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C. Quantum Numbers
1. Principal Quantum Number ( n )
Energy level Positive nonzero integers like 1, 2, 3,
C. Quantum Numbers
2. Angular Momentum Quantum # ( l )
Energy sublevel (s, p, d or f)
sharp, principal, diffuse, fundamental
s
Slide 2
C. Quantum Numbers
C. Quantum Numbers
3. Magnetic Quantum Number ( ml )
Orientation of the atomic orbital in space Specifies the exact orbital within each sublevel ml = 2l + 1
n = number of sublevels per energy level n2 = number of orbitals per energy level
Sublevel sets: 1 s, 3 p, 5 d, 7 f
Slide 3
C. Quantum Numbers
C. Quantum Numbers
Orbitals combine to form a spherical shape.
2px
px py pz
2s
2pz
2py
Slide 4
C. Quantum Numbers
4. Electron Spin Quantum Number ( ms )
Electron spin + or - An orbital can hold 2 electrons that spin in opposite directions.
C. Quantum Numbers
Pauli Exclusion Principle
No two electrons in an atom can have the same 4 quantum numbers.
Each electron has a unique address:
1. n 2. l 3. ml 4. ms
Slide 5
Slide 6
p Orbitals
p sublevel has 3 orbitals
These are called x, y, and z There is a PLANAR
NODE thru the nucleus, which is an area of zero probability of finding an electron
3py orbital
Slide 7
p Orbitals
d Orbitals
d sublevel has 5 orbitals
Slide 8
f Orbitals
Shapes of the five 3d orbitals
f sublevel has 7 orbitals
Slide 9
A. General Rules
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Each orbital can hold TWO electrons with opposite spins.
A. General Rules
Aufbau Principle
Electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first. Building Up Principle
Slide 10
s
px py pz
dxy
dxz
dyz
dz2 dx2-y2
fxz2
fyz2
Slide 11
A. General Rules
0
-1 0 +1 Hunds Rule
Within a sublevel, place one
-2
-1
+1
+2
pairing them.
-3
-2
-1
+1
+2
+3
WRONG
RIGHT
Slide 12
B. Notation
Orbital Diagram/Box (Electronic Structure)
B. Notation
Longhand Configuration
O
8e- 1s 2s 2p
Electron Configuration
Slide 13
Ne 10e- 1s2 2s2 2p6 S 16e- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
O 8e-
1s2 2s2
0
2p4
2s2
Slide 14
C. Periodic Patterns
s
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
p d (n-1)
1 1s2 2s2
-1
-1 2p1
0 +1
f (n-2)
6 7
1998 by Harcourt Brace & Company
Slide 15
C. Periodic Patterns
Period/Series number
energy level (subtract for d & f)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
C. Periodic Patterns
Example - Hydrogen
1s1
Period 1
Group 1
s-block
Slide 16
C. Periodic Patterns
Shorthand Configuration
Core electrons: Go up one row and over to the Noble Gas. Valence electrons: On the next row, fill in the number of electrons in each sublevel.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
C. Periodic Patterns
Example - Germanium
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Slide 17
D. Stability
Fully filled energy level
Fully filled sublevel (s, p, d, f) Half-filled sublevel
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
D. Stability
Electron Configuration Exceptions Copper
EXPECTED:
ACTUAL:
Slide 18
D. Stability
Electron Configuration Exceptions Ion Formation
D. Stability
Atoms gain or lose electrons to become more stable. Isoelectronic with the Noble Gases.
Chromium
EXPECTED: ACTUAL:
Slide 19
D. Stability
Ion Electron Configuration
Write the electron configuration for the closest Noble Gas
D. Stability
Ex: Lithium ion Li+ He
O2-
10e-
Li+
2e-
1s2
Slide 20