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1904
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nxx ~. |`=< J#O`~O =~ P^~OQ D HO O@ O_`~. D
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~< q=O == =$k~@. Q_ ~"+< Jx L`` O|OkOzOk. P~+< _
*H 1)K\# HO 1870-81, P~+< _ *H 2) K@# HO 1981-85, P~+< _
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K~.

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t=OQ H^.

~` ~ H~Q~:z`~O[< H "\" =~ zO`~O[< t=OQ 1950 OK|_Ok.


_l H"\" =~ "~} L`~^ 1964 OK|_Ok.
WO\Q HK Hs ~O|^~ `q<_ 1955 OK|_Ok.
qO_ PH Hs [OH H~@H 1983 ~OaOK|_Ok.
_r HO<O\ =~ O*,. ~ HK Hs H~ O* 1988 OK|_Ok.

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WO_< <+# HOQ "^@ J^H` =Oz# qq^ *f :


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1987 S.<.. J^_ ^k< ul, W`# ^= =O.
1988 S,<.. *~. W`# ^= POQ_
1991 S.<.. . P#O K~_ W`# ^= PO^_.
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1925 J^~ ~lx <_, W" ^= ~f =
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1857 ^= ~` OQ=O J#Q ~ u~Q@ [iyOk.
1866 ^^ <~l "^\ ~f ~[H Ox U~@ K_.
1870 } ~[<< x~} [ QqO^~}O_ K OK|_Ok.
1876 WO_< J+< U~@ K_Ok. nxx U~@ K#"~ ~O^<^ #s
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1907 ~[O < [# Jx H=# uH H\OK_.


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1911 HH` LO@# ~[^xx _bH =~~.
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1916 Jx aO\ K =^ " ~ bQ OK|_Ok.
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1916 H ="O Ju"^ q`"^ SHO J~<~.
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*f zO:- =# *f zO () ~<^x Jx ^~ O # LO_ O`@=.


D zO @ QO `"=[` Jx ^=#Qi e L# "H=. 1950 [#=i 26 JkH~
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D zOx Z^# ~`xH Q~Q z~.

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=O 52 HO_. Wk *f w`OQ [#=i 22, 1950 #O_ JkHiHOQ "_HH
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*f QO: =# *f QO =O^=`~O. nxx |OHOQKO^ K@s ~zOz# P#O^O


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OK~. D Q x 1896 [iy# HH` ="O "^\ iQ POK~.
D Qx *f QOQ ~*OQ 24 [#=i 1950# P"kOzOk. Wk iQ O$`
^` ~|_Ok. nxx WOw+H _II J~qO^ + Q~ J#=kOK~.
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_I ~e ~^H$+<:- 11-3-1965 #O_ 11-5-1967 =~ W`_ xK_. ~`~ ` J"~


Ok# `e L~Ru.

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~Ru. ^q LO_Q< W`# =~}OK_.

q.q. yi:- 3-5-1969 #O_ 20-7-1969 =~ W`# xK~. ``eH ~RuQ xK#
OH~ ^# <=i W`_.

q.q.yi:- 24-8-1969 #O_ 24-8-1974 =~ ~RuQ xK~. `O` JiQ x|_

Qez# "@"^\ =H W`_.

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24-8-1984 #O_ 11-2-1977 =~ ~RuQ xK~. J`kH


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W`x HO< qkOK|_Ok.

a._. *\:- 11-2-1977 #O_ 25-7-1977 =~ ~RuQ xK~. W`# ``eH ~Ru.
hO Or=~_:- 25-7-1977 #O_ 4-7-1982 =~ ~Ru xK~. UHw=OQ ZxH#
UHH ~Ru W`#.

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~Ru J~# =H W`#.
~=

~=q "OH\ =<:- 25-7-1992 #O_ 24-7-1997 =~ . W`_ PO^ ^ ~xH Q=~Q
xK~.

H.P~. <~}<:- 25-7-1997 #O_ 24-7-2002 =~ ~RuQ xK~. ~`^xH


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Jk+OK~. ~`^xH "@"^\ = ~Ru.

~`^ L~R`:_II ~e ~^H$+<: 1952-1962 =~ Z= HO xK# L~Ru.


_II *H~ < : W`# 192-1967 =~ L~RuQ xK~.
_II q.q. yi: g~ 1967-1969 =~ L~RuQ xK~.
Q ~ <H: 1969-1974 =~ L~RuQ xK~.
a._. *\: 1974-1979 =~
O._. ^`: 1979-1984
P~. "OH\=<: 1984-1987 =~
_II OH~^~: 1987-1992 =~ L~R`Q xK~.
H.P~. <~}<:- 1992-1997, H. H$+HO`: 1977-2002 =~
~<OQ +H=`:- 2002-2007 =~ L~R`Q xK~.
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~`^ ^# =O`:

~`^xH "@"^\ ^# =Ou [=~<. W`_ ^g HO 17-8-1947 #O_


27-5-1964 =~
^
#=OuQ J`kH HO H#y# =H W<. ^q
LO_Q =~}O z#
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Qi#O^:- 27-5-1964 #O_ 9-6-1964 =~ ^#=OuQ xK<~. ``eHOQ


^iQ xK# `e"_ W`#.

|^~ : - 9-6-1964 #O_ 11-1-1966 =~ ^ xQ H#Q~. q^O =~}O z#


^x |^~ . W`_ ~ ~@# L#C_ =~}OK~. =~}#O`~O ~`~`
Ok# `e =H |^~ .

Qi #O^:- 11-1-1966 #O_ 24-1-1966 =~ `PeH ^xQ xK~.


N=u WOk~QOn:- 24-1-1966 #O_ 24-3-1977 =~ ^xQ H#Q~. J`kH ~
~Ru # qkOz# ^x WOk~QOn J~ H|_# `e ^x WOk~QOn. ^~}
ZxH F_~# `e ^x WOk~QOn. D" 1977 F_~.

=~i^:- 24-3-1977 #O_ 28-7-1979 =~ ^xQ xK~. ^= HOQ`~


^x =~i^. ~r<= K# `e ^x D#. PiH =OuQ L#C_ J`kH~
|_\ =iOz# =H =~i^. W`_ 8 ~ |_\# "\_.

K~}OQ:-

28-7-1979 #O_ 14-1-1980 =~ ^xQ xK~. ~"O@ Ki`


~"O@ [~HO_ ~r<= =iOz# `e ^x K~}OQ.

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i= J} iH~ \xO PH_# WO^#OQ qxy<~. #H~ iH~
q`HiQ LyOKk h~^ _\iO Hey# ~[=.

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^Ox ~[ L`u HO^:1. #OQ O*, 2) |~_, Q[~`, 3) \H~<, `q<_, 4. `K~, Fi, 5) H\,
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qq^ J} iH~ :1. J~: - ~`^O H `e J}iH~, Wk P< "^\k nxx 1958 PQ
4# U~@ K~.
2. Hqx : ~`^O "^\ c_~ #\< iH~, Wk HHO `q<_ =^
<H|_Ok.
3. ~ nx x~}O 1960 [iyOk. Wk H#_ WO_ iH~ Wk 40 "Q"@
J}iH~.
4. ^=: ~`^ Ju^ J}iH~ ^= Wk 100 "Q J} iH~ nxx PQ 15,
1984 #O_ xK~<~.
5. [i< : r~ Z#i iH~ > W#Q+< JOa nxx 1961 Hg+< K~.

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