C - Io PDF

Chapter 6: Input/output
EE3490E: Programming T1 2012/2013 Dr. o Trung Kin Hanoi Univ. of Science and Technology
Overview
Programmers usually need to work with input, output devices like screen, keyboard, files, printer, For each program, there are:
A standard output stdout: console by default, can be considered as a virtual write-only file, and can be redefined as a file on disk, or printer, A standard error output stderr: like stdout but usually used to export error or warning messages when program encounters A standard input stdin: keyboard by default, can be considered as a virtual read-only file, and can be redefined as a file on disk
Start off
Write to stdout
Write a character: int putchar(int c); Write a string and append a newline character ('\n'): int puts(const char* s); Write formatted data: int printf(const char* format, ...); Read a character: int getchar(); Read characters as a string until a newline character: char* gets(char* s); Read formatted data: int scanf(const char* format, ...);
Read from stdin
Input/output with files
File type:
typedef struct { } FILE; FILE structure has a field that store currently read/write position of that file, which is called file pointer FILE* fopen(const char* fname, const char* mode);
mode "r" "w" Description Permit only read access Permit only write, erase old file content or create a new file if not existing Permit only write, set the file pointer to the end of file, or create a new file if not existing Text file read/write mode mode "r+" "w+" Description Permit read and write access Permit read and write, erase old file content or create a new file if not existing Permit read and write, set the file pointer to the end of file, or create a new file if not existing Binary file read/write mode
Steps to manipulate with files: Open/create file Read/write data Close
Open files:
"a"
"a+"
"t"
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"b"
Remarks on opening files
NULL returned when opening fails need to check return value of fopen() to see if opening succeeded Failure causes:

Open an non-existing file Permission denied File in used by another program with re-open restriction Too many files being opened (OS has limit on number of concurrent opened files)
Files opened by fopen() can be re-opened by another programs

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Open files with re-open restriction
A program might desire to restrict other programs from intervention to its opened files use _fsopen()
FILE* _fsopen(const char* fname, const char* mode, int shflag);
shflag: restriction flag (or share flag)

#include <share.h>
shflag value _SH_DENYNO _SH_DENYRD _SH_DENYWR Definition Permit read and write access Deny read access to the file Deny write access to the file
_SH_DENYRW
Deny read and write access to the file
Attn: Only available in MS Visual C

Writing to files
Text and binary files Text files: operations including processing some special characters (new line, space, tab,) suitable for human readable text Binary files: no special characters processing suitable for binary structured data Write textual data:

int fputc(int c, FILE* file); int fputs(const char* s, FILE* file); int fprintf(FILE* file, const char* format, ...); Similar to putchar(), puts(), printf()
Write binary data:
int fwrite(const void* buf, int size, int count, FILE* file); Write an array of count elements where each one are size-byte length
Read from files
Read textual data:

int fgetc(FILE* file); int fgets(char* s, int n, FILE* file); int fscanf(FILE* file, const char* format, ...); Similar to getchar(), gets(), scanf(), except returning EOF when reaching end of file
Read binary data:
int fread(void* buf, int size, int count, FILE* file); Read an array of count elements where each one are size-byte length
int feof(FILE* file);
Test for end-of-file condition:
As file reading/writing uses buffer, use fflush() to send/clear all pending data to device, when needing to synchronize reading and writing states
int fflush(FILE* file);

Other file read/write functions
Close file:
int fclose(FILE* file); void rewind(FILE* file); int fseek(FILE* file, long offs, int org); org = SEEK_CUR: initial position is current position org = SEEK_END: initial position is end of file org = SEEK_SET: initial position is beginning of file
Move file pointer:

Query current position:
long ftell(FILE* file); int remove(const char* path); int rename(const char* old, const char* new);
Delete file:
Rename and move file:
Example: copy file

int copy_file(const char* src, const char* dst) { FILE *fs = NULL, *fd = NULL; char buf[1024]; int num; if ((fs = fopen(src,"rb")) == NULL) return -1; if ((fd = fopen(dst,"wb")) == NULL) { fclose(fs); return -1; } while(!feof(fs)) { num = fread(buf, 1, sizeof(buf), fs); fwrite(buf, 1, num, fd); } fclose(fs); fclose(fd); return 0; }
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stdin, stdout, stderr
Standard input/output are actually predefined FILE* printf(), scanf() functions are equivalent to fprintf(stdout,) and fscanf(stdin,) Similarly, putchar(), puts(), getchar(), gets() functions also manipulate stdin and stdout nh hng li u vo/ra chun:
Command Description Redirect stdout to file, create new file or erase old file if existing Redirect stderr to file, create new file or erase old file if existing Redirect stdout to file, append to end of file Redirect stderr to file, append to end of file Redirect stdin to file Redirect stdout of command1 to stdin of command2
command > file command 1> file command 2> file command >> file command 1>> file command 2>> file command < file command1 | command2
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stdin, stdout, stderr (cont.)
Some special files

File name Description File name Description
&0
&1 &2 aux
stdin
stdout stderr AUX port
nul
prn, lpt1-9 con com1-9
Discard all data

Printer Console COM ports
Ex:
Redirect both stdout and stderr to result.txt file C:\>dir *.dat >result.txt 2>&1 Redirect stdout to printer and stderr to error.log file C:\>stuff >prn 2>error.log Redirect stdin to input.txt file and stdout to output.txt file C:\>process <input.txt >output.txt Create pipe (output of one command is input of the other) C:\>type source.c | more
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Read/write on memory buffer
Write:
sprintf(char* buffer, const char* format, ...); sscanf(const char* buffer, const char* format, ...);
Read:
Usage similar to fprintf() and fscanf() but data are stored in memory specified by buffer parameter
Ex:
char s[50]; sprintf(s, "sin(pi/3) = %.3f", sin(3.14/3));

Result: value of s will be "sin(pi/3) = 0.866"
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Safe input/output
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Buffer overflow error
Happens when program write more data than the size of buffer
Ex: copy a string of 10 characters into a buffer of 5 bytes char s[5]; strcpy(s, "0123456789"); /* error */
This error is dangerous as it will cause unpredictable effects, especially may help user to take ownership of computer then do anything need to control the length of input data to fit into memory allocated to variables Standard C functions do not check buffer overflow error use extend functions in Visual C from 2005
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String and memory processing functions

memcpy_s(void* dest, int size, const void* src, int count); memmove_s(void* dest, int size, const void* src, int count); strcpy_s(char* dest, strcat_s(char* dest, _strlwr_s(char* str, _strupr_s(char* str, int int int int size, const char* src); size, const char* src); size); size);
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Data reading functions
gets_s(char* str, int size);
scanf_s(const char* format, ...);

Added buffer-size checking parameters int i; float f; char c; char s[10]; scanf_s("%d %f %c %s", &i, &f, &c, 1, s, 10); Similar to fscanf_s(), sscanf_s() functions
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Problems
Write programs to: 1. Convert all characters in a file to upper case 2. Count number of words and number of lines in a file (words separated by space, tab, newline characters) 3. Append a file to another 4. Print the 10th line of a file 5. Insert a line into a file after the 10th line 6. Input data for struct Student from keyboard, then try to redirect stdin and stdout to files and see the effects 7. Write a function that return the size of a file given from parameter
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Chapter 6: Input/output

Read from stdin

Input/output with files

Steps to manipulate with files: Open/create file Read/write data Close

Remarks on opening files

Files opened by fopen() can be re-opened by another programs

Open files with re-open restriction

FILE* _fsopen(const char* fname, const char* mode, int shflag);

shflag: restriction flag (or share flag)

Deny read and write access to the file

Attn: Only available in MS Visual C

Write binary data:

Read from files

Read textual data:

Read binary data:

Test for end-of-file condition:

int fflush(FILE* file);

Other file read/write functions

Move file pointer:

Query current position:

Rename and move file:

Example: copy file

stdin, stdout, stderr

stdin, stdout, stderr (cont.)

Some special files

Discard all data

Read/write on memory buffer

char s[50]; sprintf(s, "sin(pi/3) = %.3f", sin(3.14/3));

Buffer overflow error

String and memory processing functions

Data reading functions

gets_s(char* str, int size);

scanf_s(const char* format, ...);

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