Hematology Values HEMATOCRIT (HCT) Normal Adult Female Range: 36 - 49% Optimal Adult Female Reading: 42% Normal

l Adult Male Range 37 - 59% Optimal Adult Male Reading: 47 Normal Newborn Range: 50 - 62% Optimal Newborn Reading: 56 HEMOGLOBIN (HGB) Normal Adult Female Range: 12 - 16 g/dl Optimal Adult Female Reading: 14 g/dl Normal Adult Male Range: 14 - 18 g/dl Optimal Adult Male Reading: 16 g/dl Normal Newborn Range: 14 - 20 g/dl Optimal Newborn Reading: 17 g/d R.B.C. (Red Blood Cell Count) Normal Adult Female Range: 3.9 - 5.2 mill/mcl Optimal Adult Female Reading: 4.55 Normal Adult Male Range: 4.2 - 5.6 mill/mcl Optimal Adult Male Reading: 4.9 Lower ranges are found in Children, newborns and infants W.B.C. (White Blood Cell Count) Normal Adult Range: 4.5 - 11 thous/mcl Optimal Adult Reading: 7.3 Higher ranges are found in children, newborns and infants. PLATELET COUNT Normal Adult Range: 150 - 350 thous/mcl Optimal Adult Reading: 265 Higher ranges are found in children, newborns and infants NEUTROPHILS and NEUTROPHIL COUNT - this is the main defender of the body against infection and antigens. High levels may indicate an active infection. Normal Adult Range: 48 - 73 % Optimal Adult Reading: 60.5 Normal Childrens Range: 30 - 60 % Optimal Childrens Reading: 45 LYMPHOCYTES and LYMPHOCYTE COUNT - Elevated levels may indicate an active viral infections such as measles, rubella, chickenpox, or infectious mononucleosis. Normal Adult Range: 18 - 48 % Optimal Adult Reading: 33

Normal Childrens Range: 25 - 50 % Optimal Childrens Reading: 37.5 MONOCYTES and MONOCYTE COUNT - Elevated levels are seen in tissue breakdown or chronic infections, carcinomas, leukemia (monocytic) or lymphomas. Normal Adult Range: 0 - 9 % Optimal Adult Reading: 4.5 EOSINOPHILS and EOSINOPHIL COUNT - Elevated levels may indicate an allergic reactions or parasites. Normal Adult Range: 0 - 5 % Optimal Adult Reading: 2.5 BASOPHILS and BASOPHIL COUNT - Basophilic activity is not fully understood but it is known to carry histamine, heparin and serotonin. High levels are found in allergic reactions. Normal Adult Range: 0 - 2 % Optimal Adult Reading: 1 Electrolyte Values SODIUM - Sodium is the most abundant cation in the blood and its chief base. It functions in the body to maintain osmotic pressure, acid-base balance and to transmit nerve impulses. Very Low value: seizure and Neurologic Sx. Normal Adult Range: 135-145 mEq/L Optimal Adult Reading: 140.5 POTASSIUM - Potassium is the major intracellular cation. Very low value: Cardiac arythemia. Normal Range: 3.5 - 5 mEq/L Optimal Adult Reading: 4.5 CHLORIDE - Elevated levels are related to acidosis as well as too much water crossing the cell membrane. Decreased levels with decreased serum albumin may indicate water deficiency crossing the cell membrane (edema). Normal Adult Range: 96-106 mEq/L Optimal Adult Reading: 103 CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) - The CO2 level is related to the respiratory exchange of carbon dioxide in the lungs and is part of the bodies buffering system. Generally when used with the other electrolytes, it is a good indicator of acidosis and alkalinity. Normal Adult Range: 35-45 mEq/L Optimal Adult Reading: 27 Normal Childrens Range - 20 - 28 mEq/L Optimal Childrens Reading: 24 CALCIUM - involved in bone metabolism, protein absorption, fat transfer muscular contraction, transmission of nerve impulses, blood clotting and cardiac function. Regulated by parathyroid. Normal Adult Range: 8.2-10.2 mEq/dl Optimal Adult Reading: 9.4

PHOSPHORUS - Generally inverse with Calcium. Normal Adult Range: 2.5 - 4.5 mEq/dl Optimal Adult Reading: 3.5 Normal Childrens Range: 3 - 6 mEq/dl Optimal Childrens Range: 4.5 Renal Related B.U.N. (Blood Urea Nitrogen) - Increases can be caused by excessive protein intake, kidney damage, certain drugs, low fluid intake, intestinal bleeding, exercise or heart failure. Decreased levels may be due to a poor diet, malabsorption, liver damage or low nitrogen intake. Normal Adult Range: 7 - 25 mg/dl Optimal Adult Reading: 16 CREATININE - Low levels are sometimes seen in kidney damage, protein starvation, liver disease or pregnancy. Elevated levels are sometimes seen in kidney disease due to the kidneys job of excreting creatinine, muscle degeneration, and some drugs involved in impairment of kidney function. Normal Adult Range: .4 - 1.5 mg/dl Optimal Adult Reading: 1.05 URIC ACID - High levels are noted in gout, infections, kidney disease, alcoholism, high protein diets, and with toxemia in pregnancy. Low levels may be indicative of kidney disease, malabsorption, poor diet, liver damage or an overly acid kidney. Normal Adult Female Range: 2.5 - 7.5 mg/dl Optimal Adult Female Reading: 5.0 Normal Adult Male Range: 3.5 - 7.5 mg/dl Optimal Adult Male Reading:5.5 BUN/CREATININE - This calculation is a good measurement of kidney and liver function. Normal Adult Range: 6 -25 (calculated) Optimal Adult Reading: 15.5 Protein PROTEIN, TOTAL - Decreased levels may be due to poor nutrition, liver disease, malabsorption, diarrhea, or severe burns. Increased levels are seen in lupus, liver disease, chronic infections, alcoholism, leukemia, tuberculosis amongst many others. Normal Adult Range: 6.0 -8.5 g/dl Optimal Adult Reading: 7.25 ALBUMIN - major constituent of serum protein (usually over 50%). High levels are seen in liver disease(rarely) , shock, dehydration, or multiple myeloma. Lower levels are seen in poor diets, diarrhea, fever, infection, liver disease, inadequate iron intake, third-degree burns and edemas or hypocalcemia Normal Adult Range: 3.5 - 5.5 g/dl Optimal Adult Reading: 4.1

Lipids CHOLESTEROL - High density lipoproteins (HDL) is desired as opposed to the low density lipoproteins (LDL), two types of cholesterol. Elevated cholesterol has been seen in artherosclerosis, diabetes, hypothyroidism and pregnancy. Low levels are seen in depression, malnutrition, liver insufficiency, malignancies, anemia and infection. Normal Adult Range: 120 - 240 mg/dl Optimal Adult Reading: 180 LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) - studies correlate the association between high levels of LDL and arterial artherosclerosis Normal Adult Range: 62 - 130 mg/dl Optimal Adult Reading: 81 mg/dl HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) - A high level of HDL is an indication of a healthy metabolic system if there is no sign of liver disease or intoxication. Normal Adult Range: 35 - 135 mg/dl Optimal Adult Reading: +85 mg/dl TRIGLYCERIDES - Increased levels may be present in artherosclerosis, hypothyroidism, liver disease, pancreatitis, myocardial infarction, metabolic disorders, toxemia, and nephrotic syndrome. Decreased levels may be present in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, brain infarction, hyperthyroidism, malnutrition, and malabsorption. Normal Adult Range: 0 - 200 mg/dl Optimal Adult Reading: 100 CHOLESTEROL/LDL RATIO Normal Adult Range: 1 - 6 Optimal Adult Reading: 3.5