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BIO 3362 BIOCHEMISTRY II EXAM 4 STUDY GUIDE

Chapter 24 BIOSYNTHESIS OF LIPID What is difference between fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid degradation? Know the difference in terms of: Cellular compartment Use of NADPH and NADH Use of CoA and acyl protein Oxidation and reduction Addition and removal of water Where and how NADPH is produced for fatty acid synthesis? How acetate is activated for fatty acid synthesis? What is the longest product of fatty acid synthase? What are three main sources for acetyl CoA for fatty acid synthesis? What is the citrate-malate-pyruvate shuttle? What is the function of malic enzyme? What is the function of biotin in fatty acid synthesis? Know the connections between glycolytic, fatty acid degradation and synthesis pathways. Know the key intermediates and related enzymes in these connections. How is malonyl CoA formed? How is Acetyl-CoA carboxylase regulated? What is the difference in fatty acid synthase between bacteria, plants, animals and fungi? What type of reaction is used to convert acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA? How do unsaturation and further elongation of fatty acids occur in eukaryotes? What are the factors that regulate fatty acid synthesis and degradation?

BIOL 3362 Candas

EXAM 4 study guide

How do the nutritional state and cellular needs regulate fatty acid metabolism? What is the hormonal response to decrease in blood sugar? What is the hormonal response to increase in blood sugar? What are the main compounds utilized in the synthesis of triacylglycerols and glycerophospholipids? What is the role of CTP in phospholipid synthesis? What is the precursor to the synthesis of complex lipids? What are the major lipids synthesized by using this precursor? What is the precursor to plasmalogens? Why are phospholipases important to cell signaling? How sugars are added in glycosphingolipid synthesis? What are eicosanoids? When and how are they produced? What is the precursor? What is/are the main reactions? What is/are the drug targets for prostaglandin synthesis? How do the cyclooxygenase inhibitors work? What is the committed step in cholesterol biosynthesis? What compounds are used to form mevalonate? Learn the regulation of HMG-CoA reductase. What is the most common drug target for cholesterol metabolism? How do the statin drugs work? Where is HMG-CoA reductase in the cell? What is the precursor of squalene? What is the precursor of steroid hormones? Give examples for steroid hormones. What is the precursor to isoprenoid compounds? Which enzyme removes most of the cholesterol side chain?

BIOL 3362 Candas

EXAM 4 study guide

What is/are the product of cholesterol degradation? What is the precursor of bile acids? What is the function of bile acids? Which organ secretes bile acids? What are the two common bile acids? How are triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol distributed in the body? What is the function of chylomicrons? What are the two sources of cholesterol in mammalians? Know the general structure and/or structural backbone of: (Phospho)pantethenic acid Citrate Oxoacetate Pyruvate Succinate Acetate / Acetyl-CoA Mevalonate 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG) / HMG-CoA Isopentenyl pyrophosphate Cholesterol Steroid hormones Prostaglandins

Chapter 27 INTEGRATION OF METABOLISM AND ORGAN SPECIALIZATION What are the evolved principles of metabolism? What are the key intermediate compounds that interconnect major metabolic blocks? Which compounds couple the energy production in catabolism with the energy using processes in anabolism? What is the evolved ATP coupling stoichiometry? What is the ATP coupling coefficient?

BIOL 3362 Candas

EXAM 4 study guide

How is ATP hydrolysis (ATP -> ADP + Pi) and (ATP -> AMP + PPi) coupled to metabolic reactions requiring energy input? What is the most critical matter in terms of ATP supply for a eukaryotic cell during high demand of energy? What is the function of adenylate kinase? How is AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activated? How are the pools for ATP, ADP and AMP maintained in the cell? What are the two roles of ATP? What is energy charge (E.C.)? How do regulatory enzymes respond to energy charge? What is the energy charge at steady-state metabolism? What is the phosphorylation potential? What are the metabolic relationships among major human organs? How are the signals for food intake and energy expenditure coordinated in the brain? What are the neuroendocrine hormones involved in the regulation/integration of energy metabolism in the brain? What is the function of orexin system? How is it regulated by different stimuli? What are the hormones secreted by peripheral tissue/organs that influence the orexin system? What is the function of creatine kinase? How does muscle protein degradation feed the energy demand in the muscle? How is the amini acid alanine converted into a metabolic fuel pyruvate?

BIOL 3362 Candas

EXAM 4 study guide