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Mereology
Linearization
GLM
Conclusion
NLG
Mereology
Linearization
GLM
Conclusion
Outline
NLG
Mereology
Linearization
GLM
Conclusion
Outline
NLG
Mereology
Linearization
GLM
Conclusion
Outline
NLG
Mereology
Linearization
GLM
Conclusion
Outline
NLG
Mereology
Linearization
GLM
Conclusion
Outline
NLG
Mereology
Linearization
GLM
Conclusion
NLG Pipeline
NLG
Mereology
Linearization
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Conclusion
NLG Pipeline
NLG
Mereology
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Output Realization
NLG
Mereology
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What?
One Goal
exible output realization
getting the word sequence which ts best the communicative situation in a given context Two subtasks
providing exibility (General Linearization Model) controlling exibility (partly done)
One Constraint
language-independency
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Mereology
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Conclusion
Why?
Simply, because...
the need for such a framework is increasing rapidly there is no such a exible framework or system yet
is hard to control
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How?
as possible!
Describe it for the purpose of linearization! Dont explain it, model it!
Comparable to developing plastics that self-clean using principles derived from study of the Lotus-leaf
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Tmesis
whatsoever place what place soever absolutely abso-bloody-lutely
Thinking aloud Fan-f***ing-tastic!
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What is common to all these items? All these items are parts of the utterance!
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Mereology Partonomy
Thinking aloud What is the difference between mereology and parsing? What is the difference between a part and a constituent?
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Phrases [. . . ] headship was dened as a relation between parts and wholes; and the wholes were, in particular, PHRASES .
P.H. Matthews, Syntactic Relations: A critical survey, Cambridge University Press, 2007, p. 110
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Overlapping constituents Actual partonomic structures in syntax often deviate from [. . . ] these desiderata of simplicity. Here follow some examples of complex partonomies. [. . . ] PARTS ARE NON - UNIQUELY ASSIGNED TO WHOLES . Example: I expect him to leave town.
Edith A. Moravcsik, Partonomic structures in syntax, In New Directions in Cognitive Linguistics, John Benjamins Publishing Company, to appear
NLG
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Abstraction Level
Too low an abstraction level
speech errors, metathesis, tmesis, etc.
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1. Step
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Entities
A Linear Order Part (LOP) is a language item which is (phonologically) realized as a contiguous part of an utterance. Complexity
simple (atomic, elementary, primitive, input) items complex items
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Contiguity
Consequences of imposing contiguity any contiguous part of an utterance is a LOP discontiguous parts do not form a LOP
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Relations
Let 1 and 2 be two different LOPs: Part-Of relation 1 2 iff 1 is proper part of 2 . PO-relation is reexive, anti-symmetric, and transitive. 1 3 :
3 [1 [the
book on the]1
2 [table]2 ]3
Linear Order relation 1 2 iff the occurence of 1 precedes the occurence of 2 in the utterance. LO-relation is irreexive, asymetric, and transitive. 1 2 :
3 [1 [the
book on the]1
2 [table]2 ]3
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Property of Relations
Part-Of relation and Linear Order relation are mutually exclusive. Two different LOPs can either PO-relate or LO-relate. Let 1 and 2 be different LOPs:
if 1 if 1
2 then 1 2 then 1
2 and 2 2 and 2
1 1
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Mutual Exclusivity
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Property of Entities
Two different LOPs can not proper-overlap. Let 1 , 2 , and 3 be different LPUs, and 2 then either 1 3 or 3 1 1 and 2 3 :
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Non-proper-overlapping
Consequences of imposing non-proper-overlapping parts (simpler LOPs) are uniquely assigned to wholes (more complex LOPs)
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linearization in NLG!
From analysis/description to generation/prescription
exclude possible, yet undocumented data
useless
exclude ungrammatical data
uninteresting
Consider only grammatically well-formed utterances and their linguistically interesting partitions!
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Linearization
linearization in NLG!
Main issues
linearization primitives temporal order of the different levels of abstraction forming complex items linearizing elementary and complex items
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Primitives
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LO-relation
Binary relation absolutely relative positions: preceding vs. subsequent ...... Special cases
relatively absolut positions:
......
......
.........
.........
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Intermezzo
Why not relatively absolut positions for all parts? too high an abstraction level danger of linearizing emptyness Example:
Topological Field Model in German
Vorfeld Linke Klammer Mittelfeld Rechte Klammer Nachfeld
du Mozart oder Bach Mozart! Mozart. Mozart? Du Mozart ein Stck, du von Mozart
spielen?
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Polish
Polish markers for person and number in past (so-called oating afxes) (1) Nie widzielismy tego. [We didnt see this.] not see-pst-m-pl-1pl this (2) Tegosmy nie widzieli. this-1pl not see-pst-m-pl (3) Mysmy tego nie widzieli. we-1pl this not see-pst-m-pl
Thanks to Magdalena Wolska for this example! Thinking aloud Floating afxes, such a great misnomer!
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Romanian
Romanian weak pronouns (4) S l facei! a t that it do-conj-pl (5) S -l facei! a t that it do-conj-pl (6) Facei-l! t do-imp-pl it [Do it!]
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German
Separable particle verbs in German (7) Sie will das Fenster aufmachen. she wants the window open make [She wants to open the window.] (8) Sie macht das Fenster auf. she makes the window open [She opens the window.]
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English
Phrasal verbs (9) They call up John. (10) They call John up.
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Counterexample
German sufx (11) Sie sollte kochen. [She should cook.] (12) *Sie kochente. irrelevant for linearization treatable in the inection component
Thanks to Trond Trosterud for this example!
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Linearization test
In search of the suited granularity . . . Given two items and at morpho-syntactic level in a specic language: if the language allows for both and then these items are linearization primitives.
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Help wanted!
The autor of this presentation is scared of the simplicity of the linearization test. Therefore, he kindly asks you to send him any kind of weird examples in any language to rene or refute it.
Thanks in advance!
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Temporal Order
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Temporal Order
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Temporal Order
Fuzzy Temporal Order
syntax and morphology are synchronous1 (e.g.,
Morphology (?))
syntax and morphology are alternating2 (e.g., ???) morphology is distributed among syntax, semantics and
Thanks to William Croft for pointing out this category to me! Thanks to Edith A. Moravcsik for pointing out this possible category to me!
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Romanian
Romanian this-NP (13) acest om this man (14) *acesta omul this-def man-def (15) *acesta om this-def man (16) *acest omul this man-def
Thinking aloud Thanks to Ciprian-Virgil Gerstenberger for this example! :-)
(17) omul acesta man-def this-def (18) *om acest man this (19) *omul acest man-def this (20) *om acesta man this-def
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Solution
LFG or HPSG?
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Complex Items
German NP (21) Das Buch ist schn. the book is nice The book is nice. (22) Schn ist das Buch. nice is the book The book is nice. (23) Ist das Buch schn? is the book nice Is the book nice?
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Complex items
Hypothetical language (24) SUBJ ADVtemp VERB ADVcaus DOBJ. (25) VERB SUBJ ADVtemp ADVcaus DOBJ. (26) VERB ADVcaus SUBJ ADVtemp DOBJ. (27) VERB ADVcaus DOBJ SUBJ ADVtemp .
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Controling Flexibility
Total Permutation Constraint (TPC) If two or more linearization primitives permute always as a unit they form a complex Linear Order Part. Observations
independent of them forming a constituent in traditional
sense
contiguity constraint applied to complex units
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Complex items
(28) Peter hat gestern ein Buch, das schn ist, gekauft. Peter has yesterday a book that nice is bought Yesterday, Peter bought a nice book.
Vorfeld Linke Klammer Mittelfeld Rechte Klammer Nachfeld
gestern ein Buch, das schn ist, ein Buch, das schn ist, gestern ein Buch gestern, das schn ist, gestern ein Buch ein Buch gestern
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Controling Flexibility
Partial Permutation Constraint (TPC) If two or more linearization primitives permute sometimes as a unit they form a complex Linear Order Part in the given contexts.
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Ingredients
entities: Symbolic Linear Order Parts (SLOPs)
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Input
dependency tree nodes are elementary SLOPs + any piece of information
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ID/LP Mapping
Task map Immediate Dominance (ID) structures (SLOPs!) into their grammatical Linear Precedence pendants (i.e., all possible grammatical output sequences)
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Forming SLOPs
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Forming SLOPs
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Forming SLOPs
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Forming SLOPs
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Forming SLOPs
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Forming SLOPs
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Horizontal LO-rules
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Vertical LO-rules
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Diagonal LO-rules
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Conclusion
development of a linearization module for NLG mereological description of natural language utterances exible wrt. linearization phenomena language-independent exibility (Allow all!)
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Thank you!
lichtung manche meinen lechts und rinks kann man nicht velwechsern werch ein illtum! Elnst Jandr (19252000)