Grammar for Lessons 9-16

Lesson Nine -+ after roots (with final) , Examples: -+ after all other words Examples:

- cannot is used just like , being placed directly in front of the verb Note: , like , is placed between the noun and verbs Examples: . I cant speak Korean well. - and, -- but These are the verb suffix versions of and respectively. To conjugate, take the stem of the dictionary form and combine it with either of these two forms. Examples: Note: The doesnt act the same as other verb endings. Review page 180 for more info. - and then This follows the conjugation rules of the -and suffix just mentioned but by adding it places emphases on the sequence of events. Examples: . I eat lunch AND THEN I go to the library. or After I eat lunch, I go to the library. - with, by It is added to nouns to indicate that the noun is a tool or an instrument. Examples: . Dog . I go to school BY bus. Dog is in Korean. something Question words such as often express indefiniteness. Therefore, can mean both what and something. what/something who/someone when/sometime where/somewhere how/somehow Lesson Ten Verbs Mel Kang Citation Stem Conjugation Rule: /
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Verbs with , ,, Verbs with Verbs with Verbs ending in Verbs with complex vowels Verbs with

Form , ,

, ,

Verb Stem + Add nothing + Add + Add + Add + + becomes Add 1. Drop
2. Is receding vowel or add 3. Is other vowels? add

forms , ,

verbs Noun + copula ()

Change to 1. Consonant ending noun + 2. Verb ending noun +

- before doing - attaches to a verb stem to mean before VERB-ing Add - to the stem of the verb (without /!) Examples: . BEFORE eating lunch, I do my homework. - only, just - is a noun marker that means only. The marker is added to a noun to indicate NOUN and no other, or only NOUN Examples: . . Only I read Korean books. I read ONLY Korean books. - . - fromUntil (time)/up to (place) Examples: 3 4 From NY to Chicago From 3:00 until 4:00 Note: when - is used with a person, it often means up to, including (EVEN) that member Example: . Even will come. Lesson Eleven -/ so Verbs Citation Form -/ -/
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 Adjectives Noun+ ()

/ /

- Irregular verbs and adjectives Adjectives/ Citation Stem Verbs Form The preceding vowel is or Others

Conjugation Rule: Verb Stem +

Drop , add Drop , add

. -/ lets Example: Lets meet tomorrow. ? How is it? is an adjective and it means, to be how. It can only be used in a question asking for another persons opinion. Subject noun+ Particle (optional) + ? Example: ? How is the Korean teacher? , + , where, there +location particles Examples: ? (Where is the post office?) often deleted - to (a person) The marker means to and is used when its object (the receiver) is animate. Examples: . ( I ) Always give my money to my mom. / to like/to be good Important to note the difference between the verb and the adjective . When speaking for oneself only, it is possible to use both forms for expressing a liking for something. For example, (literarily- As for me, Kimchi is good.) and (I like kimchi.) both serve similar end results. However, it is very important to note that when using the object marker / needs to be used.

Mel Kang

Lesson Twelve - polite past tense To form past tense (perfective past tense) add after the / form of the verbs and adjectives. Examples: I DID all the homework. . I was there at that time.

Note: After a noun that ends in a vowel for the it is written as . Example: . That person used to be my friend.

-, -, -/ Connecting past tense phrases For connector - it is ok to keep the or drop it. For example, both and are correct. However, with the - ending the is required, not optional. For example, . As for -/ ending, - can ONLY be used in the sentence-final verbs/adjectives but not when connecting the sentence. Example: . - as many as This is used to highlight surprise as to the (large) number of things/happenings. Examples: . Simon ate ten candies! . I did homework for three hours! . ( counter for class)

Lesson Thirteen () simple future- am/are/is going to Note: The () pattern attaches to the stem of the dictionary form. Examples: . Im not going to have lunch today. . Im going to put lettuce in the salad. . Im going to clean the house later. Note: Verbs and adjectives that already end in are treated as special cases. The original drops out and is then treated like a normal vowel ending verb. For example, .

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- right? Isnt it?; of course, surely, I think you (should/probably) know is a sentence ending that indicates that the speaker presumes the listener has knowledge about what is being talked about. It can sometimes be thought of as the English isnt it? right? eh? Examples: ? We are frying eggs, too, right? ? You are busy these days eh? ? You will be going to school wont you? -/, -, -/~! /? Intimate blunt speech style Invitation-: . . Command- : ! ! Lets go home together Lets have lunch. Do your homework! (Come and) Eat!

Question- /: ? When are you coming home? ? Where were you yesterday? -() it is (intimate form) Examples: . This is my house. . I will come tomorrow. . That is my school.

-() if/when -() is a sentence connector meaning if or when (the first clause happens). Keep in mind that () implies that the situation is hypothetical. Examples: . If/when I dont drink coffee, I get sleepy. . When you go home, call me. ? If/when you have time, what do you do? . Note: + usually takes on the form of (). Example: . If its coffee, Ill drink some! -() or for nouns Examples: . My younger or older brother will do it. . Add chicken or pork. (or some other meat)

Lesson Fourteen
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-() polite command. Added to the verb stem to indicate a polite command. Examples: . Please sit here. . Please clean your room. Important note: drops out when conjugating with . So it would be for please play () - polite negative command Conjugated with the stem of the dictionary form Example: . Please dont make more rice. Note: comes from the verb (do not) so when conjugated with it shows up as . Example: . Dont go there, come here. -() selection marker This form indicates that the speaker has more than one choice and has decided on one thing. Example: . (Well then) Give me fruit, not squid. . For lunch, I went with pizza. -() / go/come in order to Examples: . . () because Examples: . Im busy today so lets meet tomorrow. Note: It is conjugated with the stem of the dictionary form. Also, it is followed by commands. Also, drops before . It can also be conjugated with present markers.for example: / . Come to my house to study on Sat. Im going out to meet my friend.

Mel Kang