Chapter 7 Three factors that affect a nation's future population. Which is the most important and why?

The three factors that affect a nation's future population are the total fertility rate, the life expectancy of people, and the level of migration. The implications of low fertility rates are felt the soonest and most by a few countries. Low fertility rates result in population implosion, resulting in a high dependency load and low working population. Reduced immigration, causing population implosion - effects on Canadian Economy. With a shrinking labour force and growing dependency load, the workers would have to pay more tax to cover the cost of the greater number of services (pensions, health-care, retirement homes) needed by the large aged population. A decrease in immigration results in a decrease in brain gain - thus decreasing Canada's rate of economic growth. With a decreased population, there is less demand in the housing market, decreasing the value of everyone's home. Chapter 8 Negative consequences of international migration for sending countries Brain Drain United Nations' three "durable solutions" to resolve refugee issues. Voluntary repatriation - conditions in the home country improve o the point that refugees believe their lives or liberty are no longer in danger, they may safely return home. Local integration of refugees into countries of first asylum - countries where refugees can flee, usually bordering the home country. Third-country resettlement -when going to the refugees' home country is not possible and the firstasylum country refuses local integration or is overwhelmed by numbers, the final option is to find a third country willing to accept the refugees. Chapter 9 In developing nations, some shanty towns are "slums of despair", while others are "slums of hope". Explain the difference, using specific examples. Slums of hope are low-income squatter communities that provide affordable shelter, community support, and informal jobs. In time, some of these acquire services such as electricity and communal water supplies that residents have helped install by providing labour. One example of this would be in

some of Brazil's favelas, where residents have been trained as builders to repair damaged buildings and to construct makeshift electrical and water systems. In other cases, slums of despair exist, where there are dangerous traffic conditions, deviant social behaviour, and degraded living conditions. There are no community organizations to help residents, no access to birth control, and no government welfare services. The rates of illness and infant death are high. These areas offer few opportunities to escape. One example of this would be the Dharavi slum in Mumbai. Compare the processes of decentralization and recentralization. Illustrate each with specific examples. Decentralization and recentralization both relate to the movement of populations to/from urban and rural areas, but they are opposite in terms of their direction. Decentralization is the movement of people from central city areas to suburban locations. One example of this was seen in the years after WWII, where car ownership became common. Families grew during the baby boom, and people who could afford to buy new houses moved from central areas of cities into the suburbs. Recentralization is the exact opposite process, the movement of population from suburban areas to the central city. It usually occurs after decentralization. This was exemplified when, after 1990, decentralization had slowed down. Traffic congestion, overcrowded schools, and the rise of crime became common in the suburbs. It wasn't long before people began to move back into central parts of cities.