TERM PAPER

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-2

MTH-102

TOPIC: Geometrically, the definite integral gives the area under the curve of the integrand. Explain the corresponding interpretation for a line integral.

Submitted to:Mrs. Gazal Deptt of mathematics

Submitted by:Manhar Param Jout Singh Roll no:RC4902B32 Reg.no: 10900912 Class:B.Tech-M.Tech(Dual Degree) M.E

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to present my votes of thanks to all those guidepost who really acted as lightening pillars to enlighten our way throughout this project that has led to successful and satisfactory completion of this study. We are really grateful to our HOD for providing us with an opportunity to undertake this project in this university and providing us with all the facilities. We are highly thankful to Mrs. Gazal for her active support, valuable time and advice, whole-hearted guidance, sincere cooperation and pains-taking involvement during the study and in completing the assignment of preparing the said project within the time stipulated. Lastly, We are thankful to all those, particularly the various friends , who have been instrumental in creating proper, healthy and conductive environment and including new and fresh innovative ideas for us during the project, their help, it would have been extremely difficult for us to prepare the project in a time bound framework.

Name Manhar Regd.No-10900912 Rollno.RC4902B32

Table of Content:-

1.Integral 2.Definite integral 3.Area as definite integral 4.Line Integral 5.Work 6.Application 7.References

Integral

Integration is an important concept in mathematics and, along with differentiation, is one of the two main operations in calculus. Given a function of a real variable x and an interval [a, b] of the real line, the definite integral is defined informally to be the net signed area of the region in the xy-plane bounded by the graph of , the x-axis, and the vertical lines x = a and x = b. It can be written as:

A definite integral of a function can be represented as the signed area of the region bounded by its graph.

The term integral may also refer to the notion of anti-derivative, a function F whose derivative is the given function . In this case it is called an indefinite integral, while the integrals discussed in this article are termed definite integrals. Some authors maintain a distinction between anti derivatives and indefinite integrals. The principles of integration were formulated independently by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz in the late 17th century. Through the fundamental theorem of calculus, which they independently developed, integration is connected with differentiation: if is a continuous real-valued function defined on a closed interval [a, b], then, once an anti-derivative F of is known, the definite integral of over that interval is given by

Integrals and derivatives became the basic tools of calculus, with numerous applications in science and engineering. A rigorous mathematical definition of the integral was given by Bernhard Riemann. It is based on a limiting procedure which approximates the area of a curvilinear region by breaking the region into thin vertical slabs. Beginning in the nineteenth century, more sophisticated notions of integrals began to appear, where the type of the function as well as the domain over which the integration is performed has been generalised. A line integral is defined for functions of two or three variables, and the interval of integration [a, b] is replaced by a certain curve connecting two points on the plane or in the space. In a surface integral, the curve is replaced by a piece of a surface in the three-dimensional space. Integrals of differential forms play a fundamental role in modern differential geometry. These generalizations of integral first arose from the needs of physics, and they play an important role in the formulation of many physical laws, notably those of electrodynamics. There are many modern concepts of integration, among these, the most common is based on the abstract mathematical theory known as Lebesgue integration, developed by Henri Lebesgue.

Definite Integral

A definite integral represents the area under a curve, but, it is much more useful for calculating irregular areas. Let f be a function which is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]. The definite integral of f from a to b is defined to be the limit

where

is a Riemann Sum of f on [a, b]. The Definite Integral has wide ranging applications in mathematics, the physical sciences and engineering. The theory and application of statistics, for example, depends heavily on the definite integral; through statistics, many traditionally nonmathematical disciplines have become heavily dependent on mathematical ideas. . Unlike the Indefinite Integral, which is a function, the Definite Integral is a numerical value. At first inspection, there seems to be no relation between these two mathematical objects, but as the theory unfolds, their relationship will be revealed. The Definite Integral, as already stated , has wide-ranging application; however the problem is the diverse backgrounds of students taking Calculus. Some may know a lot of physics, while others may have good knowledge of electrical circuits. In a Calculus course, no general background in the sciences is assumed, as a result, the applications that tend to be presented are of two types:

1. Geometric Applications: All students have a general back ground in geometry.

Drawing curves should be your forte. Consequently, many of the applications to the Definite Integral seen in traditional Calculus courses are geometric: Calculation of Area, Calculation of Volume, Calculation of Surface Area, and calculation of Arc Length.

These applications are good in the sense that they allow the student to see some useful applications, but more importantly, the students sees the process of constructing the application.

2. Physical Applications: There are some physical applications to the Definite

Integral usually seen in a course on Calculus. Because of the diverse backgrounds of students, these applications tend to be easily accessed by everyone: The physical notions of work, hydrostatic pressure, mass, and center of mass. The point I am trying to make is that there are many, many more uses of the Definite integral beyond what you will see in a standard Calculus course. Do not leave Calculus with the false impression of the range of application of the integral. The Definite Integral is different from the Indefinite Integral in that the former requires an elaborate construction. It is the construction process that is key to many applications. In subsequent sections you will see this construction process unfold in many ways.

Properties of definite integrals: -

1. 2. 4. 5.

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ) ( ) , ( )

0,if f(x) is an odd function

6.

( )

( )

( )

=0, if f(2a-x)=-f(x)

AREA AS DEFINITE INTEGRAL

1. Let f (x) be a continuous function in (a, b). Then the area bounded by the curve y = f (x),x axis and lines x = a and x = b is given by the formula A = | provided f (x) > 0 (or f(x) < 0) x (a , b) It is sometimes convenient to use formula for area with respect to y i.e. regarding x as a function of y. The area between x = f(y), y axis and the lines y = c and y = d is given by A= ( ) |,

( )

2. If we have two functions f(x) and g(x) such that f(x) <g(x) x [a, b], then the area bounded by the curves y = f(x), y = g(x) and lines x = a,x = b (a < b) is given by

A= [ ( )

( )]

GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL:

If f(x) > 0 for all x [a, b]; then

( ) is numerically equal to the area bounded by the ( ).

curve y = f(x), then x-axis and the straight lines x = a and x = b i.e.

In general ( ) represents to algebraic sum of the figures bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x-axis and the straight line x = a and x = b. The areas above x-axis are taken place plus sign and the areas below x-axis are taken with minus sign i.e.
( )

area OLA area AQM area MRB + area BSCD

Note: ( ) , represents algebraic sum of areas means, that if area of function y = f(x)

Area bounded between a to b. = Area bounded = ba |f(x) |dx and it is not represented by ba f(x) dx

e.g., If the area of y = x3 ,between -1 to 1.

Then y = x3 could be plotted as; Area = 01 x3 dx + 10 x3 dx = Or, using above definition Area = 11 |x3| dx = 2 10 x3 dx = 2 [x4 / 4]10 = 1/2 But if, we integrate x3 between -1 to 1. => 10 x3 dx = 0 which does not represent area.

Thus, we must able to make difference between area and definite Integral.

Line Integrals

A line integral can be defined as taking sum of elements along a curve together. The concept of an integral can be extended to more general domains of integration, such as curved lines and surfaces. Such integrals are known as line integrals and surface integrals respectively. These have important applications in physics, as when dealing with vector fields. A line integral is an integral where the function to be integrated is evaluated along a curve. Various different line integrals are in use. In the case of a closed curve it is also called a circulation integral .It can be written as We break a geometrical figure into tiny pieces, multiply the size of the piece by the function value on that piece and add up all the products. For one variable integration the geometrical figure is a line segment, for double integration the figure is a region, and for triple integration the figure is a solid.We will always, take a limit as the length of the line segments. This new quantity is called the line integral and can be defined in two, three, or higher dimensions.

The function to be integrated may be a scalar field or a vector field. The value of the line integral is the sum of values of the field at all points on the curve, weighted by some scalar function on the curve. This weighting distinguishes the line integral from simpler integrals defined on intervals. Many simple formulas in physics have natural continuous analogs in terms of line integrals; for example, the fact that work is equal to force, F, multiplied by displacement, s, may be expressed (in terms of vector quantities) as:

For an object moving along a path in a vector field such as an electric field or gravitational field, the total work done by the field on the object is obtained by summing up the differential work done in moving from to . This gives the line integral

Example:Q. Find the line integral i.e. F.dR if F=3xyI-y2J, where C is the curve in x-y plane y=2x2 from(0,0) to (1,2) SOL:-Since the particle moves in the x-y plane (z=0), we take R= xI+yJ. Then Where C is the parabola y=2x2

(3xyi-y2j).(dxi+dyj)=(3xydx-y2dy)
Substituting y= 2x2,where x goes from 0 to 1,so the above equation becomes (3x(2x2)dx-(2x2)2) = (6x3-16x5)dx = -7/6.

Work
The main application of line integrals is finding the work done on an object in a force field. If an object is moving along a curve through a force field F, then we can calculate the total work done by the force field by cutting the curve Now recall that up into tiny pieces. If F represents the force acting Work done = Example:Q. Find the work done in moving the particle in the force field F F(x,y,z) = 3x2i + (2xz-y)j + zk. Along a straight line from(0,0,0) to (2,1,3) Solution:The Work done in moving the particle = r = xi+yj+zk dr = dxi+dyj+dzk c=3x2dx+(2xz-y) dy +zdz Equation of line = Let = = =t = =

x=2t,y=t,z=3t dx=2dt,y=t,z=3t x=2t,0<x<2 when x=2, then t=o x=2,t=1

=10

2 [3(2t) (2dt)+2(2t)(3t)-t(dt)=3t(3)dt]

= [24(t3/3)=4(t3/3)-t2/2=9(t2/2)]10 =8+4-1/2+9/2 =16. (Ans)

Applications
The line integral has many uses in physics. For example, the work done on a particle traveling on a curve C inside a force field represented as a vector field F is the line integral of F on C.

Complex line integral:

The line integral is a fundamental tool in complex analysis. Suppose U is an open subset of C, : [a, b] U is a rectifiable curve and f : U C is a function. Then the line integral

May be defined by subdividing the interval [a, b] into a = t0 < t1 < ... < tn = b and considering the expression

The integral is then the limit of this sum, as the lengths of the subdivision intervals approach zero. If is a continuously differentiable curve, the line integral can be evaluated as an integral of a function of a real variable:

When is a closed curve, that is, its initial and final points coincide, the notation

Is often used for the line integral of f along . The line integrals of complex functions can be evaluated using a number of techniques: the integral may be split into real and imaginary parts reducing the problem to that of evaluating two real-valued line integrals, the Cauchy integral formula may be used in other circumstances. If the line integral is a closed curve in a region where the function is analytic and containing no singularities, then the value of the integral is simply zero, this is a consequence of the Cauchy integral theorem. Because of the residue theorem, one can often use contour integrals in the complex plane to find integrals of real-valued functions of a real variable.

Example Consider the function f(z)=1/z, and let the contour C be the unit circle about 0, which can be parameterized by eit, with t in [0, 2]. Substituting, we find

where we use the fact that any complex number z can be written as reit where r is the modulus of z. On the unit circle this is fixed to 1, so the only variable left is the angle, which is denoted by t. This answer can be also verified by the Cauchy integral formula.

Relation between the line integral of a vector field and the complex line integral Viewing complex numbers as 2-dimensional vectors, the line integral of a 2-dimensional vector field corresponds to the real part of the line integral of the conjugate of the corresponding complex function of a complex variable. More specifically, if and f(z) = u(z) + iv(z), then:

Provided that both integrals on the right hand side exist, and that the parametrization z(t) of C has the same orientation as .

Due to the Cauchy-Riemann equations the curl of the vector field corresponding to the conjugate of a holomorphic function is zero. This relates through Stokes' theorem both types of line integral being zero. Also, the line integral can be evaluated using the change of variables.

REFERENCES
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/definite_integral/ 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/line_integral/ 3. http://www.teacherschoice.com.au/maths_library/calculus/area_under_a_curve.htm 4. http://www.intmath.com/Integration/3_Area-under-curve.php 5. http://www.ltcconline.net/greenl/courses/202/vectorIntegration/lineIntegrals.htm