Example 2: Heat flux in a rectangular solid

Assumptions:
wide, tall slab steady state h1 and h2 are the heat transfer coefficients of the left and right walls

What is the steady state temperature profile in a rectangular slab if the fluid on one side is held at Tb1 and the fluid on the other side is held at Tb2?

Bulk temperature on left

H Tb1 Tb2

Bulk temperature on right

W Tb1>Tb2 B x

Newtons law of cooling boundary conditions

1

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Problem-Solving Procedure - heat-transfer problems

1. sketch system 2. choose coordinate system 3. choose a control volume - small dimension in the direction of flux 4. perform an energy balance (will contain energy flux) 5. substitute in Fouriers law of heat conduction, e.g. q x = k dT A dx 6. solve the differential equation for temperature profile 7. apply boundary conditions

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Example 2: Heat flux in a slab

Solution:

qx = c1 A c T = 1 x + c2 k

Constant

Boundary conditions?

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Rectangular slab with Newtons law of cooling BCs

This is the same as Example 1, EXCEPT there are different boundary conditions. With Newtons law of cooling boundary condition, we know the flux at the boundary in terms of the heat transfer coefficient, h:

qx A
The flux is positive (heat flows in the +x-direction)

= h1 (Tb1 Tw1 ) > 0

x =0

but, we do not know these temps

qx A

= h2 (Tw 2 Tb 2 ) > 0
x=B
4

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

How do we apply these boundary conditions? Soln from Example 1:

Tb1 Tw1

qx = c1 A c T = 1 x + c2 k

2 unknown constants to solve for, c1, c2.

Tw 2 Tb 2
0 x

We can eliminate the wall temps from the BC by using the solution for T(x). then solve for c1, c2.
5

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Example 4: Heat flux in a slab

After some algebra,

c1 =

1 B 1 + + h k h 2 1

(Tb1 Tb 2 )

1 B 1 Tb1 + + Tb 2 h 2 k h1 c2 = 1 B 1 + + h k h 1 2
Substituting back into the solution, we obtain the final result.

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Example 2: Heat flux in a slab with Newtons law of cooling boundary conditions (heat transfer coefficients h1, h2)

Solution:
Temperature profile:

(temp profile, flux)

x 1 + Tb1 T k h1 = Tb1 Tb 2 1 B 1 + + h k h 2 1
qx Tb1 Tb2 = 1 B 1 A + + h1 k h2

Flux:

Rectangular slab with Newtons law of cooling BCs

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Example 4: Heat flux in a slab

Example: What is the temperature in the middle of a slab (thickness = B, thermal conductivity = k=26 BTU/h ft oF) if the left side is exposed to a fluid of temperature 120oF and the right side is exposed to a fluid of temperature 50oF? The heat transfer coefficients at the two faces are the same and are equal to 2 BTU/h ft2 oF

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Example:

Example 4: Heat flux in a slab

For heat conduction in a slab with Newtons law of cooling boundary conditions, we sketched the solution as shown. If the heat transfer coefficients became infinitely large, how would the sketch change? What are the predictions for T(x) and the flux for this case? B

Tb1

Tw1 Tw 2 Tb 2
0 x
9

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Boundary Conditions on Heat-Transfer Problems

wall temperature specified boundary wall flux specified -particular value given -insulating boundary -Newtons law of cooling
T boundary = 50o C

qx A qx A qx A

= 1.24 105
boundary

W m2

=0
boundary

= h(Twall Tbulk )
boundary

temperature/flux continuity along boundary of two different materials qx q T boundary1 = T boundary 2 = x A boundary 1 A boundary 2
10

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Example 3: Heat flux in a cylindrical shell

Assumptions:
long pipe steady state k = thermal conductivity of wall

What is the steady state temperature profile in a cylindrical shell (pipe) if the inner wall is at T1 and the outer wall is at T2? (T1>T2)

Cooler wall at T2

Hot wall at T1

R1 R2
Material of thermal conductivity k

L
(very long)

11

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Example 3: Heat flux in a cylindrical shell

Solution:

qr c1 = A r c T = 1 ln r + c2 k

Not constant

Boundary conditions?

12

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Example 3: Heat flux in an annulus with temperature boundary conditions

Solutions:
qr T1 T2 k = A ln R2 r R1
The heat flux qr/A DOES depend on, k; also qr/A decreases as 1/r Note that T(r) does not depend on the thermal conductivity, k (steady state)

R2 T2 T r = T2 T1 ln R2 R1 ln
Pipe with temperature BCs

13

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

DimensionlessTemperature Profile in a pipe; R1=1, R2=2

1 0.9 0.8

T2 T T2 T1

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1

r R2
Pipe with temperature BCs
14

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.