physiology is a central necessity for advances in both theoretical and
practical problems. The science of experimental human physiology is still only
rudimentary, partly from lack of methods, partly from lack of laboratories and
experienced personnel to apply such methods as are nO'1! available. Thi s Labora-
tory has devoted much effort in this direction. In addition to individual
methods for the of individual functions, it is felt that the simul-
taneous application of many methods covering many variables is necessary to
gain real knowledge on practical problems of well-being. This calls for
closely effort by a team of experts representing differe,nt scientific
specialties, pt1rticularly ph?siology, biochemistry, internal medicine and psy-
chology. This Laboratory is specifically organized to allo\<J such a "total"
approach. A list of methods currently in use here is appended.
Material Facilities
The basic material facilities required for precise 1!lork in human experi-
mental physiology are those to provide controlled envirorunental conditions, the
housing of subjects, a diet kitchen, equipment for the standardization of physi-
cal work and a wide range of accessory equipment for metabolic, cardiovascular,
respiratory, sensory and psychometric measurements. A chemical laboratory
equipped for exact analyses of food, blood, excreta and expired air is a prime
necessity. The LaboratorJ of Physiological Hygiene is unusually well provided
in all these respects, as may be surmised from the list of methods in use.
Except for studies at simulated high altitudes this Laboratory is more completely
equipped for all types of human experimental physiology than any other laboratory
in the United States. Four experimental rooms can provide any temperature from
30
0
F. to 130
0
F. and any humidity from 15% to 95% of relative saturation at
any time of the year .. Subj ects can be housed for days or ',.,eeks at a time 1}Tl thin
one experimental suite. Activity can be regulated to any desired level by the
Use of the 2 motor-driven treadmills, one of which can accommodate 5 subjects at
--5-
a time for prolonged experiments. The diet kitchen easily handles 20 persons
for full boa:rd. A special dormitory houses 10 to 12 subjects in comfort. A.
special metabolism ward is devised for the study of up to 3 bed patients over
periods of weeks at a time. X ray, fluoroscopic and electrocardiographic
installations are very complete. The psychological branch is equipped to cover
an unusually wide range of sensory, psychomotor and neurological functions. The
chemical laboratories can and do handle with great precision almost any type of
analytical. work in relatively large volume. It shoul,d be noted that much of
the most important is not commercially available and has been specially
designed and constructed f or studies in human experimental physiology.
Laboratory Space
The total space occupied by the Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene amounts
to nearly 9,000 feet in some 30 contiguous rooms conveniently arranged
about an int0rnal corr idor system. Offices for the memb ers of the s enior staff
ar e iwnediately accessible from the various laboratori es , A conf erence room
contains a small but good ref erence lil.rary, including files of key periodicals.
A good workshop serves the necessities for maintenance and constrUction of new '
apparatus. There is ample storage and service space. The whole of t he Labora-
tory is fitted out with an intercommunication system.
Location of the Laboratory
V { Tho Laboratory is locat ad in the Stal\ium, with entrance at the South Tower
and .with service and emergency entrances to the football field and to t4e con-
course. It is about 50 yards from th,} Building a:nd about 200 yards
from the buildings housing the fundamental sni enc os of the I\1edical School. The
University Hospitals are about 300 yards distant as are t he main Library, the
Uni versity Administration Building and the of Chemistry, Physics, '
Zoology and Botany. . .
Subjects for Study
Before the war arrangements were completed obtain the use of students,
ho spital patients and other subjects on both voluntary and paid bases. Soldiers
f r om Fort Snelling have been used in many studies. !n other work we have . had
access to patients at the Hastings State Hospital for th,e Insane, 20 miles dis-
tant. For the past year the principal subj ects have b ,en conscientious obj ectors
authorized as volunteers for residence here by the Seleo.tive Service System.
After the war there will be no difficul in securing sU';,jects on the bases
already established. Excellent relations and cooperation' exist between the
Laboratory and the major medical installations in the Paul area.
Per sonnel Requirements
It is well recognized that foundation of scientific progress is the
sci entist. Defects of facilities limit. the produc ti vity of the scient ist but
defects in personnel may compl et ely negate the potentialities of the most elabo-
r at e f acilities. We believe the personnel of the Laboratory of Physiol ogical
Hygi ene forms an unusually efficient and abl e team. Individual technical
competence and integrity essential at the outset but beyond that the capacity
for t he closest kind of cooperation between the in the several scientific
disciplines and the various technici ans is , Finally, only by extensive
experi ence of working together can such a ' team be welded into a really i nt egrated
uni t.
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Staff Organization
In general a full experimental attack on real problems of human physiology
an organization like that developed here where physiologist, biochemist
and psychologist, together with technicians, including dietitians, chemical
analysts, medical technologists, service staff and mechanics, work together on
common problems under the coordinating efforts , of a director-colleague. For
many problems it is desirable to have ready consultation and collaboration ... ri th
members of other departments--clinicians. physicists, chemists, and engineers.
Such consultation and collaboration between this Laboratory and other departments
in the Universi ty is well e sterbli shed . The present personnel and their general
responsibilities in the Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene are listed in an
appendix to this statement.
Teaching Responsibilities
The need. for an organization like this Laboratory for research should be
clear. However there are also important teaching functions to be considered.
One of the tasks in medical teaching is to create the capacity to apply the
knowledge of specialized fields to the actual concrete situations 1r1hich must be
met in practice. The step from the formal, rather abstract knowledge in the
fundamental sciences to the scientific analysis of the complex problems of
patients is a particularly difficult one. It is suggested that the staff of a
laboratory like the present can be of much service in providing integrative
lectures and seminars, detail ed demonstrations and opportunities for more
realistic laboratory work than is customarily available to the student in
physiology and biochemistry. Tho inclusion of more instruction in phys'iological
p sychology on the professional level should be valuable. For post-doctorat e
students the experience of problem and research work in such a laboratory should
be very useful as a final preparation both for scientific medicine and for
teaching.
Staff Appointments
In practice it would appear that the senior staff members of such ' a labora-
tory should have fo'rmal appOintments, on a part-time basis, in their "home"
departments . The biochemist should devote perhaps a fourth of his time ' to
ing responsibilities in the department of biochemistry, and so on. In addition,
the laboratory as a uni t shOUld have certain defini te teaching r esponsibilities.
These would include courses in experimental human physiology at the advanced
level and the training of graduate students for professional careers in research
and teaching. A course in physiological hygiene might be provided at a less
advanced level. Such a laboratory could well have re.sponsibili ty for intermediat a
course work in physiology, biochemistry and psychology for students who'se needs
would not e:x;tend very far into pathology, for example professional students in
physical education, public health and physical therapy.
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THE STAFF--LABORATORY OF PHYSIOLOGICAL HYGIENE
SENIOR ' STAFF:
Ancel Keys, Ph.D., D.Phil., Professor of Physiology. Director of the
Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene.
Austin F. Henschel. Ph.D., Physiologist; U. S. War Department, assigned
to Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene; Instructor (Vv.O. C.) in
Physiology. In charge of scheduling all experiments and ar:rangements
and relations with subjects. Has responsibility for work on gastro-
intestinal functions and blood morphology. Shares with Dr. Taylor
the chief responsibility for the conduct of" physiological experiments.
Olaf Mickelsen, Ph.D., In charge of chemical analyses and work on
methods for vitamin analysis. Has responsibility for scheduling
chemical work. Ras chief responsibility for work on vitamin metabo-
lism and general supervision over diets.
Henry Longstreet TaYlor, Jr., Ph .D .. , Ass ociate Physiologist. In charge of
work on and circulatory functions. Has , responsibility
for kidney function tests. Shares responsibility with Dr. Henschel
for conduct of all experiments.
Josef M. Brozek, Ph.D., AssQciate Psychologist. In charge of all work on
sensory, psychoBotor and general psychological functions. Has
general responsibility for statistical work.
ASSISTING STAFF:
Angie Mae Sturgeon, B.Se., Head Technologist. Has charge 9f services in the
Laboratory, including supply orders, maintenance. service staff. Acts
as assistant or deputy in administration under Drs. Keys, Henschel and
Brozek. Has responsibility for records and data books and for gas
analysis.
Doris Doeden, B.A., Assistant Chemist. Analyses for laotate. pyruvate,
riboflavin, ehlotida, etc.
vvebster Ward Benton, M.A Assistant Chemist. Food. analysis in general.
Analyses for iron, calcium, niacin, etc.
Howard L. Oondiff, B.Chem.Eng., Assistant Analyses for thiamine,
ketones. urea, chloride, etc.
Erma Miller, B.S., Assistant Chemist. for lipids, potassium,
nitrogen. etc.
I
Luella Hong, Secretary. General charge of all office work, correspondence,
ms., books, etc.
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Ersal W. Kindel, B.A. I Labor atory Mechanic. Has charge of shop. Responsi..:
- bility for machine maintenance and construction and installation of
laboratory equipment.
Nedra }II. Foster. Dietitian . Has charge of diet kitchen. Responsibility
for all meals and the mess hall. Assists in gas analysis.
Lester Erickson. B.A Laboratory Technician. Nitrogen and niacin
determinations. Assistance in physiological experiments.
Harold Guetzkow. B.A Assistant Technician (Psychology).
Marietta Anderson. B.S . Assistant Technician (Chemistry).
Doris Bergquist, Jr. Clerk Stenographer.
Nellie M. Oleson, Assistant Laboratory Attendant.
Doris Fredson, Assistant Laborat ory Technician (part time) .
Mildred Olson, Jr. Clerk St'enographer (part time).
Lorna Paul. Assistant Labor atory Technician (part time).
Frances Hanna, Special Duty Nurse (part time).
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METHODS IN USE Il!J THE LABORATORY OF PHYSIOLOGIC.AL HYGIENE
A. The development and application of objective tests and measurements for use
with men is an important feature of the work of this Laboratory. This is neces-
sary because of our insistence on: 1) Achieving kno\<11edge of the total summa-
tion of functions in many concrete situations, and, 2) Problems in applied
physiology require a wide variety of test procedures as tools of inyestigation.
Many of these methods have been developed, modified or specifically adapted by
us for use here. All have been subjected to rigorous standardization here
. B. The follo\<Ting tabulation lists the major tests and measurements which are
most frequently applied as \lTell as a fe\<T (marked wi th asteri sks) which are less
often used.
I. Metaboli sm
(1) Basal metabolic ra.te .
(2) Oxygen consumption and quotient in rest and in work on
the treadmill .
(3) Blood glucose in rest, in work, at fixed intervals in recovery from
standard anerobic 1rJ'Ork and at fixed intervals after ingestion of 100
gm. glucose.
(4) Blood lactate as in (3) above.
(5) Blood pyruvate as in (3) above.
(6) Blood ketones as in (3) above ,
(7) Urinary lactate, pyruvate, ketone bodie s, creatinine, nitrogen
*(8) Fecal nitrogen, calCium, potassium
*(9) Blood fats.
(10) Blo'od chloride, alkaline reserve, urea.
II. Work capaci ty and pulse in work and recovery
(1) Prolonged marching on treadmill at 3.5 m.p.h. and 10% rate of climb.
(2) lhmning at 9.0 m.p.h. and 8.6 per cent grade for 75 or for 90 seconds.
(3) Harvard Fatigue Laboratory test, treadmill at 7.0 m.p.h. and 8.6 per
cent climb for up to 5 minutes,
(4) Army Air Forces fitness test comprising chinning, push-ups, and 300-
yard shuttle run.
*(5) Standard walk or run at high environmental temperature.
III. Vitamin excretion
(1) 24-hour urinary excretion of thiamine, riboflavin and F2
(2) Recovery in the urine of test doses of 1 mg. thiamine, 1 mg. riboflavin.
*(3) Fecal excretion of thiamine.
IV. Cardiovascular system
(1) Electrocardiograph leads I. II and III with sound recording
(2) Roentgenkymogram of the heart at 66 inches.
(3)
( 4)
( 5)
( 6)
*( 7)
-lb-
,/ .
pulse and blood
Crampton blood ptbsis tS,t
Cold pressor test
Cardiac output by the acetylene method
volume by the plasma dye method_
v. Gastric emptying
(1) Emptying time for standard test meal
(2) Measurement of rate of emptying from successive planimetric
measurement of the barium shadows in X-ray films.
VI. Psychomotor .functions
(1) Speed and coordination--pipe and ball test
(2) Speed and coordination--choice gross body reaction time
(3) Velocity--maximum rate of
(4) Velocity--simple auditory reaction time
(5) Velocity--ophthalmographic study of eye movements
(6) Eye-hand coorAination--pattern tracing
(7) Eye-hand coordination--Minnesota rate of manipulation test
(8) Steadiness-ataxiameter.
VII. Sensory functions
(1) Visual acuity
(2) Dark vision--biophotometer
(3) Visual campimetric scotometer
(4) Visual fields--peripheral perimetric measurements, form and color
(5) Retino-cortical functions--flicker fusion frequency
(6) Complete ophthalmological examination, including slit lamp, by
ophthalmological department
(7) Auditory loudness and pitch sensitivity
(8) Auditory functions--central versus external ear deficiencies
(9) Pain sensitivity--algometer
(10) Vibratory sense--using audiometric bone conduction vibrator
(11) Tactile sense--von Frey hairs.
VIII. Renal function
(1) Urea clearance test
*(2) Inulin clearance test
*(3) Para amino hippurate excretion test.
IX. Intellective functions
(1)
( 2)
(3)
( 4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
Primary mental abilities--repeatable factor battery covering space,
perception, word fluency, number induction and short-interval memory
long interval memory test
Learning--number span
Learni ng--codes
Learning--underlining numbers
Change of set--Hunt-Minnesota organic brain damage test
Change of set--Wittman's vertical-horizontal, opposite test
Planning and maze
Planning and cursive miniature situation test.
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X. Personality traits and emotions
(1) Personali ty--Hathaway-lvicKinley Minnesota multiphasic inventory
(2) Personali ty and emotion--Harro,,,rer-Erickson mul ti-choi ce group
Rorschach test
(3) l?ersonali ty and emotion--special rating scales and forms for self
analysi s and for man to man an,alysis.
XI. Food analyses
(1) Ash, moisture, crude fat, protein
(2) Thiamine (vitamin Bl), thiochrome method
(3) Riboflavin (vitamin B2), microbiological and chemical methods
(4) Niacin (nicotinic acid), microbiological and chemical methods
(5) Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), photoelectric colorimeter method with
indophenol.

,
' 1. Keys, Ancel
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PUBLICATIONS OF WORATORY" OF PHYSIOLOGICAL HYGIENE
DURING TID'l PERI OD OF 1942
to APPJL, 1944
J
1942. Vitamin-Mania, Journal-Lancet, 62: 103.
2. Keys, A., and Henschel, A. F.
1942. Vitamin supplementation of U.S. army rations in relation to fatigue
and the ability to do muscular J. Nutri tion, Q: 259-269.
3. Keys, A.
1942. War and military food problems, Everybody's Health, April, pp. 4-5, 15.
4. Taylor, H. L., Keys. A., and Savage, G.
1942. The intravenous administration of bovine plasma albumin, Proc. Soc.
Exp. Biol.' Med. 2: 328.,.331,
5. Taylor, H. L., and Keys, A.
1942. Bovine albumin as an antigen, Proc. Soc. Exp. 13io1. 14ed.,50; 3;26-328.
6. Samuels. L. T., Henschel, A. F., and Keys, A.
1942. Influence of methyl testosterone on muscular "lork and creatine
metabolism in normal young men, J. Clin, Endocrino!.. geNo. 2): 649-
654.
7. Savage, G., Taylor, H. L,. and Keys, A.
1942. Cutaneous reactions to animal plasma-proteins in man.
45(No. 4): 261-272.
'';''., Stapp, J. P and Violante, A.
J. Immunology,
8. Keys.
1942. Responses in size, output and efficiency of the human heart to acute
alteration in the composition of inspired air. Am. J. Physiol.,
138(No. 5): 763-771.
9. I sker, R. A., and.- Keys, A.
1942. The ration in combat, RevieH, 22(No. 1): 29-30, 132, 133,
134.
10. Henschel, A. F.
1942. Diet and muscular fatigue, Med., 25: 974-976.
11. Keys, A., Shapiro, M. J.
1943. Patency of the ductus arteriosus in adults. Am. Heart J.,
,?2: 158.210.
12. Taylor. H. L., Key s, A.
1943. Fractionation of normal serum proteins by the el.ectrophoretic and sodium
SUlphate methods, J, Bio1., Ohern., 148(No. 2): 379-381.
13
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Shapiro, M. J., and Keys, A.
1943. The progno.sis of untreated patent ductus arteriosus and the results of
surgical intervention--a clinical series of fifty cases and an analysis
of one hundred thirty-nine operations, Amer. J. IvI ed. Sci., 206: 174-1B3
A. (abstract)
Nutri tion and physical efficiency--'a discussion of practical problems,
Oereal Ohemistry, 5 pages. (Syllabus.) Oenter for Oo ntinuation Study,
University of lunnesota.
15. Taylor, H. L., Henschel, A., and Keys, A.
1943. Oardiovascular adjustment of man in rest and ",rork during exposure to dry
heat, Amer. J. Physiol., hl2(No. 4): 583-591.
16. Mi ckel sen, 0., and Keys, A.
1943. The composition of sweat, \1ith special reference to the vi tamins, J.
Biol. Ohem., 149(No. 2): 479-490.
17. Keys, A.
1943. Physical performance in .relation to diet, Federation Proceedings,
g(No. 3): 164-187.
18. Keys, !., Henschel, A. F., Nickelsen, 0., Brozek, J. M., and Orall/ford, J. H.
1944. Physiologi cal and biochemical functions in normal young men on a diet
restricted in J. Nutrition, 27: 165-178.
19. Keys,
1943.
A., Henschel, A. F., l"4ickelsen, 0., and Brozek, J. M.
The performance of normal young men on controlled thiamine
,J. Nutrition, 26: 399-415.
20. Henschel, A. F., Taylor, H. L., and Keys, A.
1943. The persistence of heat acclimatization in man, Amer. J. Physiol.,
140: 321-325.
21. Taylor, H. L., Henschel, A. F., Mickelsen, 0., and Keys, A.
1943. The effect of the sodi.um chloride intake on the work performance of
man during exposure to dry heat and experimental heat exhaustion,
Amer. J. Physio1., 140: 439-451.
22. Brozek, J. 1,1.
1943; Psychological factors in relation to performance and fatigue, Fed.
Frae g: 134-144.
23. Henschel, A. F.
1943. Vitamins and physical performance, Journal-Lancet, l: 355-
24. Taylor, H. L.
1943. Olimate and vitamin requirements, Journal-Lancet, 1: 358-359.
25. Mickelsen, O.
1943. Laboratory methods of evaluating vitamin nutritional status, Journal-
Lancet, 63: 360-366.
(
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26. Keys, A.
1943. lntroduction to the symposium on vitamins, Journal-Lancet, l: 337-338.
27. Key s, A.
1943. The effect of diet on the performance and fatigue of man,
:auJ.l. lvIinn. l'ied. Found., Dec., 8 pp.
28. Mickelsen, 0., Dippel, A. L., and Tod4, R. L.
1943. Plasma vitamin C levels in ','I'omen during the menstrual cycle, J. Clin.
Endocrinol., 2: 600-602.
29. Henschel, F., Taylor, H. L., Brozek, J. M., Mickelsen, 0., and Keys,
1944. Vitamin C and the ability to work in hot environments , Amer. J. Trop_
Med., in press.
30. Keys, A.
1944. Fatigue and the nutritional state with reference to military
ments, Clinics, February , in press.
31. Taylor, H. L.
1944. Some common inisconceptions concerning physiology of high temperature.s,
Bull. Minn. Med. Found., in press

32. Henschel, A. F., Taylor, H. L., and Keys, A.
1944. The gastric emptying time of man at high and normal environmental
temperatures, Amer. J. in press.
33. Mickelsen, 0., Benton, t'V. IV., and Phelan, J. A.
1944. A still for the continuous l'roduction of double di stilled llater,
SCience, 149-150.
34. Brozek, J., and Keys, A.
1944. Flicker fusion frecp.ency as a test of fatigue, J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol.,
May, in press.
35. Brozek, J., and Keys, A..
1944. Changes in flicker fusion \n th age, Psychosomatic Medicine,
in press.
36. Keys, A., Henschel, A., Taylor, H. L., Mickelsen, 0., and :Brozek,
1944. Absence of rapid deterioration in men doing hard physical "'lork on a
. restricted intake of vitamins of the B J. Nutrition, in press.
This list does not include reports and articles distributed in mimeographed
form by the National Research Council under the limitations .of
IIconfiden tial
lt
and ftrestri cted
lt
classification.