Physiology and Anatomy Lecture |1

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
OVERVIEW OF MUSCULAR TISSUE
I. TYPES OF MUSCULAR TISSUE A. Skeletal Muscle Tissue attached to bones; move parts of the skeleton striated voluntary has limited capacity for regeneration multinucleated, at the periphery B. Cardiac Muscle Tissue forms the bulk of the heart wall striated voluntary can regenerate under certain conditions fibers are branched single, centrally located nucleus C. Smooth Muscle Tissue located in the walls of hollow internal structures participates in internal processes nonstriated involuntary oval, centrally located nucleus II. FUNCTIONS OF MUSCULAR TISSUE A. Producing body movements B. Stabilizing body positions C. Storing and moving substances within the body D. Producing heat A. Subcutaneous layer/Hypodermis composed of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue provides pathway for nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels to enter and exit the muscles adipose tissue serves as an insulator, protects muscle from physical trauma B. Fascia dense sheet or broad band of dense irregular connective tissue lines the body wall and limbs supports and surrounds muscles and other organs of the body allows free movements carries nerves, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels supports and surrounds muscles and other organs of the body fills empty spaces three layers: 1. epimysium wraps the entire muscle 2. perimysium surrounds bundles of muscle fibers called fascicles 3. endomysium wraps individual muscle fibers These three extend beyond the muscle as a tendon which is a cord of dense regular connective tissue composed of parallel bundles of collagen and functions as an attachment between muscles and bones II. NERVE AND BLOOD SUPPLY

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

I. CONNECTIVE TISSUE COMPONENTS Connective tissue surrounds and protects muscle fibers.

Contraction chief characteristic of muscles requires ATP an artery and one or two veins accompany each nerve that penetrates skeletal muscle

By: JMJS th This review outline is based on Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 8 Edition (White Book), Gerard Tortora and Bryan Derrickson

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III. HISTOLOGY A. Muscle Fibers elongated, cylindrical cells arranged parallel to one another components 1. sarcolemma plasma membrane 2. transverse tubules tunnel in from the surface toward the center of each muscle fiber 3. sarcoplasm cytoplasm contains several mitochondria 4. sarcoplasmic reticulum network of fluid filled membraneenclosed tubules which store Ca2+ ions 5. myoglobin reddish pigment stores oxygen B. Myofibrils cylindrical structures extending along the entire length of muscle fiber components: 1. sarcomeres compartments formed by overlapping of thin and thick filaments basic functional units of striated muscle fibers 2. Z discs zigzagging zones of dense protein material which separate sarcomeres from one another 3. A band darker area within a sarcomere extends through the entire length of thick filaments at both ends, both thick and thin filaments overlap

4. H zone center of each A band contains only thick filaments 5. I band lighter area at either side of A band contains the rest of thin filaments extends into two sarcomeres divided by a Z disc C. Myosin (thick filaments) shaped like two golf clubs twisted together have tails and heads D. Actin (thin filaments) anchored to Z discs contain two other proteins: 1. tropomyosin cover myosin-binding sites on actin 2. troponin holds tropomyosin in place lets go of tropomyosin as it changes shape when it binds to calcium ions Actin filaments join together to form actin molecules which contain myosinbinding sites where myosin heads attach

CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

I. NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION A. Muscle Action Potential electrical signal that stimulates skeletal muscle contraction B. Motor Neuron delivers muscle action potential

By: JMJS th This review outline is based on Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 8 Edition (White Book), Gerard Tortora and Bryan Derrickson

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C. Motor Unit combination of a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates
axon
branches into

3. Generation of muscle action potential generated by inflow of sodium ions travels along sarcolemma and through T tubules 4. Breakdown of Ach acetylcholinesterase breaks down neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft II. SLIDING-FILAMENT MECHANISM occurs when level of calcium ions is high enough and ATP is available
myosin heads of the thick filament pull on thin filaments

axon terminals
whose ends enlarge into swellings called

synaptic end bulbs

which contain

synaptic vesicles
filled with

neurotransmitters

thin filaments slide toward the center of sarcomere

D. Motor End Plate region of the sarcolemma near the axon terminal E. Synaptic Cleft space between the axon terminal and sarcolemma F. Neuromuscular Junction synapse formed between the axon terminals of a motor neuron and motor end plate of a muscle fiber In the neuromuscular junction, motor neuron excites a muscle fiber in the following way 1. Release of acetylcholine (ACh) triggered by nerve impulse at synaptic end bulbs diffuses across synaptic cleft between motor neuron and motor end plate 2. Activation of ACh receptors - opens ion channels

I bands and H zones become narrower, eventually disappear

III. PHYSIOLOGY OF CONTRACTION calcium ions and ATP are needed in muscle contraction there is low level of calcium ions in the sarcoplasm when the muscle is relaxed

By: JMJS th This review outline is based on Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 8 Edition (White Book), Gerard Tortora and Bryan Derrickson

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When action potentials travel through sarcolemma, Ca2+ release channels open

during a maximal contraction, the sarcomere can shorten by as much as half its resting length.

Ca2+ binds to troponin

IV. RELAXATION two changes/conditions that permit relaxation: 1. ACh is rapidly broken down by AChE Generation of muscle action potential stops and calcium ion channels close

Troponin changes shape

Tropomyosin moves away; myosinbinding site exposed

2. Calcium ions are rapidly transported from sarcoplasm into the sarcoplasmic reticulum Low level of calcium in the sarcoplasm makes tropomyosin cover the myosinbinding sites on actin, then thin filaments slide back to their relaxed position. IV. Muscle Tone few motor units are involuntary activated to produce a sustained contraction even when a muscle is not contracting. when motor neurons are damaged or cut, muscles become flaccid (limpness and loss of tone)

*ATP splits. Myosin head has ATPase which breaks down ATP into ADP and P. Splitting reaction transfers energy to myosin heads while ADP and P (phosphate) remain attached.

*Crossbridges form. Energized myosin heads attach to myosinbinding sites (once attached, myosin heads are called crossbridges) and release P.

METABOLISM OF SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

I. ENERGY FOR CONTRACTION A. Creatinine Phosphate made from excess ATP one P group of ATP is transferred to creatinine result: ADP and creatinine phosphate sustains contraction for 15 seconds creatinine small, amino-acid like molecule synthesized in the liver, kidneys

*Power stroke. Crossbridges rotate/swivel and releases ADP. Force created by swiveling/rotating slides the thin filament past thick filament toward the center of the sarcomere

*Binding ATP and detaching. Another ATP binds the myosin heads detach from the actin
* Part of the contraction cycle

By: JMJS th This review outline is based on Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 8 Edition (White Book), Gerard Tortora and Bryan Derrickson

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and pancreas; derived from certain foods B. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid when oxygen level is low where does pyruvic acid come from? glycolysis - series of cytosolic reactions that produce 2 ATPs by breaking down a glucose to pyruvic acid sustains 30-40 seconds of muscle contraction C. Aerobic Cellular Respiration series of oxygen-requiring reactions that produce ATP in the mitochondria two sources of oxygen: 1. blood 2. myoglobin yields 36 molecules of ATP sustains 10 minute-activities II. MUSCLE FATIGUE inability of a muscle to contract after prolonged activity possible causes 1. lowered release of Ca2+ 2. depletion in creatinine phosphate 3. insufficient oxygen 4. depletion of glycogen 5. buildup of lactic acid and ADP 6. failure of nerve impulses in motor neurons to release enough Ach III. OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AFTER EXERCISE A. Oxygen Debt added oxygen, over and above oxygen consumed at rest, that is taken into the body after exercise used to pay back or restore metabolic conditions to the resting levels by/through: 1. converting lactic acid back to glycogen 2. resynthesizing creatinine phosphate and ATP

3. replacing oxygen removed from myoglobin B. Recovery Oxygen Uptake better term than oxygen debt for the elevated use of oxygen after exercise

CONTROL OF MUSCLE TENSION

single muscle fiber frequency of stimulation whole muscle number of muscles contracting in unison

I. TWITCH CONTRACTION brief contraction of all the muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential in its motor neuron myogram recording of a muscle contraction latent period period between the application of stimulus and start of contraction contraction period occurrence of repetitive power strokes generation of force or tension of reaction relaxation period power stroke ceases because calcium level in the sarcoplasm decreases II. FREQUENCY OF STIMULATION If a second stimulus arrives before a muscle fiber has completely relaxed, the second contraction will be stronger than the first because the second contraction begins when the fiber is at a higher level of tension.

By: JMJS th This review outline is based on Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 8 Edition (White Book), Gerard Tortora and Bryan Derrickson

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Wave Summation a phenomenon wherein stimuli arrive after one another before a muscle fiber could completely relax Unfused Tetanus stimulation is 20-30 times per second muscle could only relax a little between stimulation results in sustained by wavering contraction Fused Tetanus stimulation is 80-100 times per second muscle could not relax between stimulation results in sustained contraction in which individual twitches cannot be detected III. MOTOR UNIT RECRUITMENT It is the process in which the number of contracting motor units is increased A factor producing smooth movements rather than a series of jerky movements IV. TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS A. Slow Oxidative (SO) Fibers red fibers small in diameter appear dark red because of myoglobin contain many large mitochondria generate ATP by means of aerobic cellular respiration resistant to fatigue and are capable of prolonged, sustained contractions B. Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic (FOG) Fibers intermediate in diameter among the three also appears dark red because of myoglobin generate ATP by means of both aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic

glycolysis (because of their high glycogen content) C. Fast Glycolytic (FG) Fibers white fibers largest in diameter contain the most myofibrils low myoglobin content and few mitochondria contain large amounts of glycogen and generate ATP by anaerobic glycolysis used for intense movements but fatigue quickly Even though most skeletal muscles are a mixture of all three types of skeletal muscle fibers, the skeletal muscle fibers of any given motor unit are all of the same type.

EXERCISE AND SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

Those with a lot of FG fibers excel in activities that require periods of intense activity e.g. weightlifting and sprinting Those with a lot of SO fibers excel in activities that require endurance e.g. long-distance running Endurance type of exercises cause some FG fibers to transform into FOG fibers

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

Cardiac Muscles interconnected with each other by irregular transverse thickenings of the sarcolemma called intercalated discs has endomysium, perimysium but lacks epimyseum require constant supply of oxygen and nutrients

By: JMJS th This review outline is based on Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 8 Edition (White Book), Gerard Tortora and Bryan Derrickson

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larger and more mitochondria employs aerobic cellular respiration

AGING AND MUSCULAR TISSUE

Relative number of SO fibers increase Selective loss of some fibers occur

Intercalated Discs hold fibers together and contain gap junctions which allow action potentials to spread faster Autorhythmicity built-in/intrinsic rhythm of the heart contractions

HOW SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS PRODUCE MOVEMENT

Skeletal Muscle organ composed of several types of tissues ATTACHMENTS 1. Origin attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone 2. Insertion attachment to movable bone GROUP ACTIONS 1. Prime Mover muscle that causes a desired action 2. Antagonist relaxes while prime mover contracts 3. Synergists help prime mover to function more efficiently by reducing unnecessary movement 4. Fixators stabilizes the origin of the prime mover

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE

contain intermediate filaments aside from thin and thick filaments contraction starts more slowly and lasts longer most contract in response to nerve impulses from autonomic nervous system

Dense Bodies structures to which thin filaments attach Two kinds of Smooth Muscle Tissue 1. Visceral single unit found in sheets that wrap around to form part of the walls of small arteries, veins and hollow visceral organs fibers are tightly bound together in a continuous network 2. Multiunit consists of individual fibers, each with its own motor nerve endings found in the walls of large arteries, large airways, arrector pili muscles and internal eye muscles Smooth Muscle Tone created by the prolonged presence of calcium ions in the cytosol

By: JMJS th This review outline is based on Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 8 Edition (White Book), Gerard Tortora and Bryan Derrickson

Physiology and Anatomy Lecture |8

By: JMJS th This review outline is based on Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 8 Edition (White Book), Gerard Tortora and Bryan Derrickson