The Mariana territory (North-Eastern of Corsica) at the archaic period

Doctor in ancient history and archaeology University of Corsica, 20250 Corte FRANCE fred. nucci@,wanadoo.fr
Abstract - The purpose of this paper is to study, from old and more recent archaelogical discoveries, the traces of a previous occupation of the area that will make up the territory of the ancient city of Mariana, founded by Roman general and consul Caius Marius between 100 and 89 B.C. The state of knowledge on the most anciest origins of the urban site itself still remains quite incomplete. We will however try to propose a certain number of updated hypotheses, from testimonies going back to this archaic period, and the first results of new research.

Frederique Nucci

Mariana's position corresponds to a crossroads in terms of western mediterranean trade, and its commercial role in the Antiquity is one of our privileged research themes.

I. INTRODUCTION

This article, devoted to the Mariana territory at the archaic period - from the 7th to the 3rd century B.C. - is drawn from a thesis of Doctorate in ancient history and archaeology defended in April 2005 at the University of Corsica [27] and also from works carried out during the years before [24]-[25]. The ancient urban site, paleochristian then mediaeval, is still almost completely underground and the knowledge linked to its origin lack some information. For the classical periods [14] and especially the paleochristian period, the available data are more precise, rhanks to the first studies led in the second half of the 20th century by Genevieve MoracchiniMazel [20] whose last syntheses were published recently [23]. Mariana is located on the North-East of the eastern coast of Corsica, on today's Lucciana commune. Facing septentrional Tuscany, the city founded by General and Consul Caius Marius - and certainly named after him - is on the left bank of the Golu, the island's longest river. Given our current knowledge, we think that the Mariana territory is probably naturally divided by two rivers, the Bevincu at its North and the Fium'Altu at its south. It is also bordered by the mountain on the west side and by the Tyrrhenian Sea on the east side. The area thus defined includes, at the North of the Golu river the communes of Biguglia, Borgo, Lucciana and Vignale, and at the South of the river, those of Vescovato, Venzolasca, Loreto, SorboOcagnano, Castellare, Penta and Porri. The city is ideally located between the tyrrhenian seashores and the sea and is also close to the Chiurlinu pond (also called Biguglia pond)1.

Fig. 1. Location of the Mariana territory (North-Eastern of Corsica) and of the main protohistorical and archaic studied sites.

We thought it would be interesting to wonder whether this ancient trade corresponded to the presence of an organized settlement before the republican foundation. We use archaeological testimonies from the archaic period discovered at different places in this area that was to make up the Roman city's territory. Actually, as soon as the beginning of her research carried out in Mariana between 1958 and 1966, Genevieve Moracchini-Mazel notices that a limited set of broken glass pieces seems to be older, probably from the 3rd century B.C., and supposes that Marius only rebuilt over a destroyed city [20, p.7]2.
2 The text from Diodore of Sicily (Bibliotheque Historique, V, 13), from the 1st century B.C., informs us that Corsica has a very good port, the Syracusain port, and two important cities he names Karalis and Nikaia. This text was probably written in the greek period, at least at the 6th century before our era and certainly during the 4th century B.C. In the 18th century, historians such as J. Boswell (1769) and G.-P. Limperani (1779-1780) think that the Nikaia mentioned by greek authors is located around the locality San Pellegrino, the debouche of Fium' Altu, on the current commune of Penta di Casinca, at the southern border of the Mariana territory. We remind that at the beginning of the 20th century, Xavier Poli (1907) and then Ettore Pais (1923) bring forward the hypothesis according to which Mariana had been built on the Nikaia location. In 1978, Jean Jehasse rather thinks that this city

I Located on the Marana territory, at the north of the antique town, it appears as the largest offshore-barred pond in Corsica. It has a surface of 1450 ha and extends on the current districts of Borgo, Biguglia, for the biggest part, Lucciana and Furiani. It is one of the natural assets responsible for the choice of the Caius Marius colony settlement in the north of the island. As soon as the antiquity, and throughout centuries, thanks to its fishing resources and it space favourable to navigators, the pond has always had a real economic importance. In the middle ages, this georgaphic space has witnessed the development of a strong and long lasting feudalism in relation to Pisa and Genoa.

1-4244-0232-8/06/$20. 00 C2006 IEEE

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But before introducing ground and submarine archaeological testimonies that have been recognized on the Mariana territory for the archaic period, whe would like to come back briefly to the traces of previous settlements.

II. SIGNS OF PREVIOUS SETTLEMENTS

Inventory prospections carried out in the 1990s by the Regional Archaeology Service on certain of the communal territories that have been mentioned previously show clues of antique sites, but they also reveal numerous pre and proto historical deposits. In Venzolasca and Loreto di Casinca, 8 sites that can be linked to these periods have been numbered [12],[6] in Penta and Castellare, the research allowed to locate 7 [3] whereas in Sorbo-Ocagnano and Vescovato, the latter sharing a border with Mariana, 27 pre or proto historical deposits have been discovered [4]-[5]. A similar investigation led in 1999 and 2000 by Philippe Pergola on the communal territories of Lucciana and Borgo gives comparable proportions. To date, the oldest sign of exchange that we know is a copper ingot called "oxhide". Even though this fortuitous discovery is today deprived of its archaeological context, it really deserves being signalled in this document. This copper ingot was found in 1985 on the Borgo terrritory, at the locality Sant'Anastasia, on the lands of the Ambrosi family. The parcel concerned is located about 4 kilometres North West of the Mariana city, and close to an old canal duf out along the Biguglia pond. Even if it has been filled up, it is still visible on the IGN (1/25000') map as the Golu canal. The digging campaign of the channels of Marana, starting at the end of the 18th century, aims at drying up marshes, irrigate lands that have been made cultivable and give this area a navigation lane. Still being studied, this oxhide ingot weighs 30 kgs and has a rectangular shape (approximately 40x45 cm out of 5 cm thickness). It is interesting through its originality within the whole mediterranean basin. It has a central cavity and two patterns incised in metal. Physico chemical analyses and comparative studies allow to date it more precisely, between the 13th and the 11th century B.C., as well as finding its origin. This ingot, as others discovered in Sardinia, could come from the eastern mediterranean and more precisely from Cyprus [16]-[17]. This ingot, today located 5 kilometres west of the shore, is a witness of the age and the diversity of mediterranean exchanges at the end of the Bronze Age. It also gives precious information about the old geomorphology of the littoral. This information has since been completed by studies on wreckages.

Fig. 2. The Sant'Anastasia ingot (Borgo).

III. WRECKAGES INFORMATION The first discoveries on naval archaeology on the Mariana territory were done at the end of the 18th century. At the time, the wreckage of a 14 meters long and 2,5 meters wide wood ship was uncovered and found in very good condition 2 kilometres South-East of the antique city. This uncovering once again fortuitous - happened on April 17th, 1777 during the digging out works of a drying up canal linking the Golu mouth to the Biguglia pond [26],[28],[31],[29]. The inventors of the wreckage - whose identity is still unknown - were unfortunately not able to keep their discovery given the means they had at that time. Howevern conscious of its interest, they collected all the information that could be provided by the traces. Thus, they transmitted a study by means of Colonel Pierre Jacotin who published two research papers on this topic [13],[35]3 and that have been partially published [26]. This study was exhaustive enough for us to oppose it to the latest works led in naval archaeology. Furthermore, it is the oldest documented discovery of this type [2].
3After having studied these two research papers we think they have been written by the same author, Pierre Jacotin, Dominique Testevuide's nephew - a surveyor in charge of the Plan Terrier de la Corse with Bedigis - from descriptions and accounts carried out on site during the uncovering of the wreckage in 1777 by the discoverers. Thanks to letters and two notes added to Colonel Jacotin's manuscript, we know that the ship plans supplied with the Avignon document, were lent in 1888 by former vessel lieutenant and son of Jacotin's adopted daughter Charles Labrousse to Vice-Admiral Edmond Paris. Director of the Museum of the Navy from 1871 to 1893, Paris used it to build up part 241 of the fifth volume of his work entitled Souvenirs de Marine conserves, and published in 1892 [32]. This document is a summary of the 1784 text. Color plans were used in the programme of the exhibition called Mesure de l'Ile in 1997 at Corsica's museum in Corte

quoted by Diodore of Sicily refers to a settlement very close to Aleria, maybe located in Casabianda. Then in 2003, Olivier Jehasse adds that the Nikaia name, referring to a victory (nike), could be another name given to Alalie by the Greeks or the Etruscans after the naval battle that took place in 540 B.C. He also wonders if it could not be the Nikaia (Nice) on the Ligurian coast. For us, the possibility of locating Nikaia on the Mariana territory must not be rejected thoroughly, given the archaeological discoveries presented below (a boat from the 6th century B.C. and the material on the Quercio and Palazzi sites).

[19].

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Fig. 3. Reproduction of part 241 of the "antique ship found in Corsica at the mouth of the Golo in 1777", taken from Souvenirs de Marine conserves, volume V, published by Vice-Admiral Paris in 1892.

during all Antiquity and confirms an active trade on all the mediterranean shores. Researchers have noted the discovery of 9 pieces of tegulae and 18 imbrices that would be signs of covered constructions6, 122 pieces of gallic and tarraconese amphoras, (Dressel shapes 2 and 4), amphoras from Baetica (Dressel hape 20) from the 1st century, an eastern amphora from 1 st-2nd centuries and cylindar-shaped African amphoras from 2nd-5th centuries. Table and kitchen crockeries is also present: 2 pieces of an etruscan type vase with a black inner part, dating from 4th-3rd centuries B.C., the sigillate ceramics shards tardo-italic of 1st century from our era, 2 eastern sigillate ceramics shards, 1 fragment of medallion decorated with oil lamp, the ceramics shards common to clear paste, 1 edge of goblet and 1 ceramics paunch with fine wall being able to date from 1st century, 1 marli of a large basin with concentric impressions, 2 local modelled ceramics shards. According to authors', who suppose rightly the existence at this place of a port or an unloading dock, the Etruscan ceramics fragments could testify to the anteriority of the site compared to the Roman city of Mariana. Thus, as soon as old antiquity, the ancient shores of the current Foce di Tanghiccia could have welcomed a sort of small coast trade area, that would have become a real counter open to ships trading in the Tyrrhenian Sea, and having an action radius extending to close areas. Actually, on the Mariana territory, inhabited places in connection with a possible archaic coast trade settlement are not closely located to its contact but rather on the first heights of the Marana and Casinca areas. The "Teppa di Lucciana" site on the Vallecalle commune, a site close to Mariana, is a privileged witness. Actually, these mountains at the heart of the Nebbiu, looking over the left bank of the Bevincu river, is located at the junction of communication lanes in contact with the Corsican Cape and the Saint Florent gulf on one side, and the eastern plain and the interior of the island on the other. Dr. Forsyth Major undertook the first scientific works in the early 20th century,

to name Foce Vechja I, could be located, technologically and chronologically, within a family of boats having navigated between the second half of the 6th century and the end of the 5th century B.C. Thanks to this new study, Foce Vechja I, even though it has been considered with much care by specialists because of the absence of any archaeological context, helps us enrich our knowledge in naval architecture and can now take the place it deserves in the corpus, still limited, of mediterranean archaic wreckages [33]-[34]. Unfortunately, no trace from this pre roman wreckage remains. We wish this fortuitous discovery had happened 2 years earlier, so that it could have been studied thoroughly and benefit from modem technologies of processing of water gorged with water. This ship nevertheless indicates the presence of a middle favourable to the conservation of wreckages, and gives us hope to find ships in good condition 4 soon4.

After these comparative studies, this ship whe have chosen

It is precisely in front of the Foce di Tanghiccia5 and close to the place where the Foce Vechja I wreckage remained that many pieces of antique ceramics were found in the 1990s by a team from the Regional Archaeology Service on the exploitation site of a sand factory [7]. These abundant traces, even though deprived here again from their archaeological context, indicate a very long lasting settlement on the site
4The centre of roman, paleochristian and medieval archaeology studies of Mariana (CERPAM), in cooperation with the society of subwater archeological studies (SEAS) and the Curtis association, wish to lead a subwater prospection campaign in the spring of 2006 at the Foce di Tanghiccia, so as to build an archeological inventory of the area, eventually to refine the position of port infrastructures, and to feed our knowledge on the diversity of mediterranean exchanges, while we will also try to draw information from the old littoral morpholgy as well as its evolution since Antiquity.
The Foce di Tanghiccia - also called Foce Vechja by oral tradition - was one of the Golu's mouths in antiquity, it has become a marshy area cut from the sea.
5

they will be foillowed by those by Edith Southewell-Colucci in 1930, and by J. Magdeleine and J.-C. Ottaviani [18],[15]. These works have uncovered a proto historic necropolis rich in furniture. The latter, used during the Iron Age and more precisely between the 6th and the 2nd century B.C., confirms contacts with the mediterranean world. Actually, the relation with Eturia can be seen through the presence of objects such as bronze basins and graffiti on the bottom of vases which are frequent in etruscan sepulturas.

At the end of the 19th century, the Abbe Galletti says that "on the slope of hills extending from Bastia to the Fiumalto overlooking the Mariana plain, we find in many places rests of antiquities. Ir is probable that Romans and Etruscans had built villages or cottages. A huge number of tombs
6We think it is rather traces from a construction material cargo, which would thus indicate the presence of another wreckage.

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containing phials and tear vases can be found there" [9, p.192].
IV. TIlE QUERCIO SITE At the locality Quercio, located on the first hills overlooking the Marana plain on department road 107 close to the Mormorana stream, there used to be a village with the same name. Oral tradition reports that Santa Devota - a saint martyrised during the 3rd century of our era in Mariana - had been born in this village. In 1863, Abbe Galletti wrote "that another village once existed between Mariana and Lucciana, this was Quercio (Quercus) where Santa Devota would have been born. She was the only local saint to have been martyrised in Mariana city. (....) The ruins of the village where Santa Devota had been born can not be seen, but ruins of old houses can be uncovered anywhere" [9, p.192]. Furthermore, the historian also says that by digging out a path in the same area, a Roman aqueduct could be uncovered in the same area, that went towards the plain and thus to Mariana [9, p.308]. In the 1960s, Genevieve Moracchini-Mazel spotted in the same place "Quercio" sure traces of roman houses (tiles, various potteries) [20, p.122]. Recent surface prospections confirmed the strong presence of archaeological furniture from the pre roman era ("etruscocampanian" material) and the roman era (bricks, ceramic pieces, tegulae, dolia) and ensure the existence of a rural city, whose inhabitants certainly exploited the surrounding lands. We also observe numerous antique traces within the walls of neighbouring buildings. Its high position, similar to the sites of the Palazzi in the Casinca, lets us believe there used to be a pre roman occupation which would mean anterior to the creation of the Marana colony. To support this hypothesis, we must wait for a better knowledge of this currently studied traces. Limited research would permit to identify their nature and date with precision the occupation of the site.
V. TUE I PALAZZI SITE

Located on the Venzolasca commune, the I Palazzi name refers to a small promontory west of today's national road in an area which has been strongly urbanized. The site's topographic position is a privileged one, overlooking the Marana and Casinca plains from 50 metres above. This rural settlement seems to have been frequented, according to old discoveries, as soon as the 5th century B.C., and seems to last during the roman period. Big quantities of ceramic pieces can be found, as well as arretine pottery, but also of the fragments of tegulae and of dolia [22]. This city is strongly romanised between the years 225/200 and 125/100 B.C. It then appears as the testimony of a settlement previous to those of Roman colons in the plains. More, historical sources from the late 19th century signal the uncovering on this promontory, probably in 1869, of numerous coins. In 1875, Victor Egger adds about this topic that the discovery of a "bronze instrument" in Venzolasca, "a big village on the heights overlooking the place where
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Mariana, Marius's city, was built", showed that it was a "sort of cquite complicated clasp, the work being one from old antiquity". The author adds the presence, in the same field, of a "treasure buried in the time of Marius and Sylla [800 coins and three gold jewels], but it is certainly older" [8]. According to oral tradition, rich romans in Mariana had had their summer residences built there so as to avoid hot summer temperatures. Lower than this promontory and close to the Querciolu stream, traces of Roman spas can be seen. The study of this monument carried out in the 1960s by Genevieve Moracchini-Mazel proposes the recognition of a building which could be an example of a "Roman-Corsican" architecture [21]. In 2001, after the construction of a house, emergency research was carried out by the departmental archaeology department under the responsibility of Patrice Arcelin and Philippe Chapon from the INRAP. They uncovered, on 100 m2, two structures organized in rooms and in movement spaces. The presence of black-varnished italic crockery as well as of italic ampohoras permits to believe in an occupation in the earyl 1st c entury B.C. Thus, the first known rural settlements haviung become anterior to colonial installation appear at mid-height, in privileged and well exposed areas. The "etruscan-campanian" material found on the Quercio (Lucciana) and Palazzi (Venzolasca) sites supposes a presence of small villages between the 5th and the 4th centuries B.C. These communities installed on the first hills frequently went down to the plain for fishing, for farming works but also for trade. The Mormorana and Querciolu valleys were, with the Golu, the Bevincu and the Fium'altu, natural inland bound traffic axes. The possibility of a previous link between these two archaic sites and the area where the Roman city of Mariana was to be established later, brings a new light on the relationship that may have existed between these communities and the first colons. Either the populations settled in the Palazzi and in Quercio had the same fate as the Corsi and no longer had access to the plain and the shore, or they quickly collaborated with the new masters of the island, as they maybe were used to, with the previous powers. The romanisation of the rural landscape seems to have been done in the plain from Augustus, then, under the julioclaudian and flavian dynasties (1st century A.D.), and reaches its climax - according the number of sites - in the 2nd and 3rd centuries A.D. The evolution can be guessed despite the weak documentation and the small number of digs carried out, rural sites seem to last until the 4th and 5th centuries A.D.
VI. CONCLUDING

As a conclusion, we can say that the terrestrial and submarine archaeological data that are available on the Mariana site now seem to be enough to suggest the presence of important moorings, and the early integration of the area in the tyrrhenian trade circuits [10]-[11]. Thus, Romans benefited from an existing and efficient organization. The

study of the pre roman wreckage in Mariana allowed to settle the chronology and to better measure the rhythm and the nature of commercial exchanges from the old and recent data about the research on mediterranean trade. More, the clues collected represent a contribution to current research linked to the littoral and river geomorphology of the Golu delta, and to the port infrastructures of the antique and medieval city of Mariana. However, we think that the small amount of collected information about the archaic age in Mariana doesn't reflect the historical and archaeological history of the place because this area, since very old times, has seemed to encourage human settlement. Archaeologists must now uncover the totality of these historical and archaeological treasures.
VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to warmly thank Genevieve Moracchini-Mazel and Stephane Orsini for the help and advice they granted us during the writing of this article. We also would like to thank the Ambrosi family for their welcome as well as for the information the members provided us regarding the discovery of the Sant'Anastasia ingot. VIII. REFERENCES
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