/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch_5/109847251.doc MAT100 WEEK 7: Graphics and Statistics Slide 1 Introduction Welcome to week 7 of Math 100.

In the previous lesson, we discussed decimals. In this lesson, we will discuss graphics and statistics. Next slide:

Slide 2

Objectives

When you complete this lesson, you will be able to: Differentiate between tables, pictographs, and bar and line charts; Plot points using X and Y coordinates; Define Means, Medians, and Modes; and Identify Predictions and Probability. Next Slide:

Slide 3

Tables

A table is often used to present data in rows and columns. The table shown here lists the average charges for a full-time student at different types of schools. The table helps depict certain information. For example, what is the most expensive charge on the table, and in what year did it occur? You can simply look at the table and see that it was in the year two-thousand-one and it was for a four year college. Next Slide:

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/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch_5/109847251.doc Slide 4 Pictographs Pictographs are another way to show information. Instead of actually listing the amounts to be considered, a pictograph uses symbols to represent the amounts. In addition, a key is given telling what each symbol represents. Shown on this slide is a pictograph of how many alcoholrelated motor vehicle deaths occurred from 1991 to 2001. A key indicates that each symbol represents two-thousand deaths. Next Slide:

Slide 5

Bar Graphs

Another approach to interpreting data is through bar graphs and line graphs. Shown on the left is a bar graph which shows the fat content of several popular items sold by national chains. On the right is another bar graph which represents the incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer for women of various groups. The incidence is shown with the blue bars and the mortality is shown with the purple bars. Next Slide:

Slide 6

Line Graphs

Line graphs are often used to show a change over time as well as to indicate patterns or trends. The line graph shown on this slide illustrates the number of new home sales, in thousands, over a recent twelve-month period. The jagged line at the base of the vertical scale indicates an unnecessary portion of the scale. Note that the vertical scale differs from the horizontal scale so that the data can be easily shown. Next Slide:

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/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch_5/109847251.doc Slide 7 Paired Data and Equations in Two Variables We will now discuss paired data and equation in two variables. Consider the equation X plus Y equals 5. It has two variables instead of one. As a result, the solution to this equation will have to consist of two numbers instead of one. For example, if X equals 2 and Y equals 3, we have a true statement. In shorthand form, we write the pair of numbers in parentheses. This is known as an ordered pair of numbers. The first number in the pair is called the X-coordinate and the second number is called the Y-coordinate. For this ordered pair, the X-coordinate is 2 and the Y coordinate is 3. It should be noted that 2 and 3 are not the only solutions to this equation. Listed here are other ordered pairs that will make the equation a true statement. Next slide. The rectangular coordinate system can be used to plot ordered pairs. It consists of two number lines, called axes, that intersect at right angles. The point where these two lines intersect is called the origin. As shown here, the horizontal line is called the X-axis, while the vertical line is called the Y-axis. These two axes divide the plane into four regions, called quadrants. Next slide.

Slide 8

The Rectangular Coordinate System

Slide 9

The Rectangular Coordinate System, continued

Because the rectangular coordinate system consists of two number lines, we can plot pairs of numbers. Each point is named by exactly one pair of numbers. For example, to plot the ordered pair where X equals 2 and Y equals 3, we need to start at the origin, move two units horizontally to the right and three units vertically up, as shown here. There are three other points shown on this plane. These are the points negative 2, 3; negative 2, negative 3; and 2, negative 3. Next slide.

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/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch_5/109847251.doc Slide 10 The Rectangular Coordinate System, continued Here is another example. Give the coordinates of the points shown here. Point A is two units to the right on the X-axis and three units up on the Y-axis. This is the point 2, 3. Point B is three units to the left on the X-axis and two units down on the Y-axis. This is the point negative 3, negative 2. Point C is four units to the right and 3 units down. This is the point 4, negative 3. Finally, point D is two units to the left and 5 units up. This is the point negative 2, 5. Next slide.

Slide 11

Graphing Straight Lines

We can use our knowledge of the rectangular coordinate system and equations in two variables to graph straight lines. For example, suppose we wanted to graph the solution set for X plus Y equals 4. Some of the ordered pairs that satisfy this equation are shown here. Notice that these points lie on a straight line. As a result, we can graph the solution set to X plus Y equals 4 by drawing a line through the points. Next slide.

Slide 12

Graphing Straight Lines, continued

Follow these rules to graph a straight line. First, find any three ordered pairs that satisfy the equation. This can be accomplished by substituting one of the variables and solving for the other. Second, plot the three ordered pairs. We actually only need to find and plot two points, but we find the third point to check our work. Finally, draw a line through the three points that were plotted.. Next Slide:

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/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch_5/109847251.doc Slide 13 Graphing Straight Lines, continued Lets look at an example of graphing a straight line. Graph the equation Y equals 2X plus 1 using the values of negative 1, zero, and 1 for X. The first step is to solve for Y with the given values of X. When X equals negative 1, Y equals negative 1. When X equals zero, Y equals 1. Finally, when X equals 1, Y equals 3. We can then plot these ordered pairs on the graph. We complete the problem by drawing a line through the points. Next slide.

Slide 14

Means, Medians, and Modes

Pictographs, bar graphs, and line graphs provide three ways of representing a collection of data visually. Sometimes it is useful to describe a set of data numerically, using statistics. A statistic is simply a number that is derived from a set of data. There are three statistics used as center points or measures of central tendency. These are numbers that serve to represent the entire data set. They include: Means, medians, and modes. Next Slide:

Slide 15

Means

The most commonly used center point is the average of the set of numbers. Although the word average is often used in everyday speech, in math we generally use the word mean instead. To find the mean of a set of numbers, add the numbers and then divide by the number of items in the data set. For example, Tiger Woods golf scores were seventy, sixtysix, sixty-five, and sixty-nine. What is the mean score? Since there are four scores, you must first add up all the scores and then divide the total of these numbers by four. Two hundred seventy divided by four equals sixty-seven point five. Tiger Woodss mean score was sixty-seven point five. Next Slide:

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/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch_5/109847251.doc Slide 16 Medians Another measure of central tendency is the median. Medians are useful when we wish to de-emphasize unusually extreme scores. For example, suppose a small class scored as follows on an exam: A fifty-six, seventy-eight, eighty-one, eightytwo, and eighty-four. The middle score, which is eighty-one is called median. When you find the median, you need to list the values in numerical order from smallest to largest, the median is the middle number in the data set if there is an odd number of values as shown in this example. If there is an even number of values, the median is the number that is the average or the mean of the two middle numbers. Note that because of the extremely low score of fifty-six, the average of the scores is seventy-six-point-two. Therefore, the average can be greatly effected by some extreme value in a data set. Slide 17 Modes Next Slide: The final type of center-point statistic is the mode. The mode of a set of data is the number or numbers that occur most often. If each number occurs the same number of times, there is no mode. For example the mode of the numbers shown on this slide is seventeen because the number seventeen appears twice, while each of the rest of the numbers only appears once. Next Slide:

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/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch_5/109847251.doc Slide 18 Predictions Sometimes we use data to make predictions or estimates of missing data points. One process for doing so is called interpolation. Interpolation enables us to estimate missing inbetween values on the basis of known information. When money is borrowed and then repaid in monthly installments, the payment amount increases as the number of payments decreases. The table on this slide lists the size of a monthly payment when one-hundred-ten-thousand dollars is borrowed at nine percent for various lengths of time. To use interpolation, we first plot the points and look for a trend. It seems reasonable to draw a line between the points corresponding to thirty and forty. We can zoom-in to better visualize the situation. To estimate the second coordinate that is paired with thirty five, we trace a vertical line up from thirty five to the graph and then left to the vertical axis. Thus we estimate the value to be eight-hundred sixty-seven. We can also estimate this value by averaging eight-hundredeighty-five-point zero eight plus eight hundred forty eightpoint-fifty, which equals eight hundred sixty six dollars and seventy-nine cents. Another method of interpolation is extrapolation, which means to go beyond the data. In calculus and statistics, other methods of interpolation and extrapolation are developed. The basic concepts remain unchanged, but more complicated methods of determining what line best fits the given data are used. Most of these methods involve use of a graphing calculator or computer software. Slide 19 Probability Next Slide: A branch of mathematics known as probability is used to attach a numerical value to the likelihood that a specific event will occur. Suppose we were to flip a coin. Because the coin is just as likely to land heads as it is to land tails, we say that the probability of it landing heads is one half. Lets say that a cloth bag contains twenty equally sized marbles: five red, seven are blue, and eight are yellow. Find the probability that a red marble is selected; a blue marble is selected; and a yellow marble is selected. Since twenty marbles are equally likely to be selected, we Page 7 of 9 MAT100-006016*200705 Week 7 Chapter 6

/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch_5/109847251.doc divide the total number of red marbles by the total number of marbles. There are five red marbles and twenty total marbles. Five divided by twenty equals zero-point-two-five, which is twenty five percent. This method applies to the rest of the colors. Next Slide:

Slide 20

Summary

We have reached the end of this lesson. Lets take a look at what we have covered. Discussed first were various ways to show data. These included: tables, which are often used to present data in rows and columns; Pictographs, which use symbols to represent the amounts; And bar and line graphs, which use X and Y coordinates to plot points within a chart. Next we discussed plotting points on a chart. When plotting points there are two numbers given, first is the X - coordinate and next is the Y- coordinate. To plot the X integer simply move along the horizontal axis known as X; once you have plotted that point move either up or down along the Y axis to plot your second integer. Once you have two points connect them with a straight line. This followed with a discussion on Means, Medians, and Modes. To find the mean of a set of numbers, add the numbers and then divide by the number of items of data; it also known as the average. Another measure of central tendency is the median. Medians are useful when we wish to de-emphasize unusually extreme scores. The median is the central number between a set of ordered numbers. The final type of center-point statistic is the mode. The mode of a set of data is the number or numbers that occur most often. We concluded the lesson with a discussion on predictions and probability. Sometimes we use data to make predictions or estimates of missing data points. One process for doing so is

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/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch_5/109847251.doc called interpolation. Interpolation enables us to estimate missing in-between values on the basis of known information. Another method of interpolation is extrapolation, which means to go beyond the data. A branch of mathematics known as probability is used to attach a numerical value to the likelihood that a specific event will occur. Suppose we were to flip a coin. Because the coin is just as likely to land heads as it is to land tails, we say that the probability of it landing heads is one half.

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