Computerized Ludo

PROJECT PROFILE

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Project Profile

Project Name Developed By Developed For Developed At Project Guide Frontend Tool Backend Tool Operating System Project Duration Submitted By Submitted To

: Computerized Ludo. : Darsh A Mehta : Natubhai.V.Patel Science College : Natubhai.V.Patel Science College : Mr.Viresh Patel : Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 : Oracle 8i : Microsoft Windows XP : June 2011 March 2012 : Darsh A Mehta : Natubhai.V.Patel Science College

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INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM

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INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM

This system of Computerized Ludo (game) is developed for the entertainment purpose. This game provides a traditional and real-like environment of Computerized Ludo game. It follows all the rules of the traditional game. From children to elders, everyone can play this game as it is very user friendly. This game provides a score card so the player can easily note down his/her score.

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OVERVIEW OF THE EXSISTING SYSTEM

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OVERVIEW OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

The current Ludo game encounters many problems. Presently, this game is manually played however the main drawback of playing manually is that we atleast need 2-4 players, it cannot be played alone. Game requires certain area with stability so that it can be played with comfort and ambience however such an interesting classic game with which many kids have spended their childhood is on a verge of getting extinct, as life turned very fast with time competing so eagerly to leave time behind, such games are left back to lockers at home and enjoyed by dust as it cannot be played with the speed in which our life travels.It does not provide score card to the player.

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DRAWBACKS OF THE EXISIST ING SYSTEM

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Computerized Ludo DRAWBACKS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

Less Portable In the existing game of Computerized Ludo, Game requires certain area with stability so that it can be played with comfort and ambience.it cannot be played Anywhere like in bus,trainor aeroplane.

No Score Cards The existing system does not provide any score card (score reports) to the players as can be seen in other games.

Violation of Rules Rules that are followed in traditional game are not followed in the existing game.

Restriction on no. of players In the existing Game,we need at least two persons to play,we cannot play the game if we are alone.

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NEW REQUIREMENTS

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Computerized Ludo NEW REQUIREMENTS

The new game is required to overcome the problems of it, thus removing the complexities and drawbacks observed in the existing system. The following areas were identified for developing new game Computerized Ludo.

Real like environment of traditional(original) game User friendly To generate a score card (score report) Facility to play against computer

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FEATURES OF THE TOOLS USED

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Computerized Ludo ORACLE 8i (Back End Tool)

Introduction to Oracle 8i : - Oracle8i, the database for Internet computing, changes the way information is managed and accessed to meet the demands of the Internet age, while providing significant new features for traditional online transaction processing (OLTP) and data warehouse applications. It provides advanced tools to manage all types of data in Web sites, but it also delivers the performance, scalability, and availability needed to support very large database (VLDB) and mission-critical applications. SQL : - Structured Query Language allows users to access data in the relational database management systems, such as Oracle, Sybase, Informix, Microsoft SQL server, Access and others by allowing users to describe the data the user wishes to see. Technically speaking, SQL is a data sublanguage. That is to say, the purpose of SQL is to interface to a relational database such as Oracle, and all SQL statements are instructions to the database. Among the features of SQL are the following:-

It processes sets of data as groups rather than as individual units. It provides automatic navigation to the data. It uses statements that are complex and powerful individually, and hence stand alone.

SQL provides commands for a variety of tasks including:Querying data. Inserting, updating, and deleting rows in a table. Creating, replacing, altering, and dropping objects. Controlling access to the database and its objects. Page 12

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Guarantying database consistency and integrity. SQL unifies all of the above tasks in one consistent language. SQL is accepted as the protocol that enables databases build under different DBMS and/or running on different machines architectures to communicate, so forming true distributed systems. Database Language : - The database is an intermediate link between the physical database, the computer and the operating system, and on the other hand, the users. Different DBMS provide different database languages although a language called SQL has recently taken on the role of standard. A language is needed to describe the database to the DBMS as well as provide facilities for changing the database and for defining and changing physical data structure. Another language is needed for manipulating and retrieving data stored in the DBMS. These languages are called Data Definition Languages (DDL) and Data Manipulation Languages (DML) respectively. The storage structure and access methods used by the database system are specified by a set of definitions called data storage and definition language. DDL statements are compiled; resulting in a set of tables stored in a special file called a data dictionary or data directory, which contains metadata. DML enables users to access and manipulate data. The goal is to provide efficient human interaction with the system. Data manipulation is retrieving, inserting, deleting or modifying information in the database. Oracle 8i introduces new support for Java by including a robust, integrated, and scalable Java Virtual Machine within the server. This expands Oracle's support for Java into all tiers of applications, allowing Java programs to be deployed where they perform best--in the client, server, or middle tier--without recompiling or modifying the Java code.

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Oracle8i introduces database resource management where the DBA now has the ability to control the processing resources allocated to a user or group of users. Two new partitioning methods, hash and composite, complement the established range partitioning method to provide a rich set of partitioning methods from which the DBA may choose the best method to fit an application's profile and workload.

Oracle8i extends the functionality of advanced replication, focusing on mass-deployment applications. Data can be replicated to servers that are closer to users and have only the data those users need, providing better performance. Security has been improved. The replication manager has been rewritten in Java and is no longer constrained to run on a Windows-based machine. There is significant enhancement to Oracle's object relational technology, and Oracle8i makes it available in both the standard and Enterprise Edition. Language improvements for PL/SQL, Pro*C/C++, Pro*COBOL, and the Oracle Call Interface (OCI) include significant new functionality. National Language Support also undergoes substantial change, and a new book provides information on its use. Fine-grained access control and application context features build row-level application security into the database, rather than leaving it at the application level. Stronger security is provided throughout the enterprise by expanding or enhancing methods of authentication and authorization, centralizing user management, and supporting standards. Finally, Oracle 8i includes Oracle Enterprise Manager, which is the comprehensive management framework for managing the Oracle database and application environment. Oracle Enterprise Manager presents an easy-to-use centralized console, a rich set of management tools, and the extensibility to detect and solve any problems that may arise. It also includes several administrative applications for performing day-to-day tasks for databases and applications, such as scheduling backup routines. Page 14

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In summary, Oracle8i is designed to access and manage all your data using the style and infrastructure of the Internet. Oracle8i is the most complete and comprehensive platform for building, deploying and managing Internet and traditional applications. It simplifies the development of applications It simplifies the management of Internet content It simplifies the deployment of applications

Oracle8i provides the lowest cost platform for developing and deploying applications on the Internet.

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VISUAL BASIC 6.0 (Front End Tool)

It is the fastest and easiest way to create applications for Microsoft Windows. Whether you are an experienced professional or brand new to Windows programming, Visual Basic provides you with a complete set of tools to simplify rapid application development. Introduction to Visual Basic: The "Visual" part refers to the method used to create the graphical user interface (GUI). Rather than writing numerous lines of code to describe the appearance and location of interface elements, you simply add rebuilt objects into place on screen. If you've ever used a drawing program such as Paint, you already have most of the skills necessary to create an effective user interface. The "Basic" part refers to the BASIC (Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) language, a language used by more programmers than any other language in the history of computing. Visual Basic has evolved from the original BASIC language and now contains several hundred statements, functions, and keywords, many of which relate directly to the Windows GUI. Beginners can create useful applications by learning just a few of the keywords, yet the power of the language allows professionals to accomplish anything that can be accomplished using any other Windows programming language. Data access features allow you to create databases, front-end applications, and scalable server-side components for most popular database formats, including Microsoft SQL Server and other enterprise-level databases. ActiveX technologies allow you to use the functionality provided by other applications, such as Microsoft Word processor, Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, and other Windows applications.

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You can even automate applications and objects created using the Professional or Enterprise editions of Visual Basic. Internet capabilities make it easy to provide access to documents and applications across the Internet or intranet from within your application, or to create Internet server applications. Your finished application is a true .exe file that uses a Visual Basic Virtual Machine that you can freely distribute. What Can We Do With Visual Basic? Creating a User Interface The user interface is perhaps the most important part of an application; its certainly the most visible. To users, the interface is the application; they probably aren't aware of the code that is executing behind the scenes. The usability of our application depends on the interface. When we design an application, a number of decisions need to be made regarding the interface. Should we use the single-document or multiple-document style? How many different forms will we need? What commands will our menus include, and toolbars? What about dialog boxes to interact with the user? How much assistance do we need to provide? Before we begin designing the user interface, we need to think about the purpose of the application. The design for a primary application that will be in constant use should be different from one that is only used occasionally for short periods of time. An application with the primary purpose of displaying information has different requirements than one used to gather information. Designing a user interface is best approached as an iterative process We will rarely come up with a perfect design on the first pass. Using Visual Basics Standard Controls

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We use controls to get user input and to display output. Some of the controls we can use in our applications include text boxes, command buttons, and list boxes. Other controls let us access other applications and process data as if the remote application was part of our code. Each control has its own set of properties, methods, and events.

Topics Validating Control Data By Restricting Focus

Working with Control Arrays Using Check Box, Combo Box, Command Button Control Using Data Control Using Data Grid Control

Using File-System Controls (Directory List Box, Drive List Box and File List Box) Using Frame Control Using Microsoft Hierarchical Flex Grid Control Using Vertical and Horizontal Scroll Bar Using Image Control, Label Control Using List Box Control and Text Box Control\ Using Timer Control

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Visual Basic Editions Visual Basic is available in three versions, each geared to meet a specific set of development requirements. The Visual Basic Learning edition allows programmers to easily create powerful applications for Microsoft Windows and Windows NT. It includes all intrinsic controls, plus grid, tab, and data-bound controls. The Professional edition provides computer professionals with a full-featured set of tools for developing solutions for others. It includes all the features of the Learning edition, plus additional ActiveX controls, the Internet Information Server Application Designer, integrated Visual Database Tools and Data Environment, Active Data Objects, and the Dynamic HTML Page Designer. The Enterprise edition allows professionals to create robust distributed applications in a team setting. It includes all the features of the Professional edition, plus Back Office tools such as SQL Server, Microsoft Transaction Server, Internet Information Server, Visual SourceSafe, SNA Server, and more. Topics Working with Multiple Projects Managing Application Settings Using Conditional Compilation Working with Resource Files, Templates & Command Line Switches Creating Own Data Types Advanced Features of Arrays Using Collections as an Alternative to Arrays

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Working with Text and Graphics Visual Basic also provides graphics capabilities allowing us great flexibility in design, including the addition of animation by displaying a sequence of images. We can have many ways of placing and manipulating text and graphics. Details on formatting, fonts, color palettes, and printing are included. By combining these capabilities with good design concepts, we can optimize the attractiveness and ease of use of our applications. Topics

Working with Fonts Displaying Text on Forms and Picture Boxes Formatting Numbers, Dates and Times Working with Selected Text Transferring Text and Graphics with Clipboard Object Debugging Our Code and Handling Errors No matter how carefully crafted our code, errors can (and probably will) occur. Ideally, Visual Basic procedures wouldn't need error-handling code at all. Unfortunately, sometimes files are mistakenly deleted, disk drives run out of space, or network drives disconnect unexpectedly. Such possibilities can cause run-time errors in your code. To handle these errors, you need to add error-handling code to your procedures. Sometimes errors can also occur within our code; this type of error is commonly referred to as a bug. Minor bugs for example, a cursor that doesn't behave as expected can be frustrating or inconvenient. More severe bugs can cause an application to stop responding to commands, possibly requiring the user to restart the application, losing whatever work hasn't been saved. Page 20

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The process of locating and fixing bugs in your application is known as debugging. Visual Basic provides several tools to help analyze how our application operates. These debugging tools are particularly useful in locating the source of bugs, but we can also use the tools to experiment with changes to your application or to learn how other applications work. Topics How to Handle Errors Designing an Error Handler Error Handling Hierarchy Testing Error Handling by Generating Errors Inline Error Handling Centralized Error Handling Design Time, Run Time and Break Mode Using Debugging Windows and Break Mode Running Select Portion Of Our Applications Advantages of Visual Basic 6.0:During design time, it is possible to see how the program will look at the runtime. Visual Basic is very useful in designing and developing, effective and efficient windows based programs VB helps in making your program look quite effective and beautiful. You can add menus, tool bars, status bars, text boxes, etc. to blank window. It is less time consuming and more user friendly. Also user friendly programs can be developed very easily.

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SCOPE OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

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SCOPE OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

The game of Computerized Ludo is aimed to provide real-like environment of Ludo game, to provide score-report to the players, to play against computer. The Computerized Ludo game consists of following stages: Player Entry Addition of number of players is recorded at this stage for further processing. Playing the game After the entry of the players, the players have to play the game just like the traditional game of Ludo. Score-Card Generation Score-card is generated after the player has won the game. It consists of players name and his score.

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SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

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SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

Linear sequential model (water flow model): Computerized Ludo is developed as per linear sequential process model, which is the oldest and the most widely used paradigm for software engineering.

System/Information Engineering
System Analysis Design

Code

Test

Linear sequential model suggests a systematic, sequential approach to software development that begins at the system level and progresses through analysis, design, coding, testing, and support. System/Information engineering and modeling: This system view is essential when software must interact with other elements such as hardware, people and databases. System engineering and analysis encompass requirements gathering at the

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system level with a design and analysis. Information engineering encompasses requirements gathering at the strategic business level and at the business area level.

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

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SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

To understand the nature of the program(s) to be built, the software engineer must understand the information domain for the software, as well as required function, behavior, performance, and interface. Requirements for both the system and the software are documented and reviewed with the user. Design: The design process translates requirements into a representation of the software that can be assessed for quality before coding begins. Design process focuses on: Data structure Software architecture Interface representations Procedural (algorithmic) details. Code generation: The code generation step translates the design into the machine-readable form. If design is performed in a detailed manner, code generation can be accomplished mechanistically. Testing: The testing process focuses on the logical internals of the software, ensuring that all statements have been tested, and on the functional externals: that is, conducting tests to uncover errors and ensure that defined input will produce actual results that agree with required results.

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Support: Change will occur because errors have been encountered, because the software must be adapted to accommodate changes in its external environment, or because the customer requires functional or performance enhancements. Software support/maintenance reapplies each of the preceding phases to an existing program rather than a new one.

FACT GATHERING TECHNIQUES

Information gathering in any system is not an easy task. It has to be gathered in an organized way so that (a) No system details are left out. (b) Right problems are identified. (c) Repetitive work is avoided. (d) Wrong or incomplete details are not collected. To do this, a proper search strategy must be decided first, search strategy includes selecting It also includes modeling methods to make sense out of information so collected. Here an overall idea about the search methods or fact gathering techniques which are used

information sources and search methods.

while gathering the information, they are: (1) Interviewing. (2) Record inspection. (3) Observation. These techniques are used in system analysis and design stage. Page 28

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I have played this game (Ludo) many times to get information as well as the basic problems which are occurring in the current existing system.

(1) Interviews: Interview allows the analyst to collect or gather the information from the individual or group who are generally the current user of the existing system or potential user of the proposed system. They may be managers or employee of the firm itself who provide the data for the proposed system and who will be affected by it. As far as interview is concerned, it is a time consuming process. It is a basic source of qualitative information. It allows the analyst to discover areas of misunderstanding, indication of resistance to the proposed system. Interview could be (a) Structured (b) Unstructured.

(1) Structured: Here, it uses standardized questions as far as response of the questions is concerned; they are divided into two formats: (a) Open response format: Here the questions are answered in ones own words. (b) Closed response format: Here set of prescribed answers is used. (2) Unstructured: Here the questions are answered to suit the respondent that provide the information about the areas overlooked or not thought to be important.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of structured and unstructured interviewing: ADVANTAGES: Ensures uniform wording of questions to all respondents. Easy to administer and evaluate. Less interview training required. Result in shorter time.

(1) Structured:

(2) Unstructured: Questions can be worded to suit the respondent. May produce the information about the areas overlooked or not thought to be important. DISADVANTAGES: Cost of preparation is high. Such high level of structure may not always be suitable. Some respondent may resist to such structure.

(1) Structured:

(2) Unstructured: Inefficient use of interviewer and respondent time. Results take a longer time. Extra time required for the collection of essential facts. The success of the interview depends on the skill of the interviewer and his/her preparation for the interview. Analysts must also be aware of the kinds of difficulties at some interview, and must know how to deal with the potential problems.

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User interviews were conducted to determine the qualitative information. These interviews, which were unstructured interviews, provide opportunity to gather information from respondents who are involved in the process for a long time.

These interviews provides information such as Activities involved in process of moving of token in the game. Limitation of existing game. Problems faced by the user in the existing system of Snake & Ladder.

(2) Record Review: It is said to better believe in records than in people. Thus a good analyst always gets facts from documents. An existing system can be better understood by examining existing documents, forms and files. In record review analyst examine information that has been recorded about the system and users. Records inspection can be performed at the beginning of study as an introduction or later in study as a basis for comparing actual operations with what the records indicate should be happening. Records may include: Written policy manuals. Rules and regulations Standard operating procedures used in the game of Snake & Ladders. Forms and documents.

A good documentation system provides relationships and interaction between the data and procedure. Analyst also can know about the game structures, activities, procedures and flow of data.

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Records do not show how tasks are performed or what activities are actually occurring and where decision making power lies. Analyst through good analysis can get answers to questions like: Who uses the forms? Do they include all necessary information? How readable and easy to follow is the records? Is it ideal for analysis and inferences? Etc. To gather details about the system, many kinds of records and reports were reviewed. The study covered. Standard operating procedure Data flow (input/output) of the existing system. Process of moving of token of a player. Process of generation of score-card. Process of fetching the time of the player. Types and format of database registers etc.

(3) Observation: Observation can bring in missed facts, new ways to improve the existing procedures, duplicate work done inadvertently, etc. Observation can bring in what other fact-finding methods cannot! But this task is delicate because people do not like to be observed when they work. Observation gives analyst the opportunity to go behind the scenes in a system to learn inside story to discover how things work in new areas of information. Observation can look for: Operational inefficiencies. Alternate procedures. Interruptions in the normal flow of work. The usage of files and documents. Informal communication channels, etc. Page 32

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On site observation provides close view of the working of the real system. He can observe objects, documents and occurrences of events.

FEASIBILITY STUDY

All projects are feasible-given unlimited resources and infinite time! Unfortunately, the development of a computer-based system or product is more likely plagued by a scarcity of resources and difficult delivery dates. It is both necessary and prudent to evaluate the feasibility of a project at the earliest possible time. Months or years of effort, thousands or millions of dollars, and untold professional embarrassment can be averte9 if an ill-conceived system is recognized early in the definition phase. Feasibility and risk analysis are related in, many ways. If project risk is great, the feasibility of producing quality software is reduced. During product engineering, however, we concentrate our attention on primary areas of interest: Economic Feasibility: An evaluation of development cost weighted against the ultimate income or benefit derived from the developed system or product. Economic feasibility is generally bottom line consideration for most systems economic justification includes a broad range of concerns that include cost benefit analysis, long-term corporate income strategies, impact on other profit centers or products, cost of resources needed for development, and potential market growth.

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Technical feasibility: A study of function, performance, and constraints that may affect the, ability to achieve an acceptable system. Technical feasibility is frequently most difficult area to Asses at this stage of the product engineering process. Because objectives, functions, and performance are somewhat hazy, anything seems possible if the right assumptions are made. It is essential that the process of analysis and definition be conducted in parallel with assessment of technical feasibility. In this way specification may be judged, as they are determined.

Legal feasibility: A determination of any infringement, violation, or liability that could result from development of the system. Legal feasibility encompasses a broad range of concerns that include contracts, liability, infringement and myriad other traps frequently unknown to technical staff.

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SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

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Computerized Ludo SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION (SRS)

Software requirements specification is produced at the culmination of the analysis task. The function and the performance allocated to software as part of system engineering are refined by establishing a complete information description, a detailed functional and behavioral description, an indication of performance requirements and design constraints, appropriate validation criteria and other data pertinent to requirements. Here is the detail, outline of specification I. II. III. IV. V. Introduction Information description Functional description Behavioral description Validation criteria

The introduction states the goals and objectives of the software, describing it in the context of the computer-based system. Actually, the introduction may be nothing more than the software scope of the planning document The information description provides a detailed description of the problem that the software must solve. Information content and relationships, flow and structure are documented. Hardware, software, a human interfaces are described for external system elements and internal software functions.

A description of each function required to solve the problem is presented in the functional description. A processing narrative is provided for each function; design constraints are stated and justified; performance characteristics are stated and justified; and one or more diagrams are included to graphically represent the over all structure of the software and interplay among software functions and other system elements. The behavioral description section of the specification examines the operation of the software as a Page 36

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consequence of external events and internally generated control characteristics.

Process Model

To solve actual problems in an industry setting, software engineer or a team of engineers must in co-operate a development strategy that encompasses the process, methods, and tools. This strategy is often referred to as a process model of a software engineering paradigm. A process model for software engineering is chosen based on the nature of the project and application, the methods and tools to be used, and the controls and deliverables that are required.

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

Hardware Configuration:

Pentium 4 or above processor 256 MB RAM or later 10 GB Hard Disk Keyboard Mouse

Software Configuration (Software used):

Front End Tool Back End Tool

: Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 : Oracle 8i Page 37

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Operating System : Windows XP

DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS (DFD)

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Computerized Ludo DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS (DFD)

The main merit of Data Flow Diagram is that it can provide an overview of what data a system would process, what information of data are done. What files are used, and where the results flow. The graphical representation of the system makes is a good communication tool between a user and an analyst. DFDs are structured in each a way that starting from a diagram which gives a broad overview at a glance, they can be expanded to a hierarchy of diagram giving more and more detail. As information moves through software, it modified by a series of transformation. A Data Flow Diagram is graphical representation that depicts information flow and transforms that are applied as Data move from input to output. The basic form of Data Flow Diagram, also known as a Data Flow Graph or a Bubble Chart, is illustrated in figure. The Data Flow Diagram may be used to represent a system or software at any level of abstraction. In fact, DFDs may be partitioned into level that represents increasing information flow and functional detail. Therefore, the DFD provides a mechanism for functional modeling as well as information flow modeling. In so doing, it satisfies the second operation analysis principle. A level 0 DFD also called Context Model or Fundamental System Model, represents the entire software elements as a single bubble with input and output data indicated by incoming and outgoing arrows, respectively. Additional process (bubbles) and information flow paths are represented as level 0 DFD is partitioned to reveal more detail.

The data flow diagram enables the software engineer to develop models of the information domain and functional domain at the same time. As the DFD is refined into greater levels of detail, the analyst performs an implicit functional decomposition of the system, thereby accomplishing the fourth operation analysis principle for function. At the same time, the DFD refinement results in a corresponding refinement of data as it moves through the processes that embody the application.

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A few simple guidelines can aid immeasurably during derivation of a data flow diagram: The level 0 data flow diagram should depict the software/system as a single bubble Primary input and output should be carefully noted. Refinement should begin by isolating primary processes, data objects, and stores to be presented at the next level. All arrows and bubbles should be labeled with meaningful names. Information flow continuously must be maintained from level to level. One bubble at a time should be refined. There is a neutral tendency to complicate the data flow diagram. This occurs when the analyst attempt to show too much detail too early or represent procedural accepts of the software in lieu of information flow. Describing System with a DFD: As a first step, an entire system can be depicted by one Data Flow Diagram, which gives a system overview. It is called a Context Diagram. The successive expansion of a DFD from the context diagram to those giving more details is known as leveling of DFD. If a DFD contains all the details, then it will have too many data flow lines. It will be mixed up and it will be difficult to understand all data flows and their processing. It is thus good idea to start with overview of the system represented by a context DFD and expand the process appearing in this into interconnected set of processes. This expanded of processes should specify next level of detail and should be understandable at a glance. This implies that the number of processes in this should not be more than around seven. Each of the processes in the expanded DFD can in turn be expanded into another DFD. This method of specifying data processing is called a top down method. Page 40

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Such a method is an excellent way of solving a complex problem by breaking down the problem into smaller problems, which are easier to solve. The procedure of expanding DFD into a set of equivalent smaller processes is called leveling the reasons why DFDs are leveled are: 1. It is good idea to solve the problem top down, starting with an overview and then working out the detail. 2. It is easier to read and understand leveled DFD as compared to one large.

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SYMBOLS USED IN DFD
1) Process: Here flow of data is transformed. E.g. Charge Calculations, etc.

2)

External Entity: A source or destination of data which is external to the Customer etc.

system. E.g.

3) A data flow: It is packet of data. It may be in the form of document, letter etc.

4) Data store: Any store data but with no reference to the physical method of storing.

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CONTEXT LEVEL DIAGRAM

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Computerized Ludo CONTEXT LEVEL DIAGRAM

PLAYER

Players Name Computerized Ludo Players Name Score Players Score to win the game

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ZERO LEVEL DFD

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Computerized Ludo ZERO LEVEL DFD

1.0 Player Entry

Players Name 2.0 Play Game

3.0 Generation Of Score-Card

Winning Player SCORE (Table) Players name,score

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Computerized Ludo The Game Flow:

Game Loop

Initialize Handle message

Update Game
No Exit? Yes

Clean up

Game Score

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Graphics: Games need to ensure their graphics are updated and redrawn many times per second.

Input: Which controls a user presses and whwn in order to ensure the game reads appropriately

Timing:. Games require very precise controls over timing.

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SYSTEM DESIGN SPECIF ICATION

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This part of software development includes the logical design of the system. This stage is first step after functional specification. During this stage the logic of the program/software is designed, files or database are designed and program test plans and implementation plan are draw up. The system design should begin from the objectives of the system, namely the information requirements of users and use this to find necessary database. This also includes the complete design of the database and relationship of database tables and to develop the relationship diagrams called entity relationship diagrams shortly named ER diagrams. ER diagrams performs important role for the database relation. From that one can easily understand the backhand of the system. And the important step in this stage is to develop user interface design or say graphical user interface for the user to run the system. The system design is divided into following steps: 1. Identify concurrency that is dedicated by the problem. 2. Allocate subsystems to processors and tasks. 3. Choose a basic strategy for implementing data management. 4. Choose a basic strategy for implementing data management. 5. Design an appropriate control mechanism for the system. 6. Consider how boundary condition should be handled. 7. Review and consider trade-offs. Partition the analysis model: One of the fundamental principles is partitioning. In system design partition analysis model defines cohesive collection of classes, relationship, and behavior. These design elements are packaged as a subsystem. Concurrency and subsystem allocation: The dynamic aspects of the object behavior model provide an indication of currency among objects. If objects are not active at the same time there is no need for concurrent processing. This means that the objects can be implemented on the same Page 50

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processor hardware. On the other hand, if objects must act on events asynchronously and at the same time, they are viewed as concurrent. The task management component: The characteristics of a task are determined by understanding how the task is initiated. Event driven and clock driven tasks are most commonly encountered. Both are activated by an interrupt, but the former receives an interrupt from some outside source whereas the latter is governed by a system clock.

The data management component: Data component encompasses two distinct areas concern: (1) The management of data that are critical to the application itself, and (2) The creation of an infrastructure for storage and retrieval of objects. The resource management component: A variety of different resources are available to system or product, and many instances, subsystems complete for these resources at the same time. Global system resource can be external entities or abstraction. The human-computer interface component: Although the human computer interface component is implemented within the context of the problem domain, the interface itself represents a critical important sub-system for most modern application.

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DATA DICTIONARY

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The analysis model encompasses representation of data objects. In each representation data objects play a role. Therefore, it is necessary to provide an organized approach for representing the characteristics of each data object. The Data Dictionary has been proposed for describing the content of objects defined during structured analysis. The Data Dictionary is an organized listing of all data elements that are pertinent to the system, with precise, rigorous definitions so that both user and system analyst will have a common understanding of inputs, outputs, components of stores and intermediate calculations.

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Computerized Ludo DATA DICTIONARY (Table Description) SCORE: Sr.no Field name
1 2 3 Sr.No Name Score

Description Type
Serial Number Players Name Score of the player Number Varchar2 Number

Size
2 20 3

Constraint
Primary Key Not Null Not Null

Table Name: Score Description : Used to store the data of the player like players name and players score Validation : Primary key on serial number.

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SYSTE TESTING M

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SYSTEM TESTING
Testing is a critical element of software quality assurance and represents the ultimate review of specification, design, and coding- The increasing visibility of a software as a system element and the attendant "costs" associated with a software failure are motivating forces for well-planned, through testing. It is not unusual for the organization to spent 30 or 40 percent of total project effort on testing. In the extreme, testing of human rated software can cost three to five times as much as all the other software engineering activities combined! Testing presents the software an alliterating anomaly for the software engineer. The engineer creates the series of test cases that are intended to demolish the software that has been built. In fact, testing is the one step in the software engineering process that could be viewed as destructive rather than constructive. Software developers are constructive by nature. Testing requires that developers discard preconceived notions of the "correctness" of software just developed and overcome a conflict of interest that occurs when the errors are uncovered.

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Testing objectives
The following are the objectives of testing: 1. Testing is a process of executing a program with the intention of finding an error. 2. A good test case is one that has a high probability of finding an as-yet undiscovered error. 3. A successful test is one that uncovers as as-set undiscovered error.

Testing principles:
Before applying methods to design effective test cases, a software engineer must understand the basic principles of testing. They are as following: All tests should be traceable to customer requirements. Test should be planned long before testing is done. The Pareto principle applies to software testing. Testing should begin "in the small" and progress toward testing "in the large." Exclusive testing is not possible. To be most effective, independent third party should conduct testing.

Testability
Software testability is simply how easily a computer program can be tested. Since testing is profoundly difficult, it pays to know what can be done to streamline it. Sometimes programmers are willing to do things that will help the testing process, and a checklist of possible design points, features, and so on can be useful in negotiating with them. Here are the set of characteristics that lead to testable software: Page 57

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Operability: "the better it works, more efficiently it can be tested" Observably: "what you see is what you test" Controllability: "the better we can control the software, the more the testing can be automated and optimized Decomposability: "by controlling the scope of testing, we can more quickly isolate problems and perform smarter retesting. Simplicity: the less there is test; the more quickly we can test it Stability: the fewer the changes, the fewer the disruption to testing Understandability: the more the information we have, the smarter we can test. Here are the attributes of the good test: 1. A good test has a high probability of finding an error. 2. A good test is redundant. 3. A good test should be "best of breed". 4. A good test should be neither too simple nor too complex.

Unit test cases

Unit testing focuses verification effort on the smallest unit of the software design the stage. Using the procedural design description as a guide important control paths are tested to uncover errors within the boundary of the stage the relative complexity of test and uncovered errors is limited by constrained scope established for unit testing. The unit test is normally white box oriented and the step can be conducted in a parallel for multiple stages.

Unit test considerations

The stage interface is tested to ensure that information properly flows into and out of the program unit under, test. The local data structure is examined to ensure that the data stored temporarily maintains its integrity during all steps in algorithms executions. Boundary condition are tested to ensure that the stage operates properly at boundaries established to limit or restrict processing All independent paths through the control the structure are exercised to ensure that the all statements Page 58

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in a stage have been executed at least one. And finally, all error-handling paths are tested. Tests or data flow across a stage interface are required before any other tests is initiated. If data do not enter an exit properly, all other text is moot. In addition to local data structures, the impact of global data on a stage should be ascertained during unit testing. Allow the user to maintain visual context. If graphical representation is scaled up and down, the original image should be displayed constantly so that the user understands the relative location of the portion of the image that is currently being viewed.

Data input
Minimize the number of input. Actions required of the user. Above all, reduce the amount of typing that is required. This can be accomplished by using the mouse to select from predefined sets of input, using a "sliding scale" to specify input data across a range of values, and using macros that enable single keystrokes to me transformed into a more complex collection of input data. Maintain consistency between information display and data input. The visual characteristics of the display should be carried over to the input domain. Allow the user to customize input. An expert user might decide to create custom commands or dispense with some types of warning messages and action verification. Interaction should be flexible but also tuned to the user's preferred mode of input. The user model will assist in determining which mode of input is preferred. A clerical worker might be very happy with keyboard input, while a manager might be more comfortable using a point and pick device such as a mouse.

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SCREEN LAYOUTS

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Computerized Ludo SCREEN LAYOUTS INTERFACES OF GAME

This section refers to the various types of interfaces, which the user/player has to face during operating the computerized system of Computerized Ludo. The section refers with the entire interface a user will have to face while operating the current system. It shows the various screens appearing for different transactions. All the screen layouts of the game are shown here: Main Screen File Help How to play New Game Reset Pause Save game Load game Exit

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1)Main Screen:

The above screen is the Main Screen of Computerized Ludo. It contains two options in the menu bar which are as follows: File Help

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1) File Menu: The File menu option consists of following Six sub-options which are: New Game Reset Pause Save Game Load game Exit

1) New Game: When the player clicks on New Game option, it first checks wheither any current game is running or not & then loads the game.

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You can restart the game by clicking on this option. Ctrl+F2 is the defined short-cut key to load a new game of Computerized Ludo. After loading gets completed, a screen Asking no. of players to play the game will be appeared.

On clicking OK button, as per the no. of players you have entered,you would be asked to write the names of the players as well as you can click on checkbox if you want to play it against computer. By entering proper names of the players (according to the validations mentioned below), by clicking on Press again when done button, you can start playing the game. Below given screen will be displayed on the computer screen:

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Initially, the tokens of the players are placed off the board. Now the first player has to roll the dice. There is also a Green rectangular box, indicating players turn, pointing to Player 1. So Player 1 has to click the Dice button and also the status label which indicates what next a player must do. As soon as the player clicks on Dice button, the dice will generate random numbers(from 1 to 6). According to the value on the dice, the token of the respective player will move ahead. That is, the token will progress, exactly the value displayed on the dice, on the board. After the token moves to the respective value on the board, the status will indicate to next player to click on dice button and the Green rectangular box will point to the next player. Upon landing on an another players token, the descedent token will move to its home. The above mentioned process continues until all the four tokens of the one player reaches the Home Block. Upon reaching the Home Block, a screen showing the score of the player will be displayed.

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2) Reset: When you click on Reset, it will ask if you reset the current game and if you Click on yes then it will Reset the game by placing all the tokens in their initial places.

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3) Pause: This option is used to pause the game in between. It will display a messege box to display that the game is in pause mode and you have to click on OK Button to change the mode from Pause mode to Play mode.

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4) Save Game: This option allows to save the current game.

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5) Load Game: This option allows to load previously saved game.

6) Exit: This option will prompt you to exit from current game session or not. If you click Yes, you will exit from the game.

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1) Help : The Help menu consists of following sub-option: 1) How to play: The Help Topic sub-menu will display the user manual and instruction on how to play the game.

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Other rules that Computerized Ludo follows are given below: If a player rolls a value on dice and that value is greater than the number of square blocks to win the game then the player has to roll exactly the number of square blocks on the dice to win the game. That is, if a player is two block away from the Home Block and he rolls 4 on dice, then he has to roll 2 or less than 2 to win the game.

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CONCLUSION

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Computerized Ludo CONCLUSION

This Computerized Ludo game of Ludo is an attempt to entertain the user from his/her daily routine work, and an attempt to provide real-like environment to the children. Almost all the difficulty of the existing system of Ludo has been removed by this Computerized Ludo game. I heartily welcome all the suggestions and other improvements, which the system needs so that it covers all the needs of the user. Contact me at: Darshmehta77@gmail.com

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Computerized Ludo BIBLIOGRAPHY

MICROSOFT VISUAL BASIC 6.0 BY PETER NORTON

AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO SOFTWARE ENGINEERING BY PROF PANKAJ JALOTE

SYSTEM ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE ENGINERRING (SADSE) WITH ILLUSTRATIONS AND SOLVED CASE STUDIES THIRD EDITION BY S.PARTHASARATHY, B. W. KHALKAR

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