2012

ST JOSEPH S TECHNICAL INSTITUTE KISUBI P.O BOX 20, KISUBI

DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ARCHITECTURE

CONSTRUCTION OF A PROPOSED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING AT PLOT No. 47, NAGURU CRESCENT BUKOTO KAMPALA
COMPANY: ProPlan LTD

By MUGARURA SHADRACK Registration Number: UBT002/2011/820

NDA SEMESTER II June July 2012

THIS REPORT IS SUBMITTED TO UGANDA BUSINESS AND TECHNICAL EXAMINATIONS BOARD THROUGH UGANDA TECHNICAL COLLEGE ELGON AS A PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR AN AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ARCHITECTURE.

7/15/2012

DECLARATION
I, Mugarura Shadrack, hereby declare that the work contained in this report, is original, and has not been presented partially or in total to any institution for publication, academic award or other use.

Signed: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mugarura Shadrack

Date: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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APPROVAL
I hereby undersigned certify that Mugarura Shadrack carried out the project and wrote this report under my guidance and supervision. This report has been submitted for examination with my approval as his supervisor.

MR. KATALIWA ENOCH (Supervisor Pro plan ltd) Signed: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Date: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MR. JIGNESH (Site supervisor Raghwani Construction company ltd) Signed: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Date: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mr. KAJUMBA EDWARD (Academic supervisor) Signed: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Date: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to all my supervisors, for their guidance they have offered me and to all those have who toiled to serve the nation through their practical and technical skills.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to all those students and friends and to the myriad people on my life s bumpy path who together taught me what I had to learn. I am also indebted to my teachers whose daily guidance gave the extra support to the thoughts of this report. I am especially grateful to all those adults whose commitment taught me how to get unstuck from the daily course challenges. I fill a deep to the beloved members of Dr. Mugisha s family William, Eva, Christine, Hopelight, Justus, Aber, Gift, Esther, Jackson, to mention but a few, for their moral support and good counsel. To my teachers Mr. Kajumba Edward, Mr. Akiiba, Mr. Kasozi my deepest thanks for their brilliance drive and follow-through that made this report pages mount. A warm thanks my Guardian Dr. Mugisha Jennifer, a shepherd in sheep s clothing, without her vision, support, guidance, affirmations, and hopes, I might still be on the other side of the barriers to change. There so many others, to name just a few let me thank, Abby, Alexa, Roger, Mildred, Jesse, for their practical sights given with full integrity. Finally, let me acknowledge and thank you, the reader, who intuitively and silently is taking your time to bless this report, may God bless you in return.

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FOUNDATIONS EXCAVATIONS
Excavation of top soil and subsoil The site was located on a highly pitched surface, for any construction to take place the area had to be excavated in order to obtain leveled surfaces for the two proposed structures. The excavation process was also proposed to remove the top soil and sub soils. the top soil has to be removed before a building is erected. As it is a requirement in all building regulations, it helped us obtain the following; - We obtained the load bearing capacity that could hold a building up with sufficient cohesion, depth, and mass. - Prevented any rot from organic matter which could attract vermin, particularly insects that could have become a source of disease. - We were able to prevent any damage to any treatment applied over the area of the building particularly damp proof layers. This could have been done by the roots sprouting under the building. Using visual examination we determined the safe load bearing capacity of the soil. After the excavations of top soil done using a grader, leveled grounds for both structures A & B were obtained. EXCAVATION OF TRENCHES The trenches where excavated to a depth of 8000 and width 600 to receive basement starting from the reduced level. This according to the Plan Specifications was not to exceed 1500 depth. The trenches were also to receive foundations starting from the ground level not exceeding 1500 depth. Beyond the trenches a depth of 300 mm, 1x1 m pits were excavated to receive foundation columns starting from the ground level.

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fig.

fig.

The method used in the excavation process was manual digging and the tools used included; - hoes - spades Challenge Due to the depth of the excavated trenches and the rainy weather, there was a tendency of the soil slipping back into the trench. Remedy Timbering was introduced where pieces of timber where tied onto the walls to prevent any further slipping of the soil.

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fig.

DISPOSAL The excavated top and sub soil (spoil) was removed from the site to a place where it was disposed of. The soil excavated from the trenches, was back filled into the foundations depositing and compacting in layers 125mm thick.

DISPOSAL OF WATER T o keep the excavations free from all general water that could weaken its walls causing the soil to collapse, trenches where dug all around the proposed area to lead it away from the structural trenches. Any water that found its way into the trenches was manually collected out by fetching using small cans.

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fig.

FOUNDATION The type foundation and where strip foundations. this is because they included a relatively wide trench 600mm wide dug and a layer of concrete poured in to a thickness of 200mm. The walls are then built off this layer on concrete Objective of the foundation To provide a base on which the building can be built so that will not sink into the ground. Prevent a building from being lifted out of or off the ground CONCRETE POURING &CASTING COLUMNS Plan B, Section X3 Method; cast-in-situ. This is because the concrete was placed n its plastic position it was meant to occupy Dimensions of columns; - thickness 225 mm - height 2825 mm Moulds: Also known as formwork was done in my absence, but I realized that it was made of steel sheet angled and shaped to the required dimensions. The formwork with adjustable features was made to be used to cast the same shape over and over again. This made it economical than using timber products as well as fiber boards.

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Reinforcement
Cold worked high yield iron bars (twisted); B.S. 4490 in diameter 20mm were used. Cold worked bars diameter 8mm and 10mm used as rings. Reinforcing concrete is done to prevent Bending failure and shear failure.

Tension increases and concrete cracks

Bending failure

Wall punches out piece of foundation

Sheer failure

To prevent failure by bending, fabric bed had to be placed near the bottom of the concrete, as shown in the figure below. Concrete is not strong in tension but the fabric is and so the elongation of the bottom layer is prevented or controlled. Concrete is strong in compression and generally does not require reinforcement in the top layer to prevent failure by crushing.

Materials
Concrete aggregates: course aggregates

 fine aggregates The aggregates delivered on site where all-in aggregates 40 mm down. Course represented 80% and fine 20% determined using visual inspection. Fine aggregates / concreting sand crushed from concrete and used as filling. OPC Ordinary Portland Cement. Water: Clean water required to react with the OPC to obtain a set. Though high proportions of water allow easy placing of concrete in the confined areas and heavy reinforcements, we used low proportions of water because we desired higher strength of columns.

Batching
Containers of capacity 13500000 cubic millimeters where used in batching of OPC, course and fine aggregates. For every 2 of cement, 3 of fine aggregates, and 5 of course aggregates where put in the mixer. Making a ratio of 2:3:5

Water / cement ratio

Proportions of water used in the concrete mixes where carefully controlled; enough to allow easy placement

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 enough to give a set

Mixing and delivery

Mixing was done on site by a concrete mixer machine which was connected to a pulley lift that was responsible with delivering the mix to the required heights.

Test of strength
The compression test was to test for the properties of the concrete more especially for its strength. This required 100mm cube moulds which where lightly oiled prior to receiving concrete. Procedure Concrete is placed in the mould in 50 mm layers; each layer is tamped 35 times for 150 mm cubes or 25 times for 100 mm cubes. Alternatively, the concrete may be compacted by vibration. Surplus concrete is struck off. Samples remain in the mould for 24 hours 30 minutes, covered with a damp sack or similar. After this time specimens are marked, removed from the mould and submersed in water at a temperature between 10 and 21 C until required for testing. The cube strength is the stress failure after 7 days. If the strength specification is not achieved at 7 days, a further test is undertaken at 28 days. If the specification is not achieved at 28 days, specimen cores may be taken from the placed concrete for laboratory analysis. Typical 28-day characteristic crushing strengths is given. As a guide, shear stress of the concrete is taken at approximately one-tenth of the stress under compression.
.

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Challenges There was inconsistence in the ratios used while batching which could have caused inconsistence in the strength of the columns. Remedies The ratio used was fine if it was consistent.

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RETAINING WALL ON BASEMENT The role of the retaining wall is to retain soil at a slope (angle of response) than it would naturally assume. The walls are designed to offer the necessary resistance by using their own mass to resist the thrust on relying upon the principles of leverage. The walls are designed to ensure that; - Overturning does not occur - Sliding does not occur - The soil on which the wall rests is not overloaded - The materials used in the construction are not over stressed. The above considerations affected the type of wall used which was a reinforced concrete wall.

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According to the designs produced by the Architect, I noticed that there was no presence of drainage or weep holes. Weep holes (drainage openings) are included because they prevent active pressures caused the composition of ground water which cause hydrostatic water. Weep holes could drain the water away if applied. Effects of water - increases the pressure on the back of the wall - reduces the soil shear strength - reduces the bearing capacity of soil

Water Proofing
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According to the site engineer, water proofing prevents the greatest problem in basement construction basically in foundation and retaining walls. Sheet membrane The base structure of the concrete retaining wall was well prepared with a primer of bituminous solution before sheeting, and was bonded with heated bitumen with 100mm side and 150mm and lapping in at two layers. To specification, SIKA Cemplext was used.

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BLOCK WORK
Specification Precast concrete blocks BS 2028; type A; 3.5N per square millimeter solid block of 200x400mm for external walls and 100x400mm for internal non-load bearing walls. 11-12 blocks per square meter.

Bond Concrete blocks generally where laid in stretcher bond also known as running bond and joined to other walls by block bonding. Reinforcement Hoop iron was placed at every alternate course. This means that it was layed every after two courses. To avoid shrinkage, the mortar used contained lesser water and was weaker than the concrete block. Merits of block work - Labour saving easy to cut, larger units - Lower density - Provides suitable key for plaster and cement rendering - Easier fixing Demerits determined - Low strength - Less resistance to rain penetration

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GROUND FLOOR CONSTRUCTION

HARD CORE Objective The hard core layer is placed to; fill in any pockets that could have been created while excavating to provide a firm base on which the concrete bed is to be spread it also acts against capillary action of moisture within the soil Specifications; Filling in making up levels. Over 300mm thick depositing and compacting in layers maximum 300mm thick, leveling in 50mm thick sand bed. Procedure The excavated pockets where accordingly leveled by spreading mass evenly, hard core of good strength was then placed and compacted to the required thickness of 300mm. The compaction was done using a machine known as a Roller. Anti-termite treatment Gladiator TC 1.0% solution was sprayed at a rate of 7 liters per square meter onto the hard core beds.

BLINDING Objective o To fill voids created and even off the surface in preparation of the dampproof membrane placing. o Prevents the Damp-proof membrane to be punctured by the hardcore.

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o To provide a true surface from which the reinforcement can be positioned. Specification 50mm thickness layer of fine aggregates. DAMP-PROOF MEMBRANE Polythene 1000guage; 150mm laps, horizontal over 300mm wide to give protection against moisture vapour and moisture.

fig. DPM

CONCRETE BED Specification In situ concrete ; reinforced. Normal; Class 25/20, vibrated beds and 150mm thick. Reinforcement Mesh 200x200mm; weight 2.22kgs per square meter, 200mm end laps, 200mm side laps in any location.

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fig. mesh fabric

Procedure A wire mesh fabric was placed on the upper surface of the blinding to prevent crazing and limit the size of cracking of the concrete bed. Ready site mixed concrete was then poured on the surface and compacted by vibration using a generator powered vibrator. The leveling was done with tamping with a straight edge board. This tamping serves the dual purpose of both compacting the concrete and bringing the excess water to the surface so that it can evaporate. If concrete dries out to quickly, it will not develop its full strength. As a curing procedure, polythene sheeting was used to protect the bed from the drying winds and the sun. This protection continued for 3 days, because concrete takes about 28 days to obtain its working strength.

fig. Tamping

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fig. vibrating

As a requirement, all or sanitary pipes where fixed before any concreting could take place. This is because breaking in the concrete could cause considerable damage to the DPM and also weaken the concrete strength as it creates cracks.

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UPPER FLOORS CONSTRUCTION

SHORING Components of the shoring system I) Base Jack II) ledger III) Standard IV) Universal Jack V) Decking Beam VI) Infill Beam VII) metal plates Vertical Standards Standards are manufactured from 48.3mm O.D steel tubes with different housing sets (according to the features of each standard joints) at certain intervals. Standards are made available in open ended versions, or with welded spigots standard tubes and mild steel conforming to BS 1139, supplied painted or galvanized finish.

Maximum permissible loading on standards

50 safe working load (KN) 40 30 20 10 0 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 unbraced length of standard (m)

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Base Jack and Universal Jack The 57KN capacity galvanized jack has an adjustment range of over 45cm. It is manufactured from 38mm outside diameter steel tubes with a rolled/cut thread. The jack can be used either at top or the bottom of the vertical (standard) but the reasonable position of the jack will always remain inside the vertical for safety. The figure below illustrates the safe working load on tubular jacks. The data incorporates factors of safety on failure 2.75.

Maximum permissible loading on standards

70 safe working load (KN) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 100 200 300 jack extention (mm) 400 500

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In the infill beam, 4x2 timber was placed onto which the rectangular dimensioned metal plates/sheets where nailed. It is at this stage that the reinforcement would follow. Reinforcement There many designs of the reinforcement procedure of which included, the solid concrete, slab beam, etc A number of terminologies where used at this stage of reinforcing that I found very interesting; - U bars, these are located at end points of the reinforcement of a bar. - Trimming bars, these are located at openings like around the stair case. - Distribution bars, run across in between the maxspans - Top bars, located across and top of the slab beam. Usually 3000mm I was allocated an assignment to calculate the total number of bars and their total length as used on the specific upper floor which I found very challenging and very interesting. It required me to know all names, sizes, and application of the bars which I did with the help of critically studying the cross-sections of all beams as designed by the architect.

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