Contents

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CONTENTS

1.

CLRSSICRL MECHANICS......
1.1

.............................

1.1

1.2

1.3 1.4 1.5

The p r i n c i p l e o f s t a t i o n a r y a c t i o n L a g r ang ian b a l 1i s t i c t r a j e c t o r y o n e - d i m e n s i o n a l h a r m o n i c o s c i 1l a t o r motion o f g r a v i t a t i n g p a i r motion i n two-dimensional p o t e n t i a l momentum mot i o n i n an E l e c t r o m a g n e t i c f i e l d C o n s e r v a t i o n laws Momentum Energy Hamtltonian P o i s s o n b r a c k e t s and c o n s t a n t s o f t h e m o t i o n The a s s u m p t i o n s o f c l a s s i c a l m e c h a n i c s

References Problems

2.

WAVE MECHRNICS 2.1 2.2

.............................................2.1

2.3

2.4 2.5

An i n t e r f e r e n c e e x p e r t m e n t Wave p a c k e t s F o u r ~ e trr a n s f o r m s Parseual ' theorem Expectatton values x. k o p e r a t o r s L o c a l t z a t on M ~ n ~ m u jm i n t s p r e a d o Nave p a c k e t s o f d e f i n i t e x , o r k Commuting o p e r a t o r s & s i m u l t a n e o u s l o c a l n z a t i o n L o c a l i z a t i o n In t h r e e d t m e n s i o n s Wave p a c k e t m o t i o n . Phase & g r o u p v e l o c i t y Frequency & t i m e E n e r g y and momentum B l a c k body r a d i a t i o n Photoelectric e f f e c t Compton s c a t t e r i n g UeBroglre t h e s i s Momentum and e n e r g y o p e r a t o r s Wave p a r t t c l e d u a l i t y and t h e u n c e r t a i n t y p r i n c i p l e The c o r r e s p o n d e n c e p r t n c i p l e Summary an0 c o n c l u s i o n s .

References Problems

3.

THE SCHRODINGER EQURTION..................................... 3.1 Hermttian operators. Eigenfunctions & eigenvalues momentum adjoint operator r e a l elgenvalues orthogonal eigenfunctions m i n imum/max tmum e x p e c t a t t o n v a l u e s Superposition o f eigenfunctions

3.1 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8

3.2

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3.3 3.4 3.5

E i g e n f u n c t i o n expansions. Completeness. H e r m i t i a n o p e r a t o r s and a s s o c i a t e d o b l e r u a b l e s The e n e r g y o p e r a t o r . Schrodinger equation. Time r a t e o f change o f an o p e r a t o r , C o n s t a n t s o f t h e motion C o n s e r u a t i o n o f p r o b a b i l it y

3.10 3.13 3.15 3.17 3.19

References Problems
4.

QUANTUM BEHAVIOR I N ONE-DIMENSIONAL P O T E N T I R L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1 4.2

4.1 4.3 4.5 4.6 4.10 4.14 4.16 4.23 4.215 4.25 4.27 4.28 4.32 4.34 4.37 4.38

4.3

M a t c h l n g c o n d ~Ito n s motion ~n a constant p o t e n t l a l . Free p a r t z c l e Oehaulor 4.2.1 Scattering b y a p o t e n t l a 1 s t e p 4.2.2 S c a t t e r l n g by a p o t e n t l a l s t e p of f l n l t e l e n g t h 4.2.3 Tunnel~ng 4.2.4 Bound s t a t e s o f a r e c t a n g u l a r p o t e n t a d 1 w e l l 4.2.5 The l n f ~ n l t ep o t e n t r a l w e l l Denslty o f states 4.3.1 M o t ~ o nan one dimension 4.3.2 Per i o d l c boundary c o n d ~ t r o n s 4.3.3 Density o f s t a t e s i n t n r e e d l m e n s l o n s 4.3.4 Fermx e n e r g y o f conduction e l e c t r o n s zn a m e t a l F ~ e l d miss~on e 4.3.5 4.3.6 Contact p o t e n t i a l s Paramagnetzc OehaUlOr o f m e t a l s 4.3.7

References Problems

3.

HRRMONIC OSCILLATOR SYSTEMS..................................

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.7 5.8 5.11 5.13

5.6

E l g e n u a l u e s and e l g e n f u n c t i o n s Ladder o p e r a t o r s H a r m o n i c o s c l ll a t o r s I n t h e r m a l e q u l ll b r l u m systems o f uncoupled harmonlc o s c ~ l ~ a t o r s systems o f uncoupled harmonlc o s c r l l a t o r s i n t h e r m a l equlltbr~um Quantum m e c h a n ~ c so f a f l u i d . Phonons.

Problems

6.

ORBITAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM.....................................

6.1

6.1 6.1 6.3 6.6 6.8 6.15 6.18

6.2

6.3

The t w o d i m e n s i o n a l h a r m o n i c o s c i l l a t o r C i r c u l a r quanta Motionof achargedparticle i n auniformmagnetic field A n g u l a r momentum i n t h r e e d i m e n s i o n s Rotational s p e c t r a of d i a t o m i c m o l e c u l e s a t IOU temperatures The s p h e r i c a l h a r m o n i c s

Problems

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7.

MOTION I N A CENTRAL POTENTIAL...........................

7.1

. . . . 7.1
7.4 7.6 7.9 7.16 7.23 7.27

Motion i n a constant p o t e n t i a l . Free p a r t i c l e motion i n spherical coordinates 7.2 Bound s t a t e s o f t h e s p h e r i c a l p o t e n t i a l u e l l 7.3 M o t i o n i n an a t t r a c t i v e Coulomb p o t e n t i a l . Hydrogenic uauefunctions 7.4 V i b r a t i o n a l - R o t a t i o n a l s p e c t r a o f diatomic molecules 7.4.1 Diatomic molecules i n thermal e q u i l i b r i u m 7.4.2 R a d i a t i v e t r a n s i t i o n s o f diatomic molecules i n thermal e q u i l i b r i u m Problems

METHODS OF A P P R O X I M ~ T I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1

8.1

8.2 8.3 8.4

8.5 8.6

states 8.5 P o l a r r z a b i l ~ t yo f h a r m o n r c a l l y bound c h a r g e 8. 11 S p e c i a l techniques ( a u x l l r a r y o p e r a t o r s r sum r u l e s ) 8.15 P o l a r r z a b r l l t y o f h y d r o g e n atom g r o u n d s t a t e 8.15 fin rmproued p e r t u r b a t r o n expans t o n 8.17 P e r t u r b a t ron o f n e a r l y degenerate s t a t e s 8.19 P e r t u r b a t ran o f degenerate s t a t e s 8.23 The l r n e a r S t a r k e f f e c t 8.23 Time d e p e n d e n t p e r t u r b a t r o n t h e o r y 8.26 F l r s t Born approximation 8.27 Impulsrve s t a r t o f a constant p o t e n t i a l 8.28 T r a n s l t l o n amp] l t u d e m a t r r x 8.28 U n l t a r r t y and t h e c o n s e r v a t r o n o f p r o b a b i l i t y 8.32 8.4.1 8.4.2 T r a n s t t i o n s as a r e s u l t o f p e r t u r b a t ~ o n s 8 . 33 l o c a l l z e d r n tame. The S - m a t r l x . Response o f a g r o u n d s t a t e c h a r g e d p a r t l c l e h a r m o n i c o s c l l l a t o r t o a Gaussran t m p u l s e electric f leld 8.34 8.4.3 T r a n s z t ~ o n s as a r e s u l t o f h a r m o n l c p e r t u r b a t ~ o n s8.36 T r a n s r s l o n s t o o r f r o m a continuum 8. 38 8.4.4 The d ~ f f e r e n t t a is c a t t e r i n g c r o s s - s e c t l o n i n t h e Born a p p r o x r m a t ~ o n 8.39 Coulomb S c a t t e r i n g 8.41 T r a n s i t i o n s and t h e s u p e r p o s l t r o n o f p u r e e n e r g y s t a t e s 8 . 4 2 An rmproued t r a n s r t l o n r a t e c a l c u l a t i o n 8.47

Time-independent p e r t u r t a a t z o n o f n o n - d e g e n e r a t e

P r o b 1ems

9.1

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD................................... The H a m i l t o n i a n T r a n s i t i o n t o Quantum M e c h a n i c s The Quantum M e c h a n i c a l v e c t o r p o t e n t i a l o p e r a t o r The g r o u n d s t a t e o f t h e e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c f i e l d The e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n t h e r m a l e q u i l i b r i u m . Black body r a d i a t i o n . The e i g e n s t a t e s o f t h e e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c f i e l d E l e c t r o m a g n e t i c f i e l d momentum The p h o t o n P h o t o n s and u a u e - p a r t i c l e d u a l i t y The a n g u l a r momentum o f t h e p h o t o n The v e c t o r p o t e n t i a l i n t e r m s o f c i r c u l a r p o l a r i z a t i o n operators P h o t o n modes

9.1

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Problems

10.

SPIN...

.................................................... 10.1

10.1 Total angular m o m e n t u m o p e r a t o r 18.2 a d d i t i o n o f angular momenta. Clebsch-Gordan coeffiecients 18.3 S p i n of t h e e l e c t r o n 10.4 S p i n 1/2 10.4.1 S p i n o r s and Pauli s p i n m a t r i c e s 10.4.2 Rotation of S p i n 1/2 S t a t e s 10.4.3 S p i n 1/2 w a v e f u n c t i o n s 10.5 The s p i n n i n g e l e c t r o n in a C o u l o m b f i e l d 10.6 R e l a t i v i s t i c c o r r e c t i o n s to t h e k i n e t i c energy

11.

I N T E R A C T I O N O F R A D I R T I O N AND MATTER. 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5

E M I S S I O N a N D A B S O R P T I O N 11.1 11.1 11.3 11.4 11.8 11.9 11.13 11.15 11.16 11.19 11.21

The H a m i l t o n l a n The uperturbed H a m i l t o n i a n and e i g e n s t a t e s R a d ~ on transi t i o n s ~n t h e uaak f i e l d approximat ion at T h e long u a v e l e n g t h approximation S p o n t a n e o u s lifetime o f charged p a r t i c l e s ln an e x c i t e d state. R a t e of s p o n t a n e o u s e m i s s ~ o nf r o m an e x c i t e d h y d r o g e n atom in t h e t p s t a t e 11.6 Induced absorpt ion and e m i s s l o n P a r t i c l e t r a n s i t i o n s as a r e s u l t o f d i f f u s e C a v i t y rad~ation 11.7 E l e c t r l c m u l t i p o l e t r a n s i t i o n s e l e c t i o n r u l e s 11.8 H a g n e t l c r a d i a t i v e t r a n s i t i o n s

APPENDICES

.
8.

C a l c u l u s o f variations Problems The Fourier transform References PrODlemS The m i n i m u m j o i n t s p r e a d wave packet. polynomials T h e Kronecker and D i r a c d e l t a f u n c t i o n s P r o b lems Newton's method. Hermite

C.

D.

E.
F.

E. 1

E l e c t r o m a g n e t i c fields. T h e e l e c t r i c and m a g n e t i c f ielas Maxwell e q u a t i o n s The e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c p o t e n t i a l s E l e c t r i c f i e l d s in matter M a g n e t i c f i e l d s in matter P r O b lems Useful vector r e l a t i o n s
G. 1

G.

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Uector i d e n t i t i e s Differential identities Integral identities Cartesian coordinates Cylindrical c o o r d i n a t e s Spherical coordinates
H.

The s p h e r i c a l Bessel f u n c t i o n s T h e auxiliary o p e r a t o r Q in t h e h y d r o g e n p o l a r i z a b i l i t y calculation. T h e r a d i a t i o n gauge.

H. I
1.1

I.

J.

J. 1

INDEX

June 13, 1980