BIO 202 - EXAM 1 REVIEW ( PART 1 )

Chapter 19
1) Review the relationships amongst blood, interstitial fluid, and lymph.

2) a) b) c) d) e) f)

Blood transports many substances. List six. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________

3)

Name the four body systems to which blood delivers wastes or chemicals that lead to wastes.

4) a) b) c) d)

List 4 aspects of homeostasis regulated by blood. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________

5)

Explain how your blood protects you.

6) 7) 8)

Average body temperature is ________________. The pH of blood is _________________. Three hormones that regulate volume and osmotic pressure of blood are __________________, __________________, and ___________________. choices: ADH / aldosterone / ANP / epinephrine / PTH

9) Match the names of the components of plasma with their descriptions. A) Albumins E) Electrolytes F) Fibrinogen G) Globulins _________ Makes up about 92% of plasma _________ Regulatory substances carried in blood _________ Cations and anions carried in plasma _________ Constitutes about 54% of plasma proteins _________ Made by liver; a protein used in clotting _________ Antibody proteins _________ Waste carried to kidneys or sweat glands _________ Food substances carried in blood GAF) Glucose, amino acids, and fats HE) Hormones/enzymes UC) Urea, creatinine W) Water

_________ Of albumin, fibrinogen, and globulin, this is found in the least abundance in plasma

10) 11) 12)

Viruses/bacteria that enter the body as invaders are a) antigens OR b) antibodies? Chemicals made by the body to defend against invaders are a) antigens OR b) antibodies? Immunoglobulins (Igs) produced by plasma cells and found in plasma are a) antigens OR b) antibodies?

13)

Fill in the following blanks with a formed element (leukocytes, erythrocytes, or platelets) a) ________________________ are not truly cells, but cell fragments b) ________________________ are also known as thrombocytes c) ________________________ include neutrophils, lymphocytes, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes d) ________________________ are also known as white blood cells e) ________________________ make up over 99% of all formed elements

14)

A hematocrit consists of the percentage of centrifuged blood that contains _______________________ blood cells.

15)

Polycythemia occurs when the red blood cell count is ( higher / lower ) than normal. For example, a hematocrit of ( 22 / 40 / 62 ) would indicate polycythemia. Explain why dehydration might lead to polycythemia. Explain also why polycythemia might be dangerous.

16)

Regulation of ( erythrocyte / leukocyte ) number occurs in response to invading microorganisms and antigens.

17)

Blood formation is a process known as ___________________________. All of the different blood cell types arise from _________________________________ cells.

18)

As individuals grow into adulthood, the rate of hemopoiesis ( increases / decreases ). Red bone marrow is then replaced by _____________________________ marrow.

19)

Fill in the blanks in the table to indicate stages in formation of cells. Stem Cell Lymphoid B lymphoblast myeloblast monoblast proerythroblast Myeloid platelet monocyte Precursor Cell Mature Cell T lymphocyte

Which of the following mature cells above passes through a stage as a reticulocyte immediately before the mature stage? ______________________________________

20)

Name several structures where blood formation takes place before birth.

21)

Which type of white blood cells complete their development in lymphoid tissues? ____________________________________________

22)

All other types of blood cells develop totally within myeloid tissue, which is another name for __________________________________________.

23)

Erythropoietin is a hormone made mostly in the _______________________________. This hormone stimulates production of ( RBCs / WBCs / Platelets).

24)

Two types of cytokines that stimulate WBC formation are __________________________________________________ factors (CSFs) and ___________________________ (ILs).

25) 26)

_____________________________ accounts for the color of red blood cells. RBCs ( do / do not ) have a nucleus and mitochondria. Explain why this is an advantage for red blood cells specifically.

27)

RBCs are normally shaped like ______________________ discs. What advantage does this shape offer?

28)

The hemoglobin molecule consists of a central protein, which is the protein ( heme / globin ) with four polypeptide chains called ( hemes / globins ).

29)

Each heme contains one _______________________ atom on which a molecule of ( oxygen / carbon dioxide ) can be transported. Each hemoglobin molecule can carry ( 1 / 4 ) oxygen molecules. Remember, almost all oxygen is transported in this manner.

30)

Carbon dioxide has one combining site on hemoglobin; it is the amino acid portion of the ( heme / globin ). About ( 13% / 70% / 97% ) of CO2 is transported in this manner.

31)

Besides O2 and CO2, hemoglobin can also bind to the gas ( nitric / nitrous ) oxide. NO is produced by cells that line the walls of blood vessels. Describe what NO does.

32) 33)

Know the steps of the RBC life cycle (otherwise known as RBC destruction). ___________________________ is a decrease in oxygen in cells; serves as a signal that erythropoiesis is needed (to help provide more oxygen to tissues).

34)

___________________________ is a hormone produced by kidneys when they are hypoxic; stimulates erythropoiesis in the red bone marrow.

35) 36)

___________________________ is a vitamin necessary for normal hemoglobin formation. ___________________________ is a substance produced by the stomach lining and necessary for normal vitamin B12 absorption.

37)

Leukocytes ( have / lack ) hemoglobin, so these cells are known as ( red blood cells / white blood cells ).

38)

WBC count is accounted for by each type of WBC. Such a breakdown of white blood cells is known as a _____________________________ white blood cell count.

39)

Each white blood cell ( has / lacks ) a nucleus. Which type of WBC has a large kidney-shaped nucleus? ( _____________________________ ) Which type of WBC has a nucelus that occupies most of the cell? ( ________________________________) Which WBC is known as a PMN (polymorphonucleocyte) based on the many shapes of its nucleus? ( _____________________________________ )

40)

Which three WBCs are granulocytes? ____________________________, ______________________________, and ____________________________.

41) 42)

What are MHC antigens and how do they affect the success rate of transplants? ______________________________ is the process by which WBCs stick to the capillary wall cells, slow down, stop, and then squeeze out through the vessel wall.

43)

______________________________ are chemicals known as selectins made by injured or inflamed capillary cells stick to chemicals on neutrophils, slowing them down.

44)

______________________________ is the attraction of phagocytes to chemicals such as kinins or CSFs in microbes or in inflamed tissue.

45)

______________________________ is ingestion and disposal of microbes or damaged tissue by neutrophils or macrophages.

46) 47)

______________________________ the largest percentage of WBCs. ______________________________ produce defensins, lysozymes, and oxidants with antibiotic activity.

48)

______________________________ are types of cells that include B cells, T cells, and NK (natural killer) cells.

49)

______________________________ leave the blood, enter tissues, and release heparin, histamine, and serotonin which are all involved in allergic and inflammatory responses.

50)

______________________________ are involved in allergic reactions, combat histamines and provide protection against parasitic worms.

51)

______________________________ form into fixed and wandering macrophages that clean up sites of infection.

52) 53) 54) 55)

______________________________ are important in phagocytosis (two answers). ______________________________ are classified as agranulocytes (two answers). ______________________________ are known as bands in its immature state. B lymphocytes, or B cells, are especially effective against ( bacteria and their toxins / cancer or transplanted cells, viruses, fungi, and some bacteria ).

56)

T lymphocytes, or T cells, are particularly effective against ( bacteria and their toxins / cancer or transplanted cells, viruses, fungi, and some bacteria ).

57)

Natural killer (NK) cells combat a ( few selected / wide variety ) of microbes plus some cancer cells.

58) 59) 60) 61) 62)

Platelets are also known as ______________________________. Your platelets are formed in ______________________________. Platelets are ______________________________. The primary function of platelets is related to ________________________________. List the three mechanisms of hemostasis. __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________

63) 64)

Be able to explain the steps of coagulation with all the factors and enzymes included. What is the difference between an embolus and a thrombus?

65)

Contrast agglutination and coagulation.

66)

Coagulation, or ________________________, involves coagulation factors found in platelets, plasma, or other tissue fluids. The process ( requires / can occur in abscence of ) red blood cells.

67)

Agglutination, or clumping, of erythrocytes is an antigen-_____________ complex that ( does / does not ) require red blood cells because these are sites of __________________ used in the agglutination reaction.

68)

The surface of RBCs contains chemicals that act as ( antigens / antibodies ), also known as ___________________________. Based on these chemicals, blood can be categorized into at least ( 2 / 4 / 24 / 100 ) different blood groups. One of these groups, the ABO group, consists of four possible blood types. Name them: ________, ________, ________, ________.

69)

Explain what causes hemolysis of RBCs in incompatible blood transfusions.