Sanskrit Ref Manual

SANSKRIT REFERENCE MANUAL
WITH TRANSLITERATION
THE SANSKRIT BLACK BOOK
A Handy Sanskrit Grammar Guide

plus a Vast Reference Book
Ratnakar Narale
1
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SANSKRIT HINDI RESEARCH INSTITUTE
INDEX
anukraman<ika@ AnaumaiNaka_
INTRODUCTION
paRitaP#apanama`
xii
The anus>tu> bh metre
AnauP@uBa`-Cnd:
xvii
varn>ama@la@ vaNa|maaLaa
CHAPTER 1
The Sanskrit Alphabet
CHAPTER 2
Euphonic Combination sandhih< sainZa:
28
CHAPTER 3
The Sanskrit Numerals san[khya@h< sa>Syaa:
41
CHAPTER 4
The Tenses and Moods of the Verbs laka@ra@h< Lakara:
50
CHAPTER 5
The Six Tenses
68
1. The Present tense : lat> laka@rah< La@` Lakar:
68
2. The (past) Imperfect tense : lan[ laka@rah< LaG` Lakar:
68
3. The (past) Perfect tense : lit> laka@rah< iLa@` Lakar:
70
4. The Aorist (indefinite) tense :
CHAPTER 6
lun[ laka@rah< LauG` Lakar:
71
5. Indefinite Future tense : lr<t> laka@rah< La\@` Lakar:
72
6. The Definite Future tense : lut> laka@raah< Lau@` Lakar:
73
Flowchart for - Which tense to use?
74
Forms of the Verbs
75
1. Parasmaipad& and tmanepad&
75
2. The Desiderative sannantam santama`
76
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CHAPTER 7
3. The Frequentative yan[anta-yan[lugantam yaGnta-yaG`Laugantama`
77
4. The Causative nijayantm iNajantama`
79
The Eleven Classes of Verbs gan<a@h< gaNaa:
80
1. The First Class bhva@dih< gan<ah< Bvaaid: gaNa:
83
2. The Second Class ada@dih< gan<ah< Adaid: gaNa:
89
3. The Third Class juhotya@dih< jauhaetyaaid: gaNa:
94
4. The Fourth Class diva@di gan<ah< idvaaid: gaNa:
98
5. The Fifth Class sva@dih< gan<ah< svaaid: gaNa:
102
6. The Sixth Class tuda@dih< gan<ah< taudaid: gaNa:
105
7. The Seventh Class rudha@dih< gan<ah< wZaaid: gaNa:
110
8. The Eightth Class tana@dih< gan<ah< tanaaid: gaNa:
113
9. The Nineth Class krya@dih< gan<ah yaaid: gaNa:
120
10. The Tenth Class c{ura@dih< gan<ah cauraid: gaNa:
123
11. The Eleventh Class kan<d<va@dih< gan<ah kNDaid: gaNa:
127
CHAPTER 8
The Cases vibhaktayah< ivaBaFya:
131
CHAPTER 9
The Voices prayoga@h< : paRyaaegaa:
144
CHAPTER 10 The Four Moods artha@h< AYaa|:
151
1. The Imperative Mood lot> laka@raah< Laae@` Lakar:
151
2. The Potential Mood vidhi-lin[ ivaiZaiLaG`
152
3. Precative or Benedictive Mood a@s{&rlin[ AaoaIiLa|G`
152
4. The Conditional Mood lr>n[-laka@raah< La\G` Lakar:
153
CHAPTER 11 The Participles kr<danta@ni dntaaina
154
1. Past Passive Participle (ppp\) kta F
154
2. Past Active Participle (Past-AP) ktavatu Fvatau
155
3. Present Active Participles s{atr<-s{a@nac{ oata\-oaanaca`
156
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4. tmanepad& Present Passive Participles (PPP) s{a@nac{ oaanaca`
159
5. Potential Participles (pp\) vidyarthi ivaZyaiYa|
160
6. Potential Participles tavyat tavyata`, an&yar AnaIyar` and tavya tavya
161
7. Indeclinable Past Participle ktva@ ktva@ Ktvaa suffix
162
8. Indeclinable Past Participle lyp Lyapa`
163
9. The Infinitive tumun taumauna`
163
10. Creating Existence of a Non-existent : c{vi icva
167
11. Sati -saptami
168
saita-saptamaI
CHAPTER 12 Adverbs kriya@vis{es<an<a@ni iyaaivaoaePaNaaina
169
Dictionary of Adverbs kriya@vis{es<an<a-kos{ah< iyaaivaoaePaNakaeoa:
171
CHAPTER 13 The Prepositions aupasargika-s{abda@h< AaEpasaiga|koabda:
178
CHAPTER 14 Compound Words sa@ma@sa@h< samaasaa:
181
CHAPTER 15 Conversations va@rta@la@pa@h< vaataa|Laapaa:
188
CHAPTER 16
Analysis vis{les<an<am ivaoLaePaNama` Patan~jalyogah< paatajaLayaaegadoa|nama`
CHAPTER 17 General Knowledge sa@ma@nya-jn~a@nam saamaanyaXaanama`

CHAPTER 18 Words with Affixes
196
215
223
CHAPTER 19
The Charts of Conjugations, the root |bhu@ |BaU
233
CHAPTER 20
Charts of Cases
252
CHAPTER 21
The dictionary of the 2000 Sanskrit verbs
Zaataupaa#:
291
CHAPTER 22
Tenses and Moods of 80 Common verbs
itaGntapaRkrNama`
380
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Pronounciation of Sanskrit Characters
(1) Guttural
kN#
(kan<t<hya)
= with throat
(2) Palatal
taaLavya
(ta@lavya)
= with palate
(3) Cerebral
maUZa|nya
(mu@rdhanya) = with cerebrum
(4) Dental
dntya
(dantya)
= with teeth
(5) Labial
AaeP#
(os<t>hya)
= with lips
(6) Nasal
Anaunaaisak
(anuna@sik)
= with nose
(1) THE VOWELS :

Vowel
Stands for
Sounds like
As in
Pronunciation
(A)
American
Guttural
a@
(Aa)
car
Guttural
(})
India
Palatal
&
(}|)
ee
peel
Palatal
(q)
pull
Labial
u@
(Q)
oo
pool
Labial
r<
(/)
ri, ru
ring, crucial
Cerebral
r<{
()
r&, ru@
Cerebral
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THE SOUND-FORMULAS FROM SHIVA
ma@hes{vara@n<i su@tra@n<i maaheovaraiNa saU%aaiNa_

Following 14 character strings, in the form of sounds chords,
were first produced by Lord S}iva from his damru drum :
1. A}qNa` 2. /La\k 3. ]AaeG` 4. ]eAaEca` 5. hyavar@` 6. LaNa`

7. amaGNanama` 8. JaBaja` 9. za$ZaPa` 10. jabagaDdoa` 11.
SafC#Yaca@tava` 12. kpaya` 13, oaPasar` 14. hLa`_ The last
character of each equation string is always a consonant.
These characters are grouped into several strings (paRtyaahara:) according to their assigned
attributes (saaGitaknaamaaina). eg\ ANa` paRtyaahar: means the characters A, }, q of the first saU%ama`
A}qNa`, i.e. all characters except the last character of that su@tra.
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paRtyaahara:_
1. Ak - A } q / La\ (the vowels a, i, u, r<, lr<)
2. Aca` - svara: all the vowels (A - AaE)
3. A@` - svara: (A - AaE) + ya, r, va h_ all vowels + consonants y, r, v, h
4. ANa` - svara: + ya, r La va h_
all vowels + semi-vowels y, r, l, v + the aspirate h
5. ALa` - vaNaa|: all characters (A - h`)

6. Aoa` - all vowels and soft consonants (A-AaE, ga`-G`, ja`-a`, D`-Na`, d`-na`, ba`-ma`, ya`-va`, h`)
7. ]G` - vewels e and o (], Aae)
8. ]ca` - vewels e, ai, o, au (], ]e, Aae, AaE)
9. ]eca` - vewels ai and au (]e, AaE)
10. Sar`
- hard consonants (k` Sa` ca` C` @` #` ta` Ya` pa` f` oa` Pa` sa`)
11 jaoa` - the third consonant from each class : g, j, d<, d, b (ga`, ja`, D`, d`, ba`)
12. Jaja` - the consonants jh, and bh (Ja`, Ba`)
13. Jar` - sibilants + class consonants - nasals (k-za`, ca`-Ja`, @`-$`, ta`-Za` pa`-Ba` + oa`, Pa`, sa`)
14. JaLa` - consonants other than semi-vowels and nasals k`-za`, ca`-Ja`, @`-$`, ta`-Za`- pa`-Ba`, ya`-h`
15. Jaoa` - the third and fourth class consonants (ga`, za`, ja`, Ja`, D`, $`, d`, Za`, ba`, Ba`)
16. JaPa` - the fourth consonant from each calss gh, jh, d<h, dh, bh` (za, Ja, $, Za, Ba)
17. yaNa`
- AntasYavaNaa|: (ya` r` La` va` consonants y r l and v)
18. yaya`
- all consonants other than s{ s< s h (oa` Pa` sa` h` = qPmaaxaraiNa)
19. yar`
- all consonants other than h h` (k` - sa`)
20. oaLa` - the u@sm

< a consonants s{, s<, s, and h (oa, Pa, sa, h = QPmana` QPma, QPmaaiNa)
21. hLa`
- vyajanaaina (all consonants k` - h`)
22. hoa`
- ma\dvu yajanaaina (soft consonants ga`-G`, ja`-a`, D`-Na`, d`-na`, ba`-ma`, ya`-va`, h`)
}tyaadya: paRtyaahara:_
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CHAPTER 2
SANDHI
RATNAKARS CHART FOR VOWEL SANDHI RULES
When two vowels come together, they are mathematically added into a single long vowel.
First vowel + Second vowel
= Result, a long vowel
1 A, Aa + A, Aa
= Aa
+ }, }|
= ]
+ q, Q
= Aae
+ /,
= Ar`
+ ], ]e
= ]e
+ Aae
= AaE
+ A, Aa, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE
= ya, yaa, yau, yaU, yae, yaE, yaae. yaaE
+ }, }|
= }|, }|
3 q, Q
+ A, Aa, }, }|, ], ]e, Aae, AaE
= va, vaa, iva, vaI, vae, vaE, vaae, vaaE
4/
+ A, Aa, }, }|, ], ]e, Aae, AaE
= Ar` + A, Aa, }, }|, ], ]e, Aae, AaE
2 }, }|
5]
+ A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE
= Aya` + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE
]e
+ A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE = Aaya` + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, Aa
6 Aae
+ A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE = Ava` + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE
AaE + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE

EXAMPLES :
A + A
=
A + Aa =
A + }
=
A + }|
=
Aa
Aa
]
]
vaata
ihma
deva
parma
(A)
(A)
(A)
(A)
+
+
+
+
= Aava` + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE
(A)
(Aa)
(})
(}|)
Ayanama`
AaLaya:
}ndR:
}|ovar:
8
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=
=
=
=
vaataayanama`
ihmaaLaya:
devaendR:
parmaeovar:
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
q
Q
/
]
]e
Aae
AaE
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Aae
Aae
Ar`
ALa`
]e
]e
AaE
AaE
candR
paRR
qTama
tava
]k
deva
jaLa
jana
(A)
(A)
(A)
(A)
(A)
(A)
(A)
(A)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(q)
(Q)
(/)
()
(])
(]e)
(Aae)
(AaE)
qdya:
Q$:
/tau:
La\kar:
]kma`
]eovaya|ma`
Aaeza:
AaEdaya|ma`
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
candRaedya:
paRaE$:
qTamatau|:
tavaLkar:
]kkma`
devaEovaya|ma`
jaLaaEza:
janaaEdaya|ma`
Aa
Aa
Aa
Aa
Aa
Aa
Aa
Aa
Aa
Aa
Aa
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
A
Aa
}
}|
q
Q
/
]
]e
Aae
AaE
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Aa
Aa
]
]
Aae
Aae
Ar`
]e
]e
AaE
AaE
ivaâ
ivaâ
yaYaa
rmaa
maha
maha
maha
sada
paRjaa
ga>gaa
ivaâ
(Aa)
(Aa)
(Aa)
(Aa)
(Aa)
(Aa)
(Aa)
(Aa)
(Aa)
(Aa)
(Aa)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(A)
(Aa)
(})
(}|)
(q)
(Q)
(/)
(])
(]e)
(Aae)
(AaE)
AYaI|
AaLayama`
}cCa
}|oa:
qtsava:
Qw:
/iPa:
]va
]eKyama`
Aaeza:
AaEtsauKyama`
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
ivaâYaI|
ivaâLayama`
yaYaecCa
rmaeoa:
mahaetsava:
mahaew:
mahiPa|:
sadEva
paRjaEKyama`
ga>gaaEza:
ivaâEtsauKyama`
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
A
Aa
}
}|
q
Q
/
]
]e
Aae
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
ya
yaa
}|
}|
yau
yaU
yaur`
yae
yaE
yaae
yaid
}ita
riva
kiva
Aita
paRita
Aita
paRita
paRita
diZa
(})
(})
(})
(})
(})
(})
(})
(})
(})
(})
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(A)
(Aa)
(})
(}|)
(q)
(Q)
(/)
(])
(]e)
(Aae)
Aipa
Aaid
}ndR:
}|ovar:
qTamama`
Qh:
/i&:
]kma`
]eravatama`
Aaednama`
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
yaîpa
}tyaaid
rvaIndR:
kivaovar:
AtyauTamama`
paRtyaUh:
Atyaui&|:
paRtyaekma`
paRtyaEravatama`
dZyaaednama`
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+ AaE
= yaaE
diZa
(})
+ (AaE) AaEPaZama`
}|
}|
}|
}|
}|
}|
}|
}|
}|
}|
}|
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
A
Aa
}
}|
q
Q
/
]
]e
Aae
AaE
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
ya
yaa
}|
}|
yau
yaU
yaur`
yae
yaE
yaae
yaaE
nadI
devaI
jananaI
kaLaI
sauZaI
AvaI
mahtaI
gaaepaI
gaaErI
naarI
vaaNaI
(}|)
(}|)
(}|)
(}|)
(}|)
(}|)
(}|)
(}|)
(}|)
(}|)
(}|)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(A)
(Aa)
(})
(}|)
(q)
(Q)
(/)
(])
(]e)
(Aae)
(AaE)
Ambau
= na^mbau
AaXaa
= devyaaXaa
}cCa
= jananaIcCa
}|ovarI
= kaLaIovarI
qpaasya:
= sauZyaupaasya:
QNaa|
= AvyaUNaa|
/xaI
= mahtyaU|xaI
]Paa
= gaaepyaePaa
]eovaya|ma`
= gaaEyaE|ovaya|ma`
AaEtkPa|ma` = naayaae|tkPa|ma`
AaEicatyama` = vaaNyaaEicatyama`
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
A
Aa
}
}|
q
Q
/
]
]e
Aae
AaE
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
va
va
iva
vaI
Q
Q
va\
vae
vaE
vaae
vaaE
manau
gauw
tau
/tau
gauw
camaU
maZau
Anau
saaZau
gauw
maZau
(q)
(q)
(q)
(q)
(q)
(q)
(q)
(q)
(q)
(q)
(q)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(A)
(Aa)
(})
(}|)
(q)
(Q)
(/)
(])
(]e)
(Aae)
(AaE)
Antarma`
Aadeoa:
}danaIma`
}|ovar:
qpadeoa:
QihnaI
/tae
]PaNama`
]eKyama`
Aaeja:
AaEPaiZa:
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
+
+
+
+
+
A
Aa
}
}|
q
=
=
=
=
=
va
va
iva
vaI
Q
oaryaU
AmaU
banZaU
vaZaU
vaZaU
(Q)
(Q)
(Q)
(Q)
(Q)
+
+
+
+
+
(A)
(Aa)
(})
(}|)
(q)
Abmau
Aasatae
}maaE
}|xaNama`
qtsava:
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Books-india.com
= dZyaaEPaZama`
= manvantarma`
= gauvaa|deoa:
= itvadanaIma`
= /tvaIovar:
= gauWpadeoa:
= camaUihnaI
= maZva\tae
= AnvaePaNama`
= saaZvaEKyama`
= gauvaae|ja:
= maZvaaEPaiZa:
=
=
=
=
=
oaryvambau
Amvaasatae
bainZvamaaE
vaZvaIxaNama`
vaZaUtsava:
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
+
+
+
+
+
+
Q
/
]
]e
Aae
AaE
=
=
=
=
=
=
Q
va\
vae
vaE
vaae
vaaE
vaZaU
vaZaU
KNDU
vaZaU
vaZaU
yavaagaU
(Q)
(Q)
(Q)
(Q)
(Q)
(Q)
+
+
+
+
+
+
(Q)
(/)
(])
(]e)
(Aae)
(AaE)
Qha
/KYama`
]PaNaa
]eovaya|ma`
Aaek:
AaEPNyama`
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
La\
La\
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
A
Aa
}
}|
q
Q
/
]
]e
Aae
AaE
A
Aa
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
r
ra
ir
rI
w
W
re
rE
rae
raE
La
Laa
maata\
ipata\
BaRata\
saivata\
kta\|
napta\
Zaata\
ganta\
naeta\
vaKta\
Bata\|
La\
La\
(/)
(/)
(/)
(/)
(/)
(/)
(/)
(/)
(/)
(/)
(/)
(La\)
(La\)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(A)
(Aa)
(})
(}|)
(q)
(Q)
(/)
(])
(]e)
(Aae)
(AaE)
(A)
(Aa)
A>oa:
= maa%a>oa:
Aadeoa: = ipa%aadeeoa:
}cCa
= BaRai%acCa
}|o:
= saiva%aIoa:
qTama:
= k%au|Tama:
Q$a
= nap%aU$a
/Nama`
= ZaataNama`
]Za:
= gan%aeZa:
]eovaya|ma`
= nae%aEovaya|ma`
Aaeja:
= vaK%aaeja:
AaEdaya|ma`
= Ba%aaE|daya|ma`
AnaubanZa: = LanaubanZa:
Aaita:
= Laaita:
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
A
Aa
}
}|
q
Q
/
]
]e
Aae
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Aya
Ayaa
Aiya
AyaI
Ayau
AyaU
Ayaur`
Ayae
AyaE
Ayaae
nae
tae
oae
tae
mae
yae
k
tae
tae
ga\he
(])
(])
(])
(])
(])
(])
(])
(])
(])
(])
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(A)
(Aa)
(})
(}|)
(q)
(Q)
(/)
(])
(]e)
(Aae)
Anama`
Aagataa:
}ta:
}|Paa|
qpadeoa:
Qhntae
/cCinta
]tae
]eovaya|ma`
AaekNa:
11
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=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
vaZaUha
vaZva\KYama`
kNDePaNaa
vaZvaEovaya|ma`
vaZvaaek:
yavaagvaaEPNyama`
nayanama`
tayaagataa:
oaiyata:
tayaIPaa|
mayaupadeoa:
yayaUhntae
kyauC|inta
tayaetae
tayaEovaya|ma`
ga\hyaaekNa:
] + AaE
= AyaaE
tae
(])
+ (AaE) AaEPaiZa:
]e
]e
]e
]e
]e
]e
]e
]e
]e
]e
]e
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
A
Aa
}
}|
q
Q
/
]
]e
Aae
AaE
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Aaya
Aayaa
Aaiya
AayaI
Aayau
AayaU
Aayaur`
Aayae
AayaE
Aayaae
AayaaE
gaE
tasmaE
]tasmaE
is%ayaE
iOaRyaE
ksmaE
yasmaE
]tasmaE
ksmaE
ksyaE
AsyaE
(]e)
(]e)
(]e)
(]e)
(]e)
(]e)
(]e)
(]e)
(]e)
(]e)
(]e)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(A)
(Aa)
(})
(}|)
(q)
(Q)
(/)
(])
(]e)
(Aae)
(AaE)
Anama`
= gaayanama`
Aadeoa: = tasmaayaadeoa:
}maaina
= ]tasmaaiyamaaina
}|Da
= is%ayaayaIDa
q^ta:
= iOaRyaayau^ta:
Qja|:
= ksmaayaUja|:
/Nama`
= yasmaayauNa|ma`
]vama`
= ]tasmaayaevama`
]eovaya|ma`
= ksmaayaEovaya|ma`
Aaeja:
= ksyaayaaeja:
AaEicatyama` = AsyaayaaEicatyama`
Aae
Aae
Aae
Aae
Aae
Aae
Aae
Aae
Aae
Aae
Aae
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
A
Aa
}
}|
q
Q
/
]
]e
Aae
AaE
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Ava
Avaa
Aiva
AvaI
Avau
AvaU
Avaur`
Avae
AvaE
Avaae
AvaaE
yaae
saaZaae
ivaPNaae
gaae
naae
gaurae
ivaPNaae
gaae
Baanaae
gaae
maZaae
(Aae)
(Aae)
(Aae)
(Aae)
(Aae)
(Aae)
(Aae)
(Aae)
(Aae)
(Aae)
(Aae)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(A)
(Aa)
(})
(}|)
(q)
(Q)
(/)
(])
(]e)
(Aae)
(AaE)
Ayanama`
AagacC
}ita
}|ovar:
qâega:
Qnayatau
/cCtau
]PaNaa
]eoaanaIma`
Aaeksa`
AaESatau
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
yavanama`
saaZavaagacC
ivaPNaivaita
gavaIeovar:
navauâega:
gaurvaunayatau
ivaPNavaucC|tau
gavaePaNaa
BaanavaEoaanaIma`
gavaaeksa`
maZavaaESatau
AaE
AaE
AaE
AaE
AaE
+
+
+
+
+
A
Aa
}
}|
q
=
=
=
=
=
Aava
Aavaa
Aaiva
AavaI
Aavau
paaE
ra%aaE
pau%aaE
taaE
gauraE
(AaE)
(AaE)
(AaE)
(AaE)
(AaE)
+
+
+
+
+
(A)
(Aa)
(})
(}|)
(q)
Ana:
Aagata:
}maaE
}|ovaraE
qF:
=
=
=
=
=
paavana:
ra%aavaagata:
pau%aaivamaaE
taavaIovaraE
gauravauF:
12
Books-india.com
= tayaaEPaiZa:
AaE
AaE
AaE
AaE
AaE
AaE
+
+
+
+
+
+
Q
/
]
]e
Aae
AaE
=
=
=
=
=
=
AavaU
Aavaur`
Aavae
AavaE
Aavaae
AavaaE
wgNaaE
taaE
kaE
VaE
]taaE
naaE
(AaE)
(AaE)
(AaE)
(AaE)
(AaE)
(AaE)
+
+
+
+
+
+
(Q)
(/)
(])
(]e)
(Aae)
(AaE)
Qja|yatau
/PaI
]taaE
]eitahaisakaE
AaeksaI
AaE
=
=
=
=
=
=
wgNaavaUja|yatau
taavauPaI|
kavaetaaE
VavaEitahaisakaE
]taavaaeksaI
naavaaE
ADVANCED VOWEL-SANDHI RULES

(1) If the dipthong ] or Aae (e or o) at the end of a word is followed by a word starting
with A (a), the ] or Aae remains unchanged, but vowel A is elided (A = ~). gaNapatayae
Ahma` namaaima # gaNapatayae~h> namaaima Gan<apataye aham[ nama@mi # gan<apataye]ham[ nama@mi
(2) Aya` and Ava` of the sandhi (rules 5 and 6 given above), when followed by any vowel
other than A, they may optionally drop the ya` and va` in them.
Ahma` gaNapatayae }cCaima # Ah> gaNapataiyacCaima_ Ah> gaNapata }cCaima_
aham[ gan<apataye ic{c{ha@mi # aham[ gan<apatayic{c{ha@mi, aham[ gan<apata ic{c{ha@mi.

he paRBaae }ita vad # he paRBaivaita vad_ he paRBa }ita vad_
he prabho iti vada # he prabhaviti vada, he prabha iti vada.

(3) ]e and AaE at the end of a word, when followed by any vowel, are changed to Aaya` and
Aava`, but they may optionally drop the ya` and va` in them. tasmaE }dma` yacC # tasmaaiyad>
yacC_ tasmaa }d> yacC_ tasmai idam yac{c{ha # tasma@yidam[ yac{c{ha, tasma@ idam[ yac{c{ha.
(4) }|, Q, ] at the end of the dual substantives do not change when followed by a word
starting with any vowel. AnaadI qBaaE # AnaadI qBaaE (G&ta@ 13.20)
(5) The interjections such as he, Ahae, Air, Baae:, Aa do not form sandhi with its following
word. he Ajau|na! # he Ajau|na! Baae: }ndR Baae: }ndR
(6) The }| of AmaI (the m\ pl\ nom\ of pronoun Adsa`) does not form sandhi with its
following vowel. AmaI }xantae saura: # AmaI }xantae saura:_
13
Books-india.com
DECLENSIONS OF THE NOMINATIVE (1st) CASE

Word ending
Gender
Word
Singular
Dual
Plural
(1)
m\
rama
rama:
ramaaE
ramaa:
(2)
n\
vana
vanama`
vanae
vanaaina
(3)
Aa
f\
maaLaa
maaLaa
maaLae
maaLaa:
(4)
m\
kiva
kiva:
kvaI
kvaya:
(5)
n\
vaair
vaair
vaairNaI
vaarIiNa
(6)
f\
maita
maita:
mataI
mataya:
(7)
}|
f\
nadI
nadI
naâE
na^:
(8)
m\
gauw
gauw:
gauW
gaurva:
(9)
n\
maZau
maZau
maZaunaI
maZaUina
(10)
f\
Zaenau
Zaenau:
ZaenaU
Zaenava:
(11)
f\
vaZaU
vaZaU
vaZvaaE
vaZva:
(12)
m\
ipata\
ipataa
ipataraE
ipatar:
(13)
n\
Zaata\
Zaata\
Zaata\NaI
ZaataiNa
(14)
f\
maata\
maataa
maataraE
maatar:
(15)
ca`
f\
vaaca`
vaak
vaacaaE
vaaca:
(16)
ja`
m\
raja`
ra@`
rajaaE
raja:
(17)
ta`
m\
mawta`
mawta`
mawtaaE
mawta:
(18)
ta`
n\
jagata`
jagata`
jagataI
jagainta
(19)
d`
m\
saud`
saud`
saudaE
saud:
(20)
}na`
m\
oaioana`
oaoaI
oaioanaaE
oaioana:
(21)
na`
m\
Aatmana`
Aatmaa
AatmaanaaE
Aatmaana:
(22)
na`
n\
kma|na`
kma|
kma|NaI
kmaa|iNa
(23)
oa`
f\
idoa`
idk
idoaaE
idoa:
(24)
sa`
m\
candRmasa`
candRmaa:
candRmasaaE
candRmasa:
(25)
sa`
n\
payasa`
paya:
payasaI
payaa>isa
14
Books-india.com
DECLENSIONS OF THE ACCUSATIVE (2nd) CASE

Word ending
Gender
Word
Singular
Dual
Plural
(1)
m\
rama
ramama`
ramaaE
ramaana`
(2)
Aa
n\
vana
vanama`
vanae
vanaaina
(3)
Aa
f\
maaLaa
maaLaama`
maaLae
maaLaa:
(4)
m\
kiva
kivama`
kvaI
kvaIna`
(5)
n\
vaair
vaair
vaairNaI
vaarIiNa
(6)
f\
maita
maitama`
mataI
mataI:
(7)
}|
f\
nadI
nadIma`
naâE
nadI:
(8)
m\
gauw
gauwma`
gauW
gauWna`
(9)
n\
maZau
maZau
maZaunaI
maZaUina
(10)
f\
Zaenau
Zaenauma`
ZaenaU
ZaenaU:
(11)
f\
vaZaU
vaZaUma`
vaZvaaE
vaZaU:
(12)
m\
ipata\
ipatarma`
ipataraE
ipatana`
(13)
n\
Zaata\
Zaata\
Zaata\NaI
ZaataiNa
(14)
f\
maata\
maatarma`
maataraE
maata:
(15)
ca`
f\
vaaca`
vaacama`
vaacaaE
vaaca:
(16)
ja`
m\
raja`
rajama`
rajaaE
raja:
(17)
ta`
m\
mawta`
mawtama`
mawtaaE
mawta:
(18)
ta`
n\
jagata`
jagata`
jagataI
jagainta
(19)
d`
m\
saud`
saudma`
saudaE
saud:
(20)
}na`
m\
oaioana`
oaioanama`
oaioanaaE
oaioana:
(21)
na`
m\
Aatmana`
Aatmaanama`
AatmaanaaE
Aatmana:
(22)
na`
n\
kma|na`
kma|
kma|NaI
kmaa|iNa
(23)
oa`
f\
idoa`
idoama`
idoaaE
idoa:
(24)
sa`
m\
candRmasa`
candRmasama`
candRmasaaE
candRmasa:
(25)
sa`
n\
payasa`
paya:
payasaI
payaa>isa
15
Books-india.com
DECLENSIONS OF THE INSTRUMENTAL CASE

Word ending
Gender
Word
Singular
Dual
Plural
(1)
m\
rama
ramaeNa
ramaaByaama`
ramaE:
(2)
n\
vana
vanaena
vanaaByaama`
vanaE:
(3)
Aa
f\
maaLaa
maaLayaa
maaLaaByaama`
maaLaaiBa:
(4)
m\
kiva
kivanaa
kivaByaama`
kivaiBa:
(5)
n\
vaair
vaairNaa
vaairByaama`
vaairiBa:
(6)
f\
maita
matyaa
maitaByaama`
maitaiBa:
(7)
}|
f\
nadI
naâ
nadIByaama`
nadIiBa:
(8)
m\
gauw
gauwNaa
gauwByaama`
gauwiBa:
(9)
n\
maZau
maZaunaa
maZauByaama`
maZauiBa:
(10)
f\
Zaenau
Zaenvaa
ZaenauByaama`
ZaenauiBa:
(11)
f\
vaZaU
vaZvaa
vaZaUByaama`
vaZaUiBa:
(12)
m\
ipata\
ipa%aa
ipata\Byaama`
ipata\iBa:
(13)
n\
Zaata\
Zaa%aa
Zaata\Byaama`
Zaata\iBa:
(14)
f\
maata\
maa%aa
maata\Byaama`
maata\iBa:
(15)
ca`
f\
vaaca`
vaacaa
vaagByaama`
vaaigBa:
(16)
ja`
m\
raja`
rajaa
raD`Byaama`
raDìBa:
(17)
ta`
m\
mawta`
mawtaa
mawama`
mawi:
(18)
ta`
n\
jagata`
jagataa
jagaama`
(19)
d`
m\
saud`
sauda
sauama`
saui:
(20)
}na`
m\
oaioana`
oaioanaa
oaioaByaama`
oaioaiBa:
(21)
na`
m\
Aatmana`
Aatmanaa
AatmaByaama`
AatmaiBa:
(22)
na`
n\
kma|na`
kma|Naa
kma|Byaama`
kma|iBa:
(23)
oa`
f\
idoa`
idoaa
idgByaama`
idigBa:
(24)
sa`
m\
candRmasa`
candRmasaa
candRmaaeByaama`
candRmaaeiBa:
(25)
sa`
n\
payasa`
payasaa
payaaeByaama`
payaaeiBa:
16
Books-india.com
jagai:
DECLENSIONS OF THE DATIVE (4th) CASE

Word ending
Gender
Word
Singular
Dual
Plural
(1)
m\
rama
ramaaya
ramaaByaama`
ramaeBya:
(2)
n\
vana
vanaaya
vanaaByaama`
vanaeBya:
(3)
Aa
f\
maaLaa
maaLaayaE
maaLaaByaama`
maaLaaBya:
(4)
m\
kiva
kvayae
kivaByaama`
kivaBya:
(5)
n\
vaair
vaairNae
vaairByaama`
vaairBya:
(6)
f\
maita
matyaE
maitaByaama`
maitaBya:
(7)
}|
f\
nadI
naÊ
nadIByaama`
nadIBya:
(8)
m\
gauw
gaurvae
gauwByaama`
gauwBya:
(9)
n\
maZau
maZaunae
maZauByaama`
maZauBya:
(10)
f\
Zaenau
ZaenvaE
ZaenauByaama`
ZaenauBya:
(11)
f\
vaZaU
vaZvaE
vaZaUByaama`
vaZaUBya:
(12)
m\
ipata\
ipa%ae
ipata\Byaama`
ipata\Bya:
(13)
n\
Zaata\
Zaa%ae
Zaata\Byaama`
Zaata\Bya:
(14)
f\
maata\
maa%ae
maata\Byaama`
maata\Bya:
(15)
ca`
f\
vaaca`
vaacae
vaagByaama`
vaagBya:
(16)
ja`
m\
raja`
rajae
raD`Byaama`
raD`Bya:
(17)
ta`
m\
mawta`
mawtae
mawama`
maw:
(18)
ta`
n\
jagata`
jagatae
jagaama`
(19)
d`
m\
saud`
saude
sauama`
sau:
(20)
}na`
m\
oaioana`
oaioanae
oaioaByaama`
oaioaBya:
(21)
na`
m\
Aatmana`
Aatmanae
AatmaByaama`
AatmaBya:
(22)
na`
n\
kma|na`
kma|Nae
kma|Byaama`
kma|Bya:
(23)
oa`
f\
idoa`
idoae
idgByaama`
idgBya:
(24)
sa`
m\
candRmasa`
candRmasae
candRmaaeByaama`
candRmaaeBya:
(25)
sa`
n\
payasa`
payasae
payaaeByaama`
payaaeBya:
17
Books-india.com
jaga:
DECLENSIONS OF THE ABLATIVE (5th) CASE

Word ending
Gender
Word
Singular
Dual
Plural
(1)
m\
rama
ramaata`
ramaaByaama`
ramaeBya:
(2)
n\
vana
vanaata`
vanaaByaama`
vanaeBya:
(3)
Aa
f\
maaLaa
maaLaayaa:
maaLaaByaama`
maaLaaBya:
(4)
m\
kiva
kvae:
kivaByaama`
kivaBya:
(5)
n\
vaair
vaairNa:
vaairByaama`
vaairBya:
(6)
f\
maita
matyaa:
maitaByaama`
maitaBya:
(7)
}|
f\
nadI
naâ:
(8)
m\
gauw
gaurae:
gauwByaama`
gauwBya:
(9)
n\
maZau
maZauna:
maZauByaama`
maZauBya:
(10)
f\
Zaenau
Zaenaae:
ZaenauByaama`
ZaenauBya:
(11)
f\
vaZaU
vaZvaa:
vaZaUByaama`
vaZaUBya:
(12)
m\
ipata\
ipatau:
ipata\Byaama`
ipata\Bya:
(13)
n\
Zaata\
Zaatau:
Zaata\Byaama`
Zaata\Bya:
(14)
f\
maata\
maatau:
maata\Byaama`
maata\Bya:
(15)
ca`
f\
vaaca`
vaaca:
vaagByaama`
vaagBya:
(16)
ja`
m\
raja`
raja:
raD`Byaama`
raD`Bya:
(17)
ta`
m\
mawta`
mawta:
mawama`
maw:
(18)
ta`
n\
jagata`
jagata:
jagaama`
jaga:
(19)
d`
m\
saud`
saud:
sauama`
sau:
(20)
}na`
m\
oaioana`
oaioana:
oaioaByaama`
oaioaBya:
(21)
na`
m\
Aatmana`
Aatmana:
AatmaByaama`
AatmaBya:
(22)
na`
n\
kma|na`
kma|Na:
kma|Byaama`
kma|Bya:
(23)
oa`
f\
idoa`
idoa:
idgByaama`
idgBya:
(24)
sa`
m\
candRmasa`
candRmasa:
candRmaaeByaama`
candRmaaeBya:
(25)
sa`
n\
payasa`
payasa:
payaaeByaama`
payaaeBya:
18
Books-india.com
nadIByaama`
nadIBya:
DECLENSIONS OF THE POSSESSIVE (6th) CASE

Word ending
Gender
Word
Singular
Dual
Plural
(1)
m\
rama
ramasya
ramayaae:
ramaaNaama`
(2)
n\
vana
vanasya
vanayaae:
vanaanaama`
(3)
Aa
f\
maaLaa
maaLaayaa:
maaLayaae:
maaLaanaama`
(4)
m\
kiva
kvae:
kvyaae:
kvaInaama`
(5)
n\
vaair
vaairNa:
vaairNaae:
vaarINaama`
(6)
f\
maita
matyaa:
matyaae:
mataInaama`
(7)
}|
f\
nadI
naâ:
naâe:
nadInaama`
(8)
m\
gauw
gaurae:
gauvaae|:
gauWNaama`
(9)
n\
maZau
maZauna:
maZaunaae:
maZaUnaama`
(10)
f\
Zaenau
Zaenaae:
Zaenvaae:
ZaenaUnaama`
(11)
f\
vaZaU
vaZvaa:
vaZvaae:
vaZaUnaama`
(12)
m\
ipata\
ipatau:
ipa%aae:
ipataNaama`
(13)
n\
Zaata\
Zaatau:
Zaa%aae:
ZaataNaama`
(14)
f\
maata\
maatau:
maa%aae:
maataNaama`
(15)
ca`
f\
vaaca`
vaaca:
vaacaae:
vaacaama`
(16)
ja`
m\
raja`
raja:
rajaae:
rajaama`
(17)
ta`
m\
mawta`
mawta:
mawtaae:
mawtaama`
(18)
ta`
n\
jagata`
jagata:
jagataae:
jagataama`
(19)
d`
m\
saud`
saud:
saudae:
saudama`
(20)
}na`
m\
oaioana`
oaioana:
oaioanaae:
oaioanaama`
(21)
na`
m\
Aatmana`
Aatmana:
Aatmanaae:
Aatmanaama`
(22)
na`
n\
kma|na`
kma|Na:
kma|Naae:
kma|Naama`
(23)
oa`
f\
idoa`
idoa:
idoaae:
idoaama`
(24)
sa`
m\
candRmasa`
candRmasa:
candRmasaae:
candRmasaama`
(25)
sa`
n\
payasa`
payasa:
payasaae:
payasaama`
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DECLENSIONS OF THE LOCATIVE (7th) CASE

Word ending
Gender
Word
Singular
Dual
Plural
(1)
m\
rama
ramae
ramayaae:
ramaePau
(2)
n\
vana
vanae
vanayaae:
vanaePau
(3)
Aa
f\
maaLaa
maaLaayaama`
maaLayaae:
maaLaasau
(4)
m\
kiva
kvaaE
kvyaae:
kivaPau
(5)
n\
vaair
vaairiNa
vaairNaae:
vaairPau
(6)
f\
maita
matyaama`
matyaae:
maitaPau
(7)
}|
f\
nadI
naâma`
naâe:
nadIPau
(8)
m\
gauw
gauraE
gauvaae|:
gauwPau
(9)
n\
maZau
maZauina
maZaunaae:
maZauPau
(10)
f\
Zaenau
Zaenvaama`
Zaenvaae:
ZaenauPau
(11)
f\
vaZaU
vaZvaama`
vaZvaae:
vaZaUPau
(12)
m\
ipata\
ipatair
ipa%aae:
ipata\Pau
(13)
n\
Zaata\
Zaatair
Zaa%aae:
Zaata\Pau
(14)
f\
maata\
maatair
maa%aae:
maata\Pau
(15)
ca`
f\
vaaca`
vaaica
vaacaae:
vaaxau
(16)
ja`
m\
raja`
raija
rajaae:
ra@`sau
(17)
ta`
m\
mawta`
mawita
mawtaae:
mawtsau
(18)
ta`
n\
jagata`
jagaita
jagataae:
jagatsau
(19)
d`
m\
saud`
sauid
saudae:
sautsau
(20)
}na`
m\
oaioana`
oaioaina
oaioanaae:
oaioaPau
(21)
na`
m\
Aatmana`
Aatmaina
Aatmanaae:
Aatmasau
(22)
na`
n\
kma|na`
kma|iNa
kma|Naae:
kma|sau
(23)
oa`
f\
idoa`
idioa
idoaae:
idxau
(24)
sa`
m\
candRmasa`
candRmaisa
candRmasaae:
candRma:sau
(25)
sa`
n\
payasa`
payaisa
payasaae:
paya:sau
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DECLENSIONS OF THE VOCATIVE CASE

Word ending
Gender
Word
Singular
Dual
Plural
(1)
m\
rama
rama
ramaaE
ramaa:
(2)
n\
vana
vana
vanae
vanaaina
(3)
Aa
f\
maaLaa
maaLae
maaLae
maaLaa:
(4)
m\
kiva
kvae
kvaI
kvaya:
(5)
n\
vaair
vaair
vaairNaI
vaarIiNa
(6)
f\
maita
matae
mataI
mataya:
(7)
}|
f\
nadI
naid
naâE
na^:
(8)
m\
gauw
gaurae
gauW
gaurva:
(9)
n\
maZau
maZau
maZaunaI
maZaUina
(10)
f\
Zaenau
Zaenaae
ZaenaU
Zaenava:
(11)
f\
vaZaU
vaZau
vaZvaaE
vaZva:
(12)
m\
ipata\
ipata:
ipataraE
ipatar:
(13)
n\
Zaata\
Zaata:
Zaata\NaI
ZaataiNa
(14)
f\
maata\
maata:
maataraE
maatar:
(15)
ca`
f\
vaaca`
vaak
vaacaaE
vaaca:
(16)
ja`
m\
raja`
ra@`
rajaaE
raja:
(17)
ta`
m\
mawta`
mawta`
mawtaaE
mawta:
(18)
ta`
n\
jagata`
jagata`
jagataI
jagainta
(19)
d`
m\
saud`
saud`
saudaE
saud:
(20)
}na`
m\
oaioana`
oaioana`
oaioanaaE
oaioana:
(21)
na`
m\
Aatmana`
Aatmana`
AatmaanaaE
Aatmaana:
(22)
na`
n\
kma|na`
kma|
kma|NaI
kmaa|iNa
(23)
oa`
f\
idoa`
idk
idoaaE
idoa:
(24)
sa`
m\
candRmasa`
candRmaa:
candRmasaaE
candRmasa:
(25)
sa`
n\
payasa`
paya:
payasaI
payaa>isa
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Kr<t Suffixes and their Substitutes

ta`-paRtyayaa: taePaa> ca Aadeoaa:_
iKvana`, iKvapa`, iNva, ivaca`
= the whole suffix disappears
Aca`, ANa`, Apa`, k, Saca`, Saa`, SaLa`, Saoa`, @, @k, D, Na, oa
= A
Kvauna`, Nvauca`, NvauLa`, vaua`, vauna`, Pvauna`
= Ak
yauca`, Lyau, Lyau@`
= Ana
Jaca`, iJaca`
= Anta`
NamauLa`
= Ama`
@apa`, Dapa`, caapa`
= Aa
Paanak
= Aak
iFa`, fk, Pf
= Aayana`
iNaca`, iNaG`
= }
#k, #a`, #na`
= }k
}ina, iNaina, iZanauNa`
= }na`
za
= }ya`
}PNauca`, iSaPNauca`
= }PNau
GIpa`, GIPa`, GIna`
= }|
Sa
= }|na`
C
= }|ya`
qNa`, Du
= q
qka`
= qk
QG`
= Q
$k, $a`
= ]ya`
kna`, kpa`
= k
F
= ta
Fvatau
= tavata`
iFca`, iFna` = ita
Ktvaa
= tvaa
naG`, nana` = na
Kvainapa`
= vana`
Kvarpa`
= var
Kyapa`, yak, yaa`, yata`, Nya, Nyata`, Lyapa`, Pyaa`
= ya
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CHAPTER 19
THE CHARTS OF CONJUGATIONS
eg\ the verb root |bhu@ (|BaU to become, to be)
(A) REGULAR (saaZaarNa) ACTIONS
(1) Present Tense : La@` (saamaanya-vata|maanae) Parasmaipad& - eg\ I become
Singular
Dual
Plural
1p\ Bavaaima bhava@mi
Bavaava: bhava@vah<
Bavaama: bhava@mah<
2p\ Bavaisa bhvasi
BavaYa: bhavathah<
BavaYa bhavatha
3p\ Bavaita bhavati
Bavata: bhavatah<
Bavainta bhavanti
(2) Past Imperfect Tense : LaG` (Ana^tana-BaUtae) Parasmaipad& - eg\ I became

1p\ ABavama` abhavam
ABavaava abhava@va
ABavaama abhava@ma
2p\ ABava: abhavah<
ABavatama` abhavatam
ABavata abhavata
3p\ ABavata` abhavat
ABavataama` abhavata@m
ABavanaàbhavan
(3) Perfect Past Tense : iLa@` (paraexa-BaUtae) Parasmaipad& - eg\ I had become
1p\ baBaUva babhu@va
baBaUivava babhu@viva
baBaUivama babhu@vima
2p\ baBaUivaYa babhu@vitha
baBaUvaYau: babhu@vathuh<
baBaUva babhu@va
3p\ baBaUva babhu@va
baBaUvatau: babhu@vatuh<
baBaUvau: babhu@vuh<
(4) Indefinite Past Tense : LauG` (dUrvaita|-BaUtae) Parasmaipad& - eg\ I had become
1p\ ABaUvama` abhu@vam
ABaUva abhu@va
ABaUma abhu@ma
2p\ ABaU: abhu@h<
ABaUtama` abhu@tam
ABaUta abhu@ta
3p\ ABaUta` abhu@t
ABaUtaama` abhu@ta@m
ABaUvanaàbhu@van
(5) Definite Future : Lau@` (saamaanya-BaivaPyaita) Parasmaipad& - eg\ I will become

Singular
Dual
Plural
1p\ Baivataaisma bhavita@smi
Baivataasva: bhavita@svah<
Baivataasma: bhavita@smah<
2p\ Baivataaisa bhavita@si
BaivataasYa: bhavita@sthah<
BaivataasYa bhavita@stha
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3p\ Baivataa bhavita@
BaivataaraE bhavita@rau
Baivataar: bhavita@rah<
(6) Indefinite Future : La\@` (ApaUNa|-BaivaPyaita) Parasmaipad& - eg\ I shall become

1p\ BaivaPyaaima bhavis<ya@mi
BaivaPyaava: bhavis<ya@vah<
BaivaPyaama: bhavis<ya@mah<
2p\ BaivaPyaisa bhavis<yasi
BaivaPyaYa: bhavis<yathah<
BaivaPyaYa
3p\ BaivaPyaita bhavis<yati
BaivaPyata: bhavis<yatah<
BaivaPyainta bhavis<yanti
bhavis<yatha
(7) Conditional Mood : La\G` (BaivaPyaita iyaaitapaTaaE) Parasmaipad& - eg\ If I become

1p\ ABaivaPyama` abhavis<yam
ABaivaPyaava abhavis<ya@va
ABaivaPyaama abhavis<ya@ma
2p\ ABaivaPya: abhavis<yah<
ABaivaPyatama` abhavis<yatam
ABaivaPyata abhavis<yata
3p\ ABaivaPyata` abhavis<yat
ABaivaPyataama` abhavis<yata@m
ABaivaPyana` abhavis<yan
(8) Imperative Mood : Laae@` (AaXaaYae|; paRonaaYa|e; ivaZyaadaE) Parasmai\ - eg\ May I become?
1p\ Bavaaina bhava@ni
Bavaava bhava@va
Bavaama bhava@ma
2p\ Bava bhava
Bavatama` bhavatam
Bavata bhavata
3p\ Bavatau bhavatu
Bavataama` bhavata@m
Bavantau bhavantu
(9) Potential or Subjunctive Mood : ivaiZaiLaG` (ivaZyaadaE) Parasmaipad& - eg\ I may become
1p\ Bavaeyama bhaveyama
Bavaeva bhaveva
Bavaema bhavema
2p\ Bavae: bhaveh<
Bavaetama` bhavetam
Bavaeta bhaveta
3p\ Bavaeta` bhavet
Bavaetaama` bhaveta@m
Bavaeyau: bhaveyuh<
(10) Benedictive or Optative Mood : AaoaIiLa|G` (AaioaiPa) Parasmaipad& - eg\ May I become!
1p\ BaUyaasama bhu@ya@sama
BaUyaasva bhu@ya@sva
BaUyaasma bhu@ya@sma
2p\ BaUyaa: bhu@ya@h<
BaUyaastama` bhu@ya@stam
BaUyaasta bhu@ya@sta
3p\ BaUyaata` bhu@ya@t
BaUyaastaama` bhu@ya@sta@m
BaUyaasau: bhu@ya@suh<
(B) THE CAUSATIVE (Nyanta) ACTIONS

ACTIVE VOICE - PARASMAIPADI
(1) Present Tense : La@` (saamaanya-vata|maanae) Parasmaipad&, Causative - eg\ I am made
Singular
Dual
Plural
1p\ Baavayaaima bha@vaya@mi
Baavayaava: bha@vaya@vah<
Baavayaama: bha@vaya@mah<
2p\ Baavayaisa bha@vayasi
BaavayaYa: bha@vayathah<
BaavayaYa bha@vayatha
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3p\ Baavayaita bha@vayati
Baavayata: bha@vayatah<
Baavayainta bha@vayanti
(2) Past Imperfect : LaG` (Ana^tana-BaUtae) Parasmaipad&, Causative - eg\ I was made
1p\ ABaavayama` abha@vayam
ABaavayaava abha@vaya@va
ABaavayaama abha@vaya@ma
2p\ ABaavaya: abha@vayah<
ABaavayatama` abha@vayatam
ABaavayata abha@vayata
3p\ ABaavayata` abha@vayat
ABaavayataama` abha@vayata@m
ABaavayana` abha@vayan
(3) Perfect Past : iLa@` (paraexa-BaUtae) Parasmaipad&, Causative - eg\ I was made
1p\ Baavayaacakar
Baavayaacava
Baavayaacama
bha@vaya@n~c{aka@ra
BaavayaambaBaUvama`
bha@vaya@n~c{akr<va
BaavayaambaBaUva
bha@vaya@n~c{akr<ma
BaavayaambaBaUma
bha@vaya@mbabhu@vam
Baavayaamaasa
bha@vaya@mbabhu@va
Baavayaamaaisava
bha@vaya@mbabhu@ma
Baavayaamaaisama
bha@vaya@ma@sa
bha@vaya@ma@siva
bha@vaya@ma@sima
BaavayaacaYau:
Baavayaaca
bha@vaya@n~c{akartha
BaavayaambaBaUYa
bha@vaya@n~c{akrathuh<
BaavayaambaBaUvaYau:
bha@vaya@n~c{akra
BaavayaambaBaUva
bha@vaya@mbabhu@tha
BaavayaamaaisaYa
bha@vaya@mbabhu@vathuh<
BaavayaamaasaYau:
bha@vaya@mbabhu@va
Baavayaamaasa
bha@vaya@ma@sitha
bha@vaya@ma@sathuh<
bha@vaya@ma@sa
2p\ BaavayaacakYa|
3p\ Baavayaacakar
Baavayaacatau:
Baavayaaca:
bha@vaya@n~c{aka@ra
BaavayaambaBaUva
bha@vaya@n~c{akratuh<
BaavayaambaBaUvatau:
bha@vaya@n~c{akruh<
BaavayaambaBaUvau:
bha@vaya@mbabhu@va
Baavayaamaasa
bha@vaya@mbabhu@vatuh<
Baavayaamaasatau:
bha@vaya@mbabhu@vuh<
Baavayaamaasau:
bha@vaya@ma@sa
bha@vaya@ma@satuh<
bha@vaya@ma@suh<
(4) Indefinite Past : LauG` (dUrvaita|-BaUtae) Parasmaipad&, Causative - eg\ I had been made
Singular
Dual
Plural
1p\ ABaavaiyaPyama` abha@vayis<yam
ABaavaiyaPyaava abha@vayis<ya@va
ABaavaiyaPyaama abha@vayis<ya@ma
2p\ ABaavaiyaPya: abha@vayis<yah<
ABaavaiyaPyatama` abha@vayis<yatam
ABaavaiyaPyata abha@vayis<yata
3p\ ABaavaiyaPyata` abha@vayis<yat
ABaavaiyaPyataama` abha@vayis<yata@m ABaavaiyaPyana` abha@vayis<yan
(5) Definite Future : Lau@` (saamaanya-BaivaPyaita) Parasmaipad&, Causative - eg\ I will be made
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1p\ Baavaiyataaisma bha@vayita@smi
Baavaiyataasva: bha@vayita@svah<
Baavaiyataasma: bha@vayita@smah<
2p\ Baavaiyataaisa bha@vayita@si
BaavaiyataasYa: bha@vayita@sthah<
BaavaiyataasYa bha@vayita@stha
3p\ Baavaiyataa bha@vayita@
BaavaiyataaraE bha@vayita@rau
Baavaiyataar: bha@vayita@rah<
(6) Indefinite Future : La\@` (ApaUNa|-BaivaPyaita) Parasmaipad&, Causative - eg\ I shall be made
1p\ BaavaiyaPyaaima bha@vayis<ya@mi
BaavaiyaPyaava: bha@vayis<ya@vah<
BaavaiyaPyaama: bha@vayis<ya@mah<
2p\ BaavaiyaPyaisa bha@vayis<yasi
BaavaiyaPyaYa: bha@vayis<yathah<
BaavaiyaPyaYa bha@vayis<yatha
3p\ BaavaiyaPyaita bha@vayis<yati
BaavaiyaPyata: bha@vayis<yatah<
BaavaiyaPyainta bha@vayis<yanti
(7) Conditional Mood : La\G` (BaivaPyaita iyaaitapaTaaE) Parasmaipad&, Causative - eg\ If I am made
1p\ ABaavaiyaPyama` abha@vayis<yam
ABaavaiyaPyaava abha@vayis<ya@va
ABaavaiyaPyaama abha@vayis<ya@ma
2p\ ABaavaiyaPya: abha@vayis<yah<
ABaavaiyaPyatama` abha@vayis<yatam ABaavaiyaPyata abha@vayis<yata
3p\ ABaavaiyaPyata` abha@vayis<yat
ABaavaiyaPyataama` abha@vayis<yata@m ABaavaiyaPyana` abha@vayis<yan
(8) Imperative Mood : Laae@` (AaXaaYae|; paRonaaYa|e; ivaZyaadaE) Parasmaipad&, Causative - May I be made?
1p\ Baavayaaina bha@vaya@ni
Baavayaava bha@vaya@va
Baavayaama bha@vaya@ma
2p\ Baavaya bha@vaya
Baavayatama` bha@vayatam
Baavayata bha@vayata
3p\ Baavayatau bha@vayatu
Baavayataama` bha@vayata@m
Baavayantau bha@vayantu
(9) Potential or Subjunctive Mood ivaiZaiLaG` (ivaZyaadaE) Parasmaipad& Causative - I may be made
1p\ Baavayaeyama` bha@vayeyam
Baavayaeva bha@vayeva
Baavayaema bha@vayema
2p\ Baavayae: bha@vayeh<
Baavayaetama` bha@vayetam
Baavayaeta bha@vayeta
3p\ Baavayaeta` bha@vayet
Baavayaetaama` bha@vayeta@m
Baavayaeyau: bha@vayeyuh<
(10) Benedictive or Optative Mood AaoaIiLa|G` (AaioaiPa) Parasmai\ Causative May I be made!
Singular
Dual
Plural
1p\ Baavyaasama` bha@vya@sam
Baavyaasva bha@vya@sva
Baavyaasma bha@vya@sma
2p\ Baavyaa: bha@vya@h<
Baavyaastama` bha@vya@stam
Baavyaasta bha@vya@sta
3p\ Baavyaata` bha@vya@t
Baavyaastaama` bha@vya@sta@m
Baavyaasau: bha@vya@suh<
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(C) THE DESIDERATIVE (santa) ACTIONS

(1) Present Tense : La@` (saamaanya-vata|maanae) Parasmaipad&,
Singular
Desiderative - eg\ I want to become
Dual
Plural
1p\ bauBaUPaaima bubhu@s<a@mi
bauBaUPaava: bubhu@s<a@vah<
bauBaUPaama: bubhu@s<a@mah<
2p\ bauBaUPaisa bubhu@s<asi
bauBaUPaYa: bubhu@s<athah<
bauBaUPaYa bubhu@s<atha
3p\ bauBaUPaita bubhu@s<ati
bauBaUPata: bubhu@s<atah<
bauBaUPainta bubhu@s<anti
(2) Past Imperfect : LaG` (Ana^tana-BaUtae) Parasmai\ Desiderative - eg\ I wanted to became
1p\ AbauBaUPama` abubhu@s<am
AbauBaUPaava abubhu@s<a@va
AbauBaUPaama abubhu@s<a@ma
2p\ AbauBaUPa: abubhu@s<ah<
AbauBaUPatama` abubhu@s<atam
AbauBaUPata abubhu@s<ata
3p\ AbauBaUPata` abubhu@s<at
AbauBaUPataama` abubhu@s<ata@m
AbauBaUPana` abubhu@s<an
(3) Perfect Past : iLa@` (paraexa-BaUtae) Parasmaipad&, Desiderative - eg\ I had wanted to become
1p\ bauBaUPaacakar
bauBaUPaacava
bauBaUPaacama
bubhu@s<a@n~c{aka@ra
bauBaUPaambaBaUvama`
bubhu@s<a@n~c{akr<va
bauBaUPaambaBaUva
bubhu@s<a@n~c{akr<ma
bauBaUPaambaBaUma
bubhu@s<a@mbabhu@vam
bauBaUPaamaasa
bubhu@s<a@mbabhu@va
bauBaUPaamaaisava
bubhu@s<a@mbabhu@ma
bauBaUPaamaaisama
bubhu@s<a@ma@sa
bubhu@s<a@ma@siva
bubhu@s<a@ma@sima
bauBaUPaacaYau:
bauBaUPaaca
bubhu@s<a@n~c{akartha
bauBaUPaambaBaUYa
bubhu@s<a@n~c{akrathuh<
bauBaUPaambaBaUvaYau:
bubhu@s<a@n~c{akra
bauBaUPaambaBaUva
bubhu@s<a@mbabhu@th
bauBaUPaamaaisaYa
bubhu@s<a@mbabhu@vathuh<
bauBaUPaamaasaYau:
bubhu@s<a@mbabhu@va
bauBaUPaamaasa
bubhu@s<a@ma@sitha
bubhu@s<a@ma@sathuh<
bubhu@s<a@ma@sa
bauBaUPaacatau:
bauBaUPaaca:
bubhu@s<a@n~c{aka@ra
bauBaUPaambaBaUva
bubhu@s<a@n~c{akratuh<
bauBaUPaambaBaUvatau:
bubhu@s<a@n~c{akruh<
bauBaUPaambaBaUvau:
bubhu@s<a@mbabhu@va
bauBaUPaamaasa
bubhu@s<a@mbabhu@vatuh<
bauBaUPaamaasatau:
bubhu@s<a@mbabhu@vuh<
bauBaUPaamaasau:
bubhu@s<a@ma@sa
bubhu@s<a@ma@satuh<
bubhu@s<a@ma@suh<
2p\ bauBaUPaacakYa|
3p\ bauBaUPaacakar
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(4) Indefinite Past : LauG` (dUrvaita|-BaUtae) Parasmai\ Desiderative - eg\ I had wanted to become
Singular
Dual
Plural
1p\ AbauBaUiPaPama` abubhu@s<is<am
AbauBaUiPaPva abubhu@s<is<va
AbauBaUiPaPma abubhu@s>is<ma
2p\ AbauBaUPaI: abubhu@s<&h<
AbauBaUiPaP@ma` abubhu@s<is<t>am
AbauBaUiPaP@ abubhu@s<is<t>a
3p\ AbauBaUPaIta` abubhu@s<&t
AbauBaUiPaP@ama` abubhu@s<is<t>a@m
AbauBaUiPaPau: abubhu@s<is<uh<
5. Definite Future Lau@` (saamaanya-BaivaPyaita) Parasmai\ Desiderative eg. I would want to become
1p\ bauBaUiPataaisma bubhu@s<ita@smi
bauBaUiPataasva: bubhu@s<ita@svah<
bauBaUiPataasma: bubhu@s<ita@smah<
2p\ bauBaUiPataaisa bubhu@s<ita@si
bauBaUiPataasYa: bubhu@s<ita@sthah<
bauBaUiPataasYa bubhu@s<ita@stha
3p\ bauBaUiPataa bubhu@s<ita@
bauBaUiPataaraE bubhu@s<ita@rau
bauBauiPataar: bubhu@s<ita@rah<
6. Indefinite Future La\@` (ApaUNa|-BaivaPyaita) Parasmai\ Desiderative - eg\ I shall want to become
1p\ bauBaUiPaPyaaima bubhu@s<is<ya@mi
bauBaUiPaPyaava: bubhu@s<is<ya@vah<
bauBaUiPaPyaama: bubhu@s<is<ya@mah<
2p\ bauBaUiPaPyaisa bubhu@s<is<yasi
bauBaUiPaPyaYa: bubhu@s<is<yathah<
bauBaUiPaPyaYa bubhu@s<is<yatha
3p\ bauBaUiPaPyaita bubhu@s<is<yati
bauBaUiPaPyata: bubhu@s<is<yatah<
bauBaUiPaPyainta bubhu@s<is<yanti
(7) Conditional Mood La\G` (BaivaPyaita iyaaitapaTaaE) Parasmaipad& Desiderative If I want to become
1p\ AbauBaUiPaPyama` abubhu@s<is<yam AbauBaUiPaPyaava abubhu@s<is<ya@va
AbauBaUiPaPyaama abubhu@s<is<ya@ma
2p\ AbauBaUiPaPya: abubhu@s<is<yah<
AbauBaUiPaPyatama` abubhu@s<is<yatam AbauBaUiPaPyata abubhu@s<is<yata
3p\ AbauBaUiPaPyata` abubhu@s<is<yat
AbauBaUiPaPyataama` abubhu@s<is<yata@m
AbauBaUiPaPyana` abubhu@s<is<yan
(8) Imperative Mood Laae@` (AaXaaYae|; paRonaaYa|e; ivaZyaadaE) Parasmaipad& Desi\ I should want to become!
1p\ bauBaUPaaiNa baubhu@s<a@n<i
bauBaUPaava bubhu@s<a@va
bauBaUPaama bubhu@s<a@ma
2p\ bauBaUPa bubhu@s<a
bauBaUPatama` bubhu@s<atam
bauBaUPata bubhu@s<ata
3p\ bauBaUPatau bubhu@s<atu
bauBaUPataama` bubhu@s<ata@m
bauBaUPantau bubhu@s<antu
(9) Potential or Subjunctive Mood ivaiZaiLaG` (ivaZyaadaE) Parasmaipad& Desi\ I may want to become!
Singular
Dual
Plural
1p\ bauBaUPaeyama` bubhu@s<eyam
bauBaUPaeva bubhu@s<eva
bauBaUPaema bubhu@s<ema
2p\ bauBaUPae: bubhu@s<eh<
bauBaUPaetama` bubhu@s<etam
bauBaUPaeta bubhu@s<eta
3p\ bauBaUPaeta` bubhu@s<et
bauBaUPaetaama` bubhu@s<eta@m
bauBaUPaeyau: bubhu@s<eyuh<
(10) Benedictive or Optative Mood AaoaIiLa|G` (AaioaiPa) Parasmaipad& Desiderative May I become!
1p\ bauBaUPyaasama` bubhu@s<ya@sam
bauBaUPyaasva bubhu@s<ya@sva
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bauBaUPyaasma bubhu@s<ya@sma
2p\ bauBaUPyaa: bubhu@s<ya@h<
bauBaUPyaastama` bubhu@s<ya@stam
bauBaUPyaasta bubhu@s<ya@sta
3p\ bauBaUPyaata` bubhu@s<ya@t
bauBaUPyaastaama` bubhu@s<ya@sta@m
bauBaUPyaasau: bubhu@s<ya@suh<
(D) THE REPEATETIVE or FREQUENTATIVE

(yaG`Lauganta) ACTIONS
(1) Present Tense : La@` (saamaanya-vata|maanae) Parasmaipad&,
Singular
1p\ baaeBavaIima-baaeBaaeima
bobhav&mi-bobhomi
2p\ baaeBavaIiPa-baaeBaaeiPa
bobhav&s<i-bobhos<i
3p\ baaeBavaIita-baaeBaaeita
bobhav&ti-bobhoti
Frequentative - eg\ I become more
Dual
Plural
baaeBaUva:
baaeBaUma:
bobhu@vah<
bobhu@mah<
baaeBaUYa:
baaeBaUYa
bobhu@thah<
bobhu@tha
baaeBaUta:
baaeBauvaita
bobhu@tah<
bobhuvati
(2) Past Imperfect : LaG` (Ana^tana-BaUtae) Parasmaipad&, Frequentative - eg\ I became more
1p\ AbaaeBavama` abobhavam
AbaaeBaUva abobhu@va
AbaaeBaUma abobhu@ma
2p\ AbaaeBavaI: abobhav&h
AbaaeBaUtama` abobhu@tam
AbaaeBaUta abobhu@ta
3p\ AbaaeBavaIta` abobhav&t
AbaaeBaUtaama` abobhu@ta@m
AbaaeBaUvau: abobhu@vuh<
(3) Perfect Past : iLa@` (paraexa-BaUtae) Parasmaipad&, Frequentative - eg\ I had become more
Singular
1p\ baaeBavaacakar
Dual
Plural
baaeBavaacava
baaeBavaacama
bobhava@n~c{aka@ra
baaeBavaambaBaUvama`
bobhava@n~c{akr<va
baaeBavaambaBaUva
bobhava@n~c{akr<ma
baaeBavaambaBaUma
bobhava@mbabhu@vam
baaeBavaamaasa
bobhava@mbabhu@va
baaeBavaamaaisava
bobhava@mbabhu@ma
baaeBavaamaaisama
bobhava@ma@sa
bobhava@ma@siva
bobhava@ma@sima
baaeBauvaacaYau:
baaeBauvaaca
bobhu@va@n~c{akr<thuh<
baaeBauvaambaBaUvaYau:
bobhu@va@n~c{akra
baaeBauvaambaBaUva
2p\ baaeBauvaacakYa|
bobhu@va@n~c{akartha
baaeBauvaambaBaUYa
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bobhuva@mbabhu@tha
baaeBauvaamaaisaYa
bobhuva@mbabhu@vathuh<
baaeBauvaamaasaYau:
bobhuva@mbabhu@va
baaeBauvaamaasa
bobhuva@ma@sitha
bobhuva@ma@sathuh<
bobhuva@ma@sa
baaeBauvaacatau:
baaeBauvaaca:
bobhuva@n~c{aka@ra
baaeBauvaambaBaUva
bobhuva@n~c{akratuh<
baaeBauvaambaBaUvatau:
bobhuva@n~c{akruh<
baaeBauvaambaBaUvau:
bobhuva@mbabhu@va
baaeBauvaamaasa
bobhuva@mbabhu@vatuh<
baaeBauvaamaasatau:
bobhuva@mbabhu@vuh<
baaeBauvaamaasau:
bobhuva@ma@sa
bobhuva@ma@satuh<
bobhuva@ma@suh<
3p\ baaeBauvaacakar
(4) Indefinite Past : LauG` (dUrvaita|-BaUtae) Parasmaipad&, Frequentative - eg\ I had become more
1p\ AbaaeBaUvama` abobhu@vam
AbaaeBaUva abobhu@va
AbaaeBaUma abobhu@ma
2p\ AbaaeBaUvaI: abobhu@v<&h<
AbaaeBaUtama` abobhu@tam
AbaaeBaUta abobhu@ta
3p\ AbaaeBaUvaIta` abobhu@v&t
AbaaeBaUtaama` abobhu@ta@m
AbaaeBavau: abobhavuh<
(5) Definite Future : Lau@` (saamaanya-BaivaPyaita) Parasmaipad&, Frequentative - I will become more
1p\ baaeBaivataaisma bobhavita@smi
baaeBaivataasva: bobhavita@svah<
baaeBaivataasma: bobhavita@smah<
2p\ baaeBaivataaisa bobhavita@si
baaeBaivataasYa: bobhavita@sthah<
baaeBaivataasYa bobhavita@stha
3p\ baaeBaivataa bobhavita@
baaeBaivataaraE bobhavita@rau
baaeBaivataar: bobhavita@rah<
(6) Indefinite Future : La\@` (ApaUNa|-BaivaPyaita) Parasmaipad&, Frequentative - I will become more
Singular
Dual
Plural
1p\ baaeBaivaPyaaima bobhavis<ya@mi
baaeBaivaPyaava: bobhavis<ya@vah<
baaeBaivaPyaama: bobhavis<ya@mah<
2p\ baaeBaivaPyaisa bobhavis<yasi
baaeBaivaPyaYa: bobhavis<yathah<
baaeBaivaPyaYa bobhavis<yatha
3p\ baaeBaivaPyaita bobhavis<yati
baaeBaivaPyata: bobhavis<yatah<
baaeBaivaPyainta bobhavis<yanti
(7) Conditional Mood La\G` (BaivaPyaita iyaaitapaTaaE) Parasmaipad& Frequentative If I become more
1p\ AbaaeBaivaPyama` abobhavis<yam
AbaaeBaivaPyaava abobhavis<ya@va
AbaaeBaivaPyaama abobhavis<ya@ma
2p\ AbaaeBaivaPya: abobhavis<yah<
AbaaeBauivaPyatama` abobhavis<yatam AbaaeBaivaPyata abobhavis<yata
3p\ AbaaeBaivaPyata` abobhavis<yat
AbaaeBaivaPyataama` abobhavis<yata@m AbaaeBaivaPyana` abobhavis<yan
(8) Imperative Mood Laae@` (AaXaaYae|; paRonaaYa|e; ivaZyaadaE) Parasmai\ Frequ\ I should become more!
1p\ baaeBavaaina bobhava@ni
baaeBavaava bobhava@va
baaeBavaama bobhava@ma
2p\ baaeBaaeih bobhohi
baaeBaUtama` bobhu@tam
baaeBaUta bobhu@ta
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3p\ baaeBavaItau bobhv&tu
baaeBaUtaama` bobhu@ta@m
baaeBauvatau bobhuvatu
(9) Potential or Subjunctive Mood ivaiZaiLaG` (ivaZyaadaE) Parasmaipad& Frequ\ I may become more
1p\ baaeBaUyaama` bobhu@ya@m
baaeBaUyaava bobhu@ya@va
baaeBaUyaama bobhu@ya@ma
2p\ baaeBaUyaa: bobhu@ya@h<
baaeBaUyaatama` bobhu@ya@tam
baaeBaUyaata bobhu@ya@ta
3p\ baaeBaUyaata` bobhu@ya@t
baaeBaUyaataama` bobhu@ya@ta@m
baaeBaUyau: bobhu@yuh<
(10) Benedictive or Optative Mood AaoaIiLa|G` (AaioaiPa) Parasmaipad& Freq\ May I become more!
1p\ baaeBaUyaasama` bobhu@ya@sam
baaeBaUyaasva bobhu@ya@sva
baaeBaUyaasma bobhu@ya@sma
2p\ baaeBaUyaa: bobhu@ya@h<
baaeBaUyaastama` bobhu@ya@stam
baaeBaUyaasta bobhu@ya@sta
3p\ baaeBaUyaata` bobhu@ya@t
baaeBaUyaastaama` bobhu@ya@sta@m
baaeBaUyaasau: bobhu@ya@suh<
(2)
ACTIVE VOICE ATMANEPADI

(1B) THE 360 TMANEPADI SINGLE-WORD ACTIONS
eg\ from the verb |bhu@ (BaU)
(E) REGULAR (saaZaarNa) ACTIONS
(1) Present Tense : La@` (saamaanya-vata|maanae) tmanepad& - eg\ I become
Singular
Dual
Plural
1p\ Bavae bhave
Bavaavahe bhava@vahe
Bavaamahe bhava@mahe
2p\ Bavasae bhavase
BavaeYae bhavethe
BavaZvae bhavadhve
3p\ Bavatae bhavate
Bavaetae bhavete
Bavantae bhavante
(2) Past Imperfect Tense : LaG` (Ana^tana-BaUtae) tmanepad& - eg\ I became

1p\ ABavae abhave
ABavaavaih abhava@vahi
ABavaamaih abhava@mahi
2p\ ABavaYaa: abhavatha@h<
ABavaeYaama` abhavetha@m
ABavaZvama` abhavadhvam
3p\ ABavata abhavata
ABavaetaama` abhaveta@m
ABavanta abhavanta
(3) Perfect Past Tense : iLa@` (paraexa-BaUtae) tmanepad& - eg\ I had become
1p\ baBaUvae babhu@ve
baBaUivavahe babhu@vivahe
baBaUivamahe babhu@vimahe
2p\ baBaUivaPae babhu@vis<e
baBaUvaaYae babhu@va@the
baBaUivaZvae babhu@vidhve
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baBaUvaatae babhu@va@te
baBaUivare babhu@vire
(4) Indefinite Past Tense : LauG` (dUrvaita|-BaUtae) tmanepad& - eg\ I had become
1p\ ABaivaiPa abhavis<i
ABaivaPvaih abhavis<vahi
ABaivaPmaih abhavis<mahi
2p\ ABaivaP#a: abhavis<t>a@h<
ABaivaPaaYaama` abhavis<a@tha@m
ABaivaZvama` abhavidhvam
3p\ ABaaivaP@ abha@vis<t>a
ABaivaPaataama` abhavis<a@ta@m
ABaivaPata abhavis<ata
(5) Definite Future : Lau@` (saamaanya-BaivaPyaita) tmanepad& - eg\ I will become

1p\ Baivataahe bhavita@he
Baivataasvahe bhavita@svahe
Baivataasmahe bhavita@smahe
2p\ Baivataasae bhavita@se
BaivataasaaYae bhavita@sa@the
BaivataaZvae bhavita@dhve
(6) Indefinite Future : La\@` (ApaUNa|-BaivaPyaita) tmanepad& - eg\ I shall become

1p\ BaivaPyae bhavis<ye
BaivaPyaavahe bhavis<ya@vahe
BaivaPyaamahe bhavis<ya@mahe
2p\ BaivaPyasae bhavis<yase
BaivaPyaeYae bhavis<yethe
BaivaPyaZvae bhavis<yadhve
3p\ BaivaPyatae bhavis<yate
BaivaPyaetae bhavis<yete
BaivaPyantae bhavis<yante
(7) Conditional Mood : La\G` (BaivaPyaita iyaaitapaTaaE) tmanepad& - eg\ If I become

Singular
Dual
Plural
1p\ ABaivaPyae abhavis<ye
ABaivaPyaavaih abhavis<ya@vahi
ABaivaPyaamaih abhavis<ya@mahi
2p\ ABaivaPyaYaa: abhavis<yatha@h<
ABaivaPyaeYaama` abhavis<yetha@m
ABaivaPyaZvama` abhavis<yadhvam
3p\ ABaivaPyata abhavis<yata
ABaivaPyaetaama` abhavis<yeta@m
(8) Imperative Mood : Laae@` (AaXaaYae|; paRonaaYa|e; ivaZyaadaE)
ABaivaPyanta abhavis<yanta
tmanepad& - eg\ May I become?
1p\ BavaE bhavai
BavaavahE bhava@vahai
BavaamahE bhava@mahai
2p\ Bavasva bhavasva
BavaeYaama` bhavetha@m
BavaZvama` bhavadhvam
3p\ Bavataama` bhavata@m
Bavantaama` bhavanta@m
(9) Potential or Subjunctive Mood : ivaiZaiLaG` (ivaZyaadaE) tmanepad& - eg\ I may become
1p\ Bavaeya bhaveya
Bavaevaih bhavevahi
Bavaemaih bhavemahi
2p\ BavaeYaa: bhavetha@h<
BavaeyaaYaama` bhaveya@tha@m
BavaeZvama` bhavedhvam
3p\ Bavaeta bhaveta
Bavaerna` bhaveran
(10) Benedictive or Optative Mood : AaoaIiLa|G` (AaioaiPa) tmanepad& - eg\ May I become!
1p\ BaivaPaIya bhavis<&ya
BaivaPaIvaih bhavis<&vahi
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BaivaPaImaih bhavis<&mahi
2p\ BaivaPaIP#a: bhavis<&s<t>ha@h<
BaivaPaIyaasYaama` bhavis<&ya@stha@m
BaivaPaIZvama` bhavis<&dhvam
3p\ BaivaPaIP@ bhavis<&s<t>a
BaivaPaIyaastaama` bhavis<&ya@sta@m
BaivaPaIrna` bhavis<&ran
(F) THE CAUSATIVE (Nyanta) ACTIONS

ACTIVE VOICE - TMANEPADI
(1) Present Tense : La@` (saamaanya-vata|maanae) tmanepad&, Causative - eg\ I am made
Singular
Dual
Plural
1p\ Baavayae bha@vaye
Baavayaavahe bha@vaya@vahe
Baavayaamahe bha@vaya@mahe
2p\ Baavayasae bha@vayase
BaavayaeYae bha@vayethe
BaavayaZvae bha@vayadhve
3p\ Baavayatae bha@vayate
Baavayaetae bha@vayete
Baavayantae bha@vayante
(2) Past imperfect Tense : LaG` (Ana^tana-BaUtae) tmanepad&, Causative - eg\ I was made
Singular
Dual
Plural
1p\ ABaavayae abha@vaye
ABaavayaavaih abha@vaya@vahi
ABaavayaamaih abha@vaya@mahi
2p\ ABaavayaYaa: abha@vayatha@h<
ABaavayaetaama` abha@vayeta@m
ABaavayaZvama` abha@vayadhvam
3p\ ABaavayata abha@vayata
ABaavayaetaama` abha@vayeta@m
ABaavayanta abha@vayanta
(3) Perfect Past Tense : iLa@` (paraexa-BaUtae) tmanepad&, Causative - eg\ I was made
1p\ Baavayaaca
bha@vaya@n~c{akre
2p\ BaavayaacaPae
bha@vaya@n~c{akr<s<e
3p\ Baavayaaca
bha@vaya@n~c{akre
Baavayaacavahe
Baavayaacamahe
bha@vaya@n~c{akr<vahe
bha@vaya@n~c{akr<mahe
BaavayaacaaYae
Baavayaaca$e
bha@vaya@n~c{akra@the
bha@vaya@n~c{akr<d<hve
Baavayaacaatae
Baavayaacaire
bha@vaya@n~c{akra@te
bha@vaya@n~c{akrire
(4) Indefinite Past Tense : LauG` (dUrvaita|-BaUtae) tmanepad&, Causative - eg\ I had been made
1p\ AbaIBavae ab&bhave
AbaIBavaavaih ab&bhava@vahi
AbaIBavaamaih ab&bhava@mahi
2p\ AbaIBavaYaa: ab&bhavatha@h<
AbaIBavaeYaama` ab&bhavetha@m
AbaIBavaZvama` ab&bhavadhvam
3p\ AbaIBavata abibhavata
AibaBavaetaama` abibhaveta@m
AibaBanta abibhavanta
(5) Definite Future : Lau@` (saamaanya-BaivaPyaita) tmanepad&, Causative - eg\ I will be made
1p\ Baavaiyataahe bha@vayita@he
Baavaiyataasvahe bha@vayiita@svahe
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Baavaiyataasmahe bha@vayiita@smahe
2p\ Baavaiyataasae bha@vayita@se
BaavaiyataasaaYae bha@vayita@sa@the
BaavaiyataaZvae bha@vayita@dhve
3p\ Baavaiyataa bha@vayita@
BaavaiyataaraE bha@vayita@rau
Baavaiyataar: bha@vayita@rah<
(6) Indefinite Future : La\@` (ApaUNa|-BaivaPyaita) tmanepad&, Causative - eg\ I shall be made
1p\ BaavaiyaPyae bha@vayis<ye
BaavaiyaPyaavahe bha@vayis<ya@vahe
BaavaiyaPyaamahe bha@vayis<ya@mahe
2p\ BaavaiyaPyasae bha@vayis<yase
BaavaiyaPyaeYae bha@vayis<yethe
BaavaiyaPyaZvae bha@vayis<yadhve
3p\ BaavaiyaPyatae bha@vayis<yate
BaavaiyaPyaetae bha@vayis<yete
BaavaiyaPyantae bha@vayis<yante
(7) Conditional Mood : La\G` (BaivaPyaita iyaaitapaTaaE) tmanepad&, Causative, eg\ I had been made
1p\ ABaavaiyaPyae
abha@vayis<ye
2p\ ABaavaiyaPyaYaa:
abha@vayis<yatha@h<
3p\ ABaavaiyaPyata
abha@vayis<yata
ABaavaiyaPyaavaih
ABaavaiyaPyaamaih
abha@vayis<ya@vahi
abha@vayis<ya@mahi
ABaavaiyaPyaeYaama`
ABaavaiyaPyaZvama`
abha@vayis<yetha@m
abha@vayis<yadhvam
ABaavaiyaPyaetaama`
ABaavaiyaPyanta
abha@vayis<yeta@m
abha@vayis<yanta
(8) Imperative Mood : Laae@` (AaXaaYae|; paRonaaYa|e; ivaZyaadaE) tmanepad&, Causative - May I be made?
Singular
Dual
Plural
1p\ BaavayaE bha@vayai
BaavayaavahE bha@vaya@vahai
BaavayaamahE bha@vaya@mahai
2p\ Baavayasva bha@vayasva
BaavayaeyaaYaama` bha@vayeya@tha@m
BaavayaZvama` bha@vayadhvam
3p\ Baavayataama` bha@vayata@m
Baavayaetaama` bha@vayeta@m
Baavayantaama` bha@vayanta@m
(9) Potential or Subjunctive Mood ivaiZaiLaG` (ivaZyaadaE) tmanepad&, Causative, I may be made
1p\ Baavayaeya bha@vayeya
Baavayaevaih bha@vayevahi
Baavayaemaih bha@vayemahi
2p\ BaavayaeYaa: bha@vayetha@h<
BaavayaeYaama` bha@vayetha@m
BaavayaeZvama` bha@vayedhvam
3p\ Baavayaeta bha@vayeta
Baavayaeyaataama` bha@vayeya@ta@m
Baavayaerna` bha@vayeran
(10) Benedictive or Optative Mood AaoaIiLa|G` (AaioaiPa) tmanepad&, Causative, May I be made!
1p\ BaavaiyaPaIya bha@vayis<&ya
BaavaiyaPaIvaih bha@vayis<&vahi
BaavaiyaPaImaih bha@vayis<&mahi
2p\ BaavaiyaPaIP#a:
BaavaiyaPaIyaasYaama`
BaavaiyaPaIZvama`
bha@vayis<&s<t>ha@h<
3p\ BaavaiyaPaIP@
bha@vayis<&s<t>a
bha@vayis<&ya@stha@m
bha@vayis<&dhvam
BaavaiyaPaIyaastaama`
BaavaiyaPaIrna`
bha@vayis<&ya@sta@m
bha@vayis<&ran
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(G) THE DESIDERATIVE (santa) ACTIONS

(1) Present Tense : La@` (saamaanya-vata|maanae) tmanepad&, Desiderative - eg\ I want to become
Singular
Dual
Plural
1p\ bauBaUPae bubhu@s<e
bauBaUPaavahe bubhu@s<a@vahe
bauBaUPaamahe bubhu@s<a@mahe
2p\ bauBaUPasae bubhu@s<ase
bauBaUPaeYae bubhu@s<ethe
bauBaUPaZvae bubhu@s<adhve
3p\ bauBaUPatae bubhu@s<ate
bauBaUPaetae bubhu@s<ete
bauBaUPantae bubhu@s<ante
(2) Past Imperfect : LaG` (Ana^tana-BaUtae) tmanepad&, Desiderative - eg\ I wanted to became
Singular
Dual
Plural
1p\ AbauBaUPae abubhu@s<e
AbauBaUPaavaih abubhu@s<a@vahi
AbauBaUPaamaih abubhu@s<a@mahi
2p\ AbauBaUPaYaa: abubhu@s<atha@h
AbauBaUPaeYaama` abubhu@s<etha@m
AbauBaUPaZvama` abubhu@s<adhvam
3p\ AbauBaUPata abubhu@s<ata
AbauBaUPaetaama` abubhu@s<eta@m
AbauBaUPanta abubhu@s<anta
(3) Perfect Past Tense : iLa@` (paraexa-BaUtae) tmanepad&, Desiderative - I had wanted to become
1p\ bauBaUPaaca
bubhu@s<a@n~c{akre
2p\ bauBaUPaacaPae
bubhu@s<a@n~c{akr<s<e
3p\ bauBaUPaaca
bubhu@s<a@n~c{akre
bauBaUPaacavahe
bauBaUPaacamahe
bubhu@s<a@n~c{akr<vahe
bubhu@s<a@n~c{akr<mahe
bauBaUPaacaaYae
bauBaUPaaca$e
bubhu@s<a@n~c{akra@the
bubhu@s<a@n~c{akr<d<hve
bauBaUPaacaatae
bauBaUPaacaire
bubhu@s<a@n~c{akra@te
bubhu@s<a@n~c{akrire
(4) Indefinite Past Tense LauG` (dUrvaita|-BaUtae) tmanepad&, Desiderative - I had wanted to become
1p\ AbauBaUiPaiPa abubhu@s<is<i
AbauBaUiPaPvaih abubhu@s<is<vahi
AbauBaUiPaPmaih abubhu@s>is<mahi
2p\ AbauBaUiPaP#a: abubhu@s<is<t<ha@h<
AbauBaUiPaPaaYaama` abubhu@s<is<a@tha@m
AbauBaUiPa$ma` abubhu@s<id<hvam
3p\ AbauBaUiPaP# abubhu@s<is<t<ha
AbauBaUiPaPaataama` abubhu@s<is<a@ta@m
AbauBaUiPaPata abubhu@s<is<ata
(5) Definite Future : Lau@` (saamaanya-BaivaPyaita) tmanepad&, Desiderative, I will want to become
1p\ bauBaUiPataahe bubhu@s<ita@he
bauBaUiPataasvahe bubhu@s<ita@svahe
bauBaUiPataasmahe bubhu@s<ita@smahe
2p\ bauBaUiPataasae bubhu@s<ita@se
bauBaUiPataasaaYae bubhu@s<ita@sa@the
bauBaUiPataaZvae bubhu@s<ita@dhve
3p\ bauBaUiPataa bubhu@s<ita@
bauBaUiPataaraE bubhu@s<ita@rau
bauBaUiPataar: bubhu@s<ita@rah<
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(6) Indefinite Future : La\@` (ApaUNa|-BaivaPyaita) tmanepad&, Desiderative, I shall want to become
1p\ bauBaUiPaPyae bubhu@s<is<ye
bauBaUiPaPyaavahe bubhu@s<is<ya@vahe
bauBaUiPaPyaamahe bubhu@s<is<ya@mahe
2p\ bauBaUiPaPyasae bubhu@s<is<yase
bauBaUiPaPyaeYae bubhu@s<is<yethe
bauBaUiPaPyaZvae bubhu@s<is<yadhve
3p\ bauBaUiPaPyatae bubhu@s<is<yate
bauBaUiPaPyaetae bubhu@s<is<yete
bauBaUiPaPyantae bubhu@s<is<yante
(7) Conditional Mood La\G` (BaivaPyaita iyaaitapaTaaE) tmanepad&, Desiderative, If I want to become
1p\ AbauBaUiPaPyae
abubhu@s<is<ye
2p\ AbauBaUiPaPyaYaa:
abubhu@s<is<yatha@h<
3p\ AbauBaUiPaPyata
abubhu@s<is<yata
AbauBaUiPaPyaavaih
AbauBaUiPaPyaamaih
abubhu@s<is<ya@vahi
abubhu@s<is<ya@mahi
AbauBaUiPaPyaeYaama`
AbauBaUiPaPyaZvama`
abubhu@s<is<yetha@m
abubhu@s<is<yadhvam
AbauBaUiPaPyaetaama`
AbauBaUiPaPyanta
abubhu@s<is<yeta@m
abubhu@s<is<yanta
(8) Imperative Mood Laae@` (AaXaaYae|; paRonaaYa|e; ivaZyaadaE) tmanepad& Desi\ I should want to become
Singular
Dual
Plural
1p\ bauBaUPaE baubhu@s<ai
bauBaUPaavahE bubhu@s<a@vahai
bauBaUPaamahE bubhu@s<a@mahai
2p\ bauBaUPasva bubhu@s<asva
bauBaUPaeYaama` bubhu@s<etha@m
bauBaUPaZvama` bubhu@s<adhvam
3p\ bauBaUPataama` bubhu@s<ata@m
bauBaUPaetaama` bubhu@s<eta@m
bauBaUPantaama` bubhu@s<anta@m
(9) Potential or Subjunctive Mood ivaiZaiLaG` (ivaZyaadaE) tmanepad& Desi\ I may want to become
1p\ bauBaUPaeya bubhu@s<eya
bauBaUPaevaih bubhu@s<evahi
bauBaUPaemaih bubhu@s<emahi
2p\ bauBaUPaeYaa: bubhu@s<etha@h>
bauBaUPaeyaaYaama` bubhu@s<eya@tha@m
bauBaUPaeZvama` bubhu@s<edhvam
3p\ bauBaUPaeta bubhu@s<eta
bauBaUPaeyaataama` bubhu@s<eya@ta@m
bauBaUPaerna` bubhu@s<eran
(10) Benedictive or Optative Mood : AaoaIiLa|G` (AaioaiPa) tmanepad&, Desi\ May I become!
1p\ bauBaUiPaPaIya bubhu@s<is<&ya
bauBaUiPaPaIvaih bubhu@s<is<&vahi
2p\ bauBaUiPaPaIP#a: bubhu@s<is<&s<t>ha@h<
bauBaUiPaPaIyaasYaama` bubhu@s<is<&ya@stha@m bauBaUiPaPaIZvama` bubhu@s<is<&dhvam
3p\ bauBaUiPaPaIP@ bubhu@s<is<&s<t>a
bauBaUiPaPaIyaastaama` bubhu@s<is<&ya@sta@m bauBaUiPaPaIrna` bubhu@s<is<&ran
(H) THE REPEATETIVE or FREQUENTATIVE
bauBaUiPaPaImaih bubhu@s<is<&mahi
(yaGnta) ACTIONS

(1) Present Tense : La@` (saamaanya-vata|maanae) tmanepad&, Frequentative - eg\ I become more
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Singular
Dual
Plural
1p\ baaeBaUya bobhu@ye
baaeBaUyaavahe bobhu@ya@vahe
baaeBaUyaamahe bobhu@ya@mahe
2p\ baaeBaUyasae bobhu@yase
baaeBaUyaeYae bobhu@yethe
baaeBaUyaZvae bobhu@yadhve
3p\ baaeBaUyatae bobhu@yate
baaeBaUyaetae bobhu@yete
baaeBaUyantae bobhu@yante
(2) Past imperfect Tense : LaG` (Ana^tana-BaUtae) tmanepad&, Frequentative - eg\ I became more
1p\ AbaaeBaUyae abobhu@ye
AbaaeBaUyaavaih abobhu@ya@vahi
AbaaeBaUyaamaih abobhu@ya@mahi
2p\ AbaaeBaUyaYaa: abobhu@yatha@h<
AbaaeBaUyaeYaama` abobhu@yetha@m
AbaaeBaUyaZvama` abobhu@yadhvam
3p\ AbaaeBaUyata abobhu@yata
AbaaeBaUyaetaama` abobhu@yeta@m
AbaaeBaUyanta abobhu@yanta
(3) Perfect Past Tense : iLa@` (paraexa-BaUtae) tmanepad&, Frequentative - eg\ I had become more
Singular
1p\ baaeBaUyaaca
bobhava@n~c{akre
2p\ baaeBauvaacaPae
bobhu@va@n~c{akr<s<e
3p\ baaeBauvaaca
bobhuva@n~c{akre
Dual
Plural
baaeBavaacavahe
baaeBavaacamahe
bobhava@n~c{akr<vahe
bobhava@n~c{akr<mahe
baaeBauvaacaaYae
baaeBauvaaca$e
bobhu@va@n~c{akra@<the
bobhu@va@n~c{akr<d<hve
baaeBauvaacaatae
baaeBauvaacaire
bobhuva@n~c{akra@te
bobhuva@n~c{akrire
(4) Indefinite Past Tense : LauG` (dUrvaita|-BaUtae) tmanepad&, Frequentative eg\ I had become more
1p\ AbaaeBaUiyaiPa abobhu@yis<i
AbaaeBaUiyaPvaih abobhu@yis<vahi
AbaaeBaUiyaPmaih abobhu@yis>mahi
2p\ AbaaeBaUiyaP#a: abobhu@yis<t>ha@h<
AbaaeBaUiyaPaaYaama` abobhu@yis<a@tha@m AbaaeBaUiyaZvama` abobhu@yidhvam
3p\ AbaaeBaUiyaP@ abobhu@yis<t>a
AbaaeBaUiyaPaataama` abobhu@yis<a@ta@m
AbaaeBaUiyaPata abobhu@yis<at
(5) Definite Future : Lau@` (saamaanya-BaivaPyaita) tmanepad&, Frequentative - eg\ I will become more
1p\ baaeBaUiyataahe bobhu@yita@he
baaeBaUiyataasvahe bobhu@yita@svahe
baaeBaUiyataasmahe bobhu@yita@smahe
2p\ baaeBaUiyataasae bobhu@yita@se
baaeBaUiyataasaaYae bobhu@yita@sa@the
baaeBaUiyataaZvae bobhu@yita@dhve
3p\ baaeBaUiyataa bobuhu@yita@
baaeBaUihtaaraE bobhu@yita@rau
baaeBaUiyataar: bobhu@yita@rah<
(6) Indefinite Future : La\@` (ApaUNa|-BaivaPyaita) tmanepad&, Frequentative, eg\ I will become more
1p\ baaeBaUiyaPyae bobhu@yis<ye
baaeBaUiyaPyaavahe bobhu@yis<ya@svahe
baaeBaUiyaPyaamahe bobhu@yis<ya@smahe
2p\ baaeBaUiyaPyasae bobhu@yis<yase
baaeBaUiyaPyaeYae bobhu@yis<yethe
baaeBaUiyaPyaZvae bobhu@yis<yadhve
3p\ baaeBaUiyaPyatae bobhu@yis<yate
baaeBaUiyaPyaetae bobhu@yis<yete
baaeBaUiyaPyantae bobhu@yis<yante
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(7) Conditional Mood : La\G` (BaivaPyaita iyaaitapaTaaE) tmanepad&, Frequentative, If I become more
1p\ AbaaeBaUiyaPyae
abobhu@yis<ye
2p\ AbaaeBaUiyaPyaYaa:
abobhu@yis<yatha@h<
3p\ AbaaeBaUiyaPyata
abobhu@yis<yata
AbaaeBaUiyaPyaavaih
AbaaeBaUiyaPyaamaih
abobhu@yis<ya@vahi
abobhu@yis<ya@mahi
AbaaeBaUiyaPyaeYaama`
AbaaeBaUiyaPyaZvama`
abobhu@yis<yetha@m
abobhu@yis<yadhvam
AbaaeBaUiyaPyaetaama`
AbaaeBaUiyaPyanta
abobhu@yis<yeta@m
abobhu@yis<yant
(8) Imperative Mood Laae@` (AaXaaYae|; paRonaaYa|e; ivaZyaadaE) tmanepad&, Frequ\ I should become more!
Singular
Dual
Plural
1p\ baaeBaUyaE bobhu@yai
baaeBaUyaavahE bobhu@ya@vahai
baaeBaUyaamahE bobhu@ya@mahai
2p\ baaeBaUyasva bobhu@yasva
baaeBaUyaeYaama` bobhu@yetha@m
baaeBaUyaZvama` bobhu@yadhvam
3p\ baaeBaUyataama` bobhu@yata@m
baaeBaUyaetaama` bobhu@yeta@m
baaeBaUyantaama` bobhu@yanta@m
(9) Potential or Subjunctive Mood ivaiZaiLaG` (ivaZyaadaE) tmanepad&, Freq\ I may become more
1p\ baaeBaUyaeya bobhu@yeya
baaeBaUyaevaih bobhu@yevahi
baaeBaUyaemaih bobhu@yemahi
2p\ baaeBaUyaeYaa: bobhu@yetha@h<
baaeBaUyaeyaaYaama` bobhu@yeya@tha@m
baaeBaUyaeZvama` bobhu@yedhvam
3p\ baaeBaUyaeta bobhu@yeta
baaeBaUyaeyaataama` bobhu@yeya@ta@m
baaeBaUyaerna` bobhu@yeran
(10) Benedictive or Optative Mood AaoaIiLa|G` (AaioaiPa) tmane\ Frequ\ I should become more!
1p\ baaeBaUiyaPaIya bobhu@yis<&ya
baaeBaUiyaPaIvaih bobhu@yis<&vahi
baaeBaUiyaPaImaih bobhu@yis<&mahi
2p\ baaeBaUiyaPaIP#a:
baaeBaUiyaPaIyaasYaama`
baaeBaUiyaPaI$ma`
bobhu@yis<&ya@stha@m
bobhu@yis<&d<hvam
bobhu@yis<&s<t>ha@h<
3p\ baaeBaUiyaPaIP@ bobhu@yis<&s>t>a
baaeBaUiyaPaIyaastaama` bobhu@yis<&ya@sta@m baaeBaUiyaPaIrna` bobhu@yis<&ran

(B)
THE PASSIVE VOICE
360 TMANEPADI PASSIVE VERBS
(I) REGULAR ACTIONS
PASSIVE VOICE - TMANEPADI
(1) Present Tense : La@` (saamaanya-vata|maanae) Passive Voice - eg\ I become
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Singular
Dual
Plural
1p\ BaUyae bhu@ye
BaUyaavahe bhu@ya@vahe
BaUyaamahe bhu@ya@mahe
2p\ BaUyasae bhu@yase
BaUyaeYae bhu@yethe
BaUyaZvae bhu@yadhve
3p\ BaUyatae bhu@yate
BaUyaetae bhu@yete
BaUyantae bhu@yante
(2) Past Imperfect Tense : LaG` (Ana^tana-BaUtae) Passive Voice - eg\ I became
Singular
Dual
Plural
1p\ ABaUyae abhu@ye
ABaUyaavaih abhu@ya@vahi
ABaUyaamaih abhu@ya@mahi
2p\ ABaUyaYaa: abhu@yatha@h<
ABaUyaeYaama` abhu@yetha@m
ABaUyaZvama` abhu@yadhvam
3p\ ABaUyata abhu@yata
ABaUyaetaama` abhu@yeta@m
ABaUyanta abhu@yanta
(3) Perfect Past Tense : iLa@` (paraexa-BaUtae) Passive Voice - eg\ I had become
baBaUivavahe babhu@vivahe
baBaUivamahe babhu@vimahe
2p\ baBaUivaPae babhu@vis<e
baBaUvaaYae babhu@va@the
baBaUivaZvae babhu@vidhve
baBaUvaatae babhu@va@te
baBaUivare babhu@vire
(4) Indefinite Past Tense : LauG` (dUrvaita|-BaUtae) Passive Voice - eg\ I had become
1p\ ABaivaiPa abhavis<i
ABaivaPvaih abhavis<vahi
ABaivaPmaih abhavis<mahi
2p\ ABaivaP#a: abhavis<t>a@h<
ABaivaPaaYaama` abhavis<a@tha@m
ABaivaZvama` abhavidhvam
3p\ ABaaiva abha@vi
ABaivaPaataama` abhavis<a@ta@m
ABaivaPata abhavis<ata
(5) Definite Future : Lau@` (saamaanya-BaivaPyaita) Passive Voice - eg\ I will become
1p\ Baivataahe bhavita@he
Baivataasvahe bhavita@svahe
Baivataasmahe bhavita@smahe
2p\ Baivataasae bhavita@se
BaivataasaaYae bhavita@sa@the
BaivataaZvae bhavita@dhve
(6) Indefinite Future : La\@` (ApaUNa|-BaivaPyaita) Passive Voice - eg\ I shall become
1p\ BaivaPyae bhavis<ye
BaivaPyaavahe bhavis<ya@vahe
BaivaPyaamahe bhavis<ya@mahe
2p\ BaivaPyasae bhavis<yase
BaivaPyaeYae bhavis<yethe
BaivaPyaZvae bhavis<yadhve
3p\ BaivaPyatae bhavis<yate
BaivaPyaetae bhavis<yete
BaivaPyantae bhavis<yante
(7) Conditional Mood : La\G` (BaivaPyaita iyaaitapaTaaE) Passive Voice - eg\ If I become
1p\ ABaivaPyae abhavis<ye
ABaivaPyaavaih abhavis<ya@vahi
ABaivaPyaamaih abhavis<ya@mahi
2p\ ABaivaPyaYaa: abhavis<yatha@h<
ABaivaPyaeYaama` abhavis<yetha@m
ABaivaPyaZvama` abhavis<yadhvam
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3p\ ABaivaPyata abhavis<yata
ABaivaPyaetaama` abhavis<yeta@m
ABaivaPyanta abhavis<yanta
(8) Imperative Mood : Laae@` (AaXaaYae|; paRonaaYa|e; ivaZyaadaE) Passive Voice - eg\ May I become?
Singular
Dual
Plural
1p\ BaUyaE bhu@yai
BaUyaavahE bhu@ya@vahai
BaUyaamahE bhu@ya@mahai
2p\ BaUyasva bhu@yasva
BaUyaeYaama` bhu@yetha@m
BaUyaZvama` bhu@yadhvam
3p\ BaUyataama` bhu@yata@m
BaUyaetaama` bhu@yeta@m
BaUyantaama` bhu@yanta@m
(9) Potential or Subjunctive Mood : ivaiZaiLaG` (ivaZyaadaE) Passive Voice - eg\ I may become
1p\ BaUyaeya bhu@yeya
BaUyaevaih bhu@yevahi
BaUyaemaih bhu@yemahi
2p\ BaUyaeYaa: bhu@yetha@h<
BaUyaeyaaYaama` bhu@yeya@tha@m
BaUyaeZvama` bhu@yedhvam
3p\ BaUyaeta bhu@yeta
BaUyaetaama` bhu@yeta@m
BaUyaerna` bhu@yeran
(10) Benedictive or Optative Mood : AaoaIiLa|G` (AaioaiPa) Passive Voice - eg\ May I become!
1p\ BaivaPaIya bhavis<&ya
BaivaPaIvaih bhavis<&vahi
BaivaPaImaih bhavis<&mahi
2p\ BaivaPaIP#a: bhavis<&s<t>ha@
BaivaPaIyaasYaama` bhavis<&ya@stha@m
BaivaPaIZvama` bhavis<&dhvam
3p\ BaivaPaIP@ bhavis<&s<t>a
BaivaPaIyaastaama` bhavis<&ya@sta@m
BaivaPaIrna` bhavis<&ran
Thus, the table continues for the Passive Voice, for Causative actions, desiderative
actions and frequentive actions, as shown above for the Active voice.
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CHAPTER 20
.
CASE CHARTS of 90 WORD ENDINGS

(1) MASCULINE NOUN ENDING IN (a) A (rama) Ra@ma (G&ta@ 10.31)
CASE-ivaBaiF
Singular
Dual
Plural
rama:
ramaaE
ramaa:
(2nd) Accusative (to, what?)
ramama`
ramaaE
ramaana`
(3rd) Instrumental (with, by)
ramaeNa
ramaaByaama`
ramaE:
(4th) Dative (for, to)
ramaaya
ramaaByaama`
ramaeBya:
(5th) Ablative (from. than)
ramaata`
ramaaByaama`
ramaeBya:
(6th) Possessive (of)
ramasya
ramayaae:
ramaaNaama`
(7th) Locative (in, on)
ramae
ramayaae:
ramaePau
Vocative (address)
rama
ramaaE
ramaa:
vanama`
vanae
vanaaina
vanama`
vanae
vanaaina
(3rd) Instrumental (with, by)
vanaena
vanaaByaama`
vanaE:
(4th) Dative (for, to)
vanaaya
vanaaByaama`
vanaeBya:
(5th) Ablative (from. than)
vanaata`
vanaaByaama`
vanaeBya:
(6th) Possessive (of)
vanasya
vanayaae:
vanaanaama`
(7th) Locative (in, on)
vanae
vanayaae:
vanaePau
Vocative (address)
vana
vanae
vanaaina
(1st) Nominative
(2) NEUTER NOUN ENDING IN (a) A (vana) forest

(1st) Nominative
(3) MASCULINE NOUN ENDING IN (a@) Aa (saaemapaa) Nectar drinker (G&ta@ 9.20)
(1st) Nominative
saaemapaa:
saaemapaaE
saaemapaa:
saaemapaama`
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saaemapa:
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CHAPTER 21
THE DICTIONARY OF THE 2200 SANSKRIT VERBS
Zaataupaa#:_
NOTE : *
= ppp\ adjective (F ivaoaePaNama`), followed by other participles (La@` = present\, La\@` = indefinite future, LaG` =
imperfect past\ Laae@` = imperative\. ivaiZa\ = potential)
(A) (a)
Ak 1|ak (to walk in circular motion like a snake) Akita AikPyaita Aakta` Aktau Akta` *Aikta AknaIya
Axa` 5|aks< (to occupy, pervade; to collect) AxaNaaeita AixaPyaita AxNaaetau AaxaNaaeta` AxNauyaata` *AP@ Aixa AxaNaa
Aga` 1|ag (to walk in zigzag way like a snake, to curl, wind) Agaita AigaPyaita Aagata` Agatau Agaeta` *Aigata
Aza` 10|agh (to sin, err, act improperly) Azayaita-tae AzaiyaPyaita-tae Aazayata`-ta Azayatau-taama` Azayaeta`-ta *Aizata
AG`k 1|an[k (to aim, mark, stamp; to walk crooked) AGtae AiGPyatae AaGta AGtaama` AGeta *AiGta AGnaIya
AG`k 10|an[k (to count, mark, aim) AGyaita-tae AGiyaPyaita-tae AaGyata`-ta AGyatau-taama` AGyaeta`-ta *AiGta AG
AG`Sa` 10|an[kh (to crawl, walk on knees) AGyaita-tae AGiyaPyaita-tae AaGyata`-ta AGyatau-taama` AGyaeta`-ta *AiGta
AG`ga` 1|an[g (to wander, stamp, count) AGita AiGPyaita AaGta` AGtau AGeta` *AiGta AGnaIya AiDtvaa AiGtauma`
AG`ga` 10|an[g (to circle, to mark, count) AGyaita-tae AGiyaPyaita-tae AaGyata`-ta AGyatau-taama` AGyaeta`-ta *AiGta
AG`za` 1|an[gh (to walk, start, rush, scold, blame) AGtae AiGPyatae AaGta AGtaama` AGeta *AiGta AiGtvaa
Aca` 1|ac{ (to request, honor, move) Acatae AicaPyaita-tae Aacata`-ta Acatau-taama` Acaeta`-ta *AF Aicatvaa Aicatauma`
Aja` 1|aj (to drive, go, lead, throw, cast) Ajaita AijaPyaita Aajata` Ajatau Ajaeta` *Aijata AjanaIya Aijatavya
Aca` 1|an~c{ (to worship, beg, bend) Acaita-tae AicaPyaita-tae Aacata`-ta Acatau-taama` Acaeta`-ta *Aicata, AF
Aca` 10|an~c{ (to respect, worship) Acayaita-tae AcaiyaPyaita-tae Aacayata`-ta Aacayatau-taama` Aacayaeta` *Aicata
Aja` 7|an~j (to anoint, make, show, represent) AnaiF AG`xyaita-AijaPyaita Aanak AnaF Ajyaata` *AF-AG
Aja` 10|an~j{ (to say, speak) Ajayaita-tae AjaiyaPyaita-tae Aajayata`-ta Ajayaatau-taama` Ajayaeta` *Aijata Aijatauma`
A@` 1|at> (to roam about, wander) A@ita Ai@Pyaita Aa@ A@tau A@eta` A@tae *Ai@ta A@naIya Ai@tvaa Ai@tauma`
A@`@` 1|at> (to go beyond, transgress, diminish, lessen, kill) Atae AiPyatae Aata Ataama` Aeta *Aita
A@`@` 10|at> (to despise, dishonor, reduce) Ayaita-tae AiyaPyaita-tae Aayata`-ta Ayatau-taama` Ayaeta`-ta *Aita
A#` 1|at>h (to go) A#ita-tae Ai#Pyatae Aa#ta A#taama` A#eta *Ai#ta A#ta` A#naIya Ai#tavya Ai#tvaa Ai#tauma`
AD` 1|ad> (to work, trade, try, attempt, exert) ADita AiDPyaita ADta` ADtau ADeta` *AiDta ADnaIya AiDtavya AD`
5|ad> (to spread, pervade, attain) AD`Naaeita AiDPyaita AaD`naaeta` AD`naaetau AD`nauyaata` *AiDta ADta` AiDtauma`
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AD`D` 1|ad> (to attack, to meditate, argue, infer, discern) Aita AiPyaita AaDta` Atau Aeta` *Aita
ANa` 1|an> (to sound, breathe) ANaita AiNaPyaita AaNata` ANatau ANaeta` *AaNa ANanaIya AiNatavya AiNatvaa AiNatauma`
ANa` 4|an> (to live, breathe) ANyatae AiNaPyatae AaNyata ANyataama` ANyaeta AaNayata` *AaNa ANata` paRaNa paRaiNana`
AND` 1|an<t>h (go) ANDtae AiNDPyatae AaNDta ANDtaama` ANDeta *AiNDta ANDnaIya AiNDtavya AiNDtvaa AiNDtauma`
Ata` 1|at (to wander, walk constantly) Ataita AitaPyaita Aatata` Atatau Ataeta` *Aitata AtanaIya Aitatvaa Aitatauma`
AYa` 10|at (to be weak) AYayaita-tae AYaiyaPyaita-tae AaYayata`-ta AYayatau AYayaeta` *AiYata AYaiyatvaa AYaiyatauma`
Ad` 2|ad (to eat) AiTa Atsyaita Aadta` ATau Aâta` A^tae *jagZa-A AdnaIya ATavya Aa^ jagZvaa Avaana` ATauma`
Ana` 2|an (to breathe, live) Ainaita AinaPyaita AanaIta-Aanata` Ainatau Anyaata` *Ainata Anata` Ainatvaa Ainatauma` Aanana
Ana` 4|an (to live, to take birth, move, go about) Anyatae AinaPyatae Aanyata Anyataama` Anyaeta *Ainata Ainatavya
Anta` 1|ant (to tie, fasten, get) Antaita AintaPyaita Aantata` Antatau Antaeta` *Anta Antata` AntanaIya Aintatvaa Aintatauma`
And` 1|and (to bind, fasten) Andita AindPyaita Aandta` Andtau Andeta` *Aindta Andta` AndnaIya Avata`
AnZa` 10|andh (be become make - blind) AnZayaita-tae AnZaiyaPyaita-tae AanZayata`-ta AnZayatau-taa> AnZayaeta`-ta *AinZata
Apaasa` 4|apa@s (to cast, fling, reject, discard) Apaasyaita ApaaisaPyaita Apaasyata` Apaasyatau Apaasyaeta` * Apaasta
ABaR` 1|abhr (to go, wander about) ABaRita AiBaRPyaita AaBaRta` ABaRtau ABaReta` *AiBaRta ABaRNaIya AiBaRtavya AiBaRtvaa
Ama` 1|am (to sound, go, serve, honor, eat) Amaita AimaPyaita Aamata` Amatau Amaeta` *Aimata-Aanta AmanaIya Aimatavya
Ama` 10|am (to hurt, attack, afflict) Aamayaita-Aamayatae AamaiyaPyaita-tae Aamayata`-ta Aamayatau-taama` Aamayaeta`-ta *Aimata
Amba` 1|amb (to go; sound) Ambaita-tae AimbaPyatae Aambata Ambataama` Ambaeta *Aimbata AmbanaIya Aimbatavya Aimbatauma`
AmBa` 1|ambh (to sound) AmBatae AimBaPyatae AamBata AmBataama` AmBaeta *AbZa AbZavata` AmBanaIya AbZvaa
Aya` 1|ay (to go) Ayatae AiyaPyatae Aayata Ayataama` Ayaeta Ayyatae *Aiyata AyanaIya Aiyatavya Aiyatvaa Aiyatauma` Ayamaana
Ak 10|ark (to praise, heat, warm) Akyaita-tae AkiyaPyaita-tae Aakyata`-ta Akyatau-taama` Akyaeta`-ta *Aik|ta
Aza|` 1|argh (to be valuable, be worth, cost) Aza|ita Aiza|Pyaita Aaza|ta` Aza|tau Azae|ta` *Aiza|ta Aza|naIya Aiza|tavya
Aca|` 1|arc{ (to worship, adore, salute) Aca|ita Aica|Pyaita Aaca|ta` Aca|tau Acae|ta` *Aica|ta Aica|tvaa Aica|tauma` Acaa|
Aca|` 10|arc{ (to honor, sing praises) Aca|yaita-tae Aca|iyaPyaita-tae Aaca|yata`-ta Aca|yatau-taama` Aca|yaeta`-ta *Aica|ta
Aja|` 1|arj (to earn, gain) Aja|ita Aija|Pyaita Aaja|ta` Aja|tau Ajae|ta` *Aija|ta Aja|naIya Aija|tavya Aija|tvaa Aija|tauma`
Aja|` 10|arj (to procure, make, prepare) Aja|yaita-tae Aja|iyaPyaita-tae Aaja|yata`-ta Aja|yatau-taama` Aja|yaeta`-ta *Aija|ta
AYa|` 10|arth (to want, beg, request) AYa|yatae AYa|iyaPyatae AaYa|yata AYa|yataama` AYa|yaeta *AiYa|ta AYa|iyatvaa AYa|iyatauma`
Ad|` 1|ard (to demand, go) Ad|ita Aid|Pyaita Aad|ta` Ad|tau Ade|ta` *Aid|ta Ad|ta` Ad|naIya Aid|tvaa Aid|tauma` A^|maana
Ad|` 10|ard (to kill, afflict, torment) Ad|yaita-Ad|iyaPyatae Aad|yata`-ta Ad|yatau-taama` Ad|yaeta`-ta *Aid|ta-ANa| Ad|yata`
Aba|` 1|arb (to kill, go one side) Aba|ita Aiba|Pyaita Aaba|ta` Aba|tau Abae|ta` *Aiba|ta Aba|ta` Aba|naIya Aiba|tavya Aiba|tvaa
Ava|` 1|arv (to inflict, to go towards) Ava|ita Aiva|Pyaita Aava|ta` Ava|tau Avae|ta` *Aiva|ta Ava|NaIya Aiva|tavya Aiva|tvaa
Ah|` 1|arh (to be fit, deserve; worship) Ah|ita Aih|Pyaita Aah|ta` Ah|tau Ahe|ta` *Aih|ta Ah|naIya Aih|tavya Aih|tvaa
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WHICH VERB TO USE?

RATNAKARS ENGLISH-TO-SANSKRIT CONVERTION GUIDE FOR COMMON VERBS
(a)
abandon tyaja` rh` ha qJa` mauca` iva-sa\ja` qta`-sa\ja`
abide sYaa vasa` va\ta` sYaa; paRita-}|xa`, sah`, itaja`, paaLa`
absolve mauca` iva-mauca` qd`-Za\ xama`
abstain ina-va\ta` pair-va\ja` iva-va\ja` pair-va\ja`
abuse vyaya` Batsa|` ivaina-yauja` paR-yauja` AiZa-ixapa Aa-ixapa``
accept gaRh` va\ paRita-gaRh` paRita-pad Aa-da svaI- paRita-}Pa`
access AiBa-gama` qpa-gama` Aa-gama`
accompany vaRja` Anau-} sama`-yauja` sah-car` Anau-sa\
accomplish saaZa` isaZa` sama`-Aapa` Anau-sYaa sama`-pad`
accuse AiZa-ixapa` AiBa-yauja` AiBa-oapa` Apa-vad`
achieve LaBa` sama`-Aapa` paR-Aapa` sama`-pad` inar`-va\ta`
acknowledge gaRh` paRita-pad` A>gaI- svaI-
acquire LaBa` Aja|` Aoa` Ava`-Aapa` paRita-pad`
acquaint bauZa` Xaa AiBa-Asa` AiBa-Xaa iva-Xaa ina-ivad`
act caeP@` Aa-car` iva-Aava`- na@`
admire stau oLaaza` paR-oa>sa` iva-smaaya` oa` }|xa`
adore Aa-raZa` namasa`- sama`-Baava` paUja` Aca| saBaaja`
adorn BaUPa` maND` ALama`- paR-saaZa` sama`- pairP
advance gama` vaRja` paR-caLa` paR-sYaa AanaI paRNaI paurs
advise qpa-idoa` ina-ivad` Anau-oaasa` Anau-mana` Aa-Laaeca`
afflict iKLaoa` du vyaYa` paID` baaZa` pair-tapa` Aayasa`
agitate xauBa` paR-maYa` qd`-ivaja` iva-LauD` ZaU paR-manYa` iva-La`
agree mana` sanZaa sama`-mana` sama`-ivad`-
allow gaRh` Anau-Xaa Anau-mana` Anau-maud` sah` Anau-da
amuse rma` nand` ID` iva-naud` iva-Lasa` ID` SaeLa`
be angry sama`-tapa` kpa` Za` raePa` Aa-ma\Pa`
announce ina-ivad` Aa-Syaa paR-kaoa` iva-zauPa` iva-Xaa
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annoy baaZa` paID` vyaYa` iKLaoa` qd`-ivaja` tapa` Ad|` baaZa`

answer paRita-pad` paRita-BaaPa` paRita-vaca` sama`-Aa-Zaa qta`-ta\
apologize yaaca` paR-AYa|` vyapaÀa-idoa` svaI- paRita-vad`
appear oa` Baa paRadur-` Aaivar`-BaU Ava-ta\ paR-kaoa` qta`-car`
apply / nyasa` ina-ivaoa` ina-Zaa sama`-yauja` nyasa` / paRaYa|
approach sama`-gama` AiBa-gama` }-yaa qpa-sYaa
arise qta`-pad` qta-} sama`-qta`-Yaa qd`-gama` sama`-BaU qd`-BaU Aaivar`-BaU paRadu:-BaU qta`-car` jana` qpa-jana` sama`-jana`
arrange rca` za@` iva-Qh` sama`-ivaZa` ivaina-Asa` ma` gaRnYa`
arrest gaRh` banZa` Za\ stamBa` ina-qZa` Aa-isaZa` stamBa` ina-va\
arrive Aa-gama` AiBa-gama` paR-pad` qpa-sYaa paR-Aapa` Aa-yaa
ask yaaca` AYa|` paRcC` iBaxa` ija-Xaa Anau-yauja`
ascertain Xaa ivad` Za\ inasa`-ica iva-Ava-saae isYarI-
aspire spa\h` Aa-AiBa-ka>xa` AiBa-LaPa` AiBa-wca` }|psa`
assemble sama`-imaLa` sama`-Aa-gama` AiBa-qd`-ica sama`-ina-pata` ]kI-BaU imaLa` sama`-Aa-va\ samaUhI-BaU sama`-ina-pata`
attack Aa-ma` Ava-sknd` Aa-pata` paRita-yauZa` Aa-sad` Aa-yauZa` AiBa-dRu qpa-dRu AiBa-Zaava` AiBa-paR-yaa
attain yaa LaBa` gama` } / Aoa` paR-Aapa` paRita-pad` AiZa-gama`
attend sma`-Aa-gama` qpa-sYaa sama`-ina-Zaa qpa-Aasa` iva-Lasa`
attract Aa-Pa` Aa-va\ja` iva-LauBa` paR-LauBa` iva-mauh`
avail qpa- Anau-gaRh` paR-yauja` Anau-LaBa`
avenge paRita- paRita-ih>sa` dND`
avert sama`- paRita- Apa-naud` ivamauSaI- Apa-va\ta`
await paRita-}|xa` qpa-}|xa` qta`-oa`
(b)
bathe sau snaa masja` Ava-gaah` Aa-pLau AiBaPaekma`-
be Asa` Aasa` BaU va\ta` ivad` jana` sYaa
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CHAPTER 22
TENSES AND MOODS OF 80 COMMON VERBS
itaGntapaRkrNama`_
1p|arc{ (|Aca|)` to worship
Present Tense (La@`)
Aca|aima
Acaa|va:
Aca|isa
Aca|Ya:
Aca|ita
Aca|ta:
Acaa|ma:
Aca|Ya
Aca|inta
Past Tense (LaG`)

Aaca|ma`
Aacaa|va
Aaca|:
Aaca|tama`
Aaca|ta`
Aaca|taama`
Aacaa|ma
Aaca|ta
Aaca|na`
Future Tense (La\@)`

Aica|Pyaaima
Aica|Pyaava:
Aica|Pyaisa
Aica|PyaYa:
Aica|Pyaita
Aica|Pyata:
Aica|Pyaama:
Aica|PyaYa
Aica|Pyainta
Imperative mood (Laae@)`

Acaa|ina
Acaa|va
Aca|
Aca|tama`
Aca|tau
Aca|taama`
Acaa|ma
Aca|ta
Aca|ntau
Potential mood (ivaiZaiLaG`)

Acae|ye ama`
Acae|va
Acae|ma
Acae|:
Acae|tama`
Acae|ta
Acae|ta`
Acae|taama`
Acae|yau:
2p|as (|Asa`)` to be
Aisma
Aisa
Aista
sva:
sYa:
sta:
sma:
sYa
sainta
Past Tense (LaG`)

Aasama`
Aasva
AasaI:
Aastama`
AasaIta`
Aastaama`
Aasma
Aasta
Aasana`
Future Tense (La\@)`

BaivaPyaaima BaivaPyaava:
BaivaPyaisa BaivaPyaYa:
BaivaPyaita
BaivaPyata:
BaivaPyaama:
BaivaPyaYa
BaivaPyainta
Imperative mood (Laae@)`

Asaaina
Asaava
]iZa
stama`
Astau
staama`
Asaama
sta
santau
Potential mood (ivaiZaiLaG`)

syaama`
syaava
syaama
syaa:
syaatama`
syaata
syaata`
syaataama`
syau:
2a|a@s (|Aasa`) to sit
Aasae
Aasvahe
Aassae
AasaaYae
Aastae
Aasaatae
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Aasmahe
Aa&e
Aasatae

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SANSKRIT REFERENCE MANUAL

A Handy Sanskrit Grammar Guide

SANSKRIT HINDI RESEARCH INSTITUTE

The anus>tu> bh metre

The Sanskrit Alphabet

Euphonic Combination sandhih< sainZa:

The Sanskrit Numerals san[khya@h< sa>Syaa:

The Tenses and Moods of the Verbs laka@ra@h< Lakara:

The Six Tenses

1. The Present tense : lat> laka@rah< La@` Lakar:

2. The (past) Imperfect tense : lan[ laka@rah< LaG` Lakar:

3. The (past) Perfect tense : lit> laka@rah< iLa@` Lakar:

4. The Aorist (indefinite) tense :

lun[ laka@rah< LauG` Lakar:

5. Indefinite Future tense : lr<t> laka@rah< La\@` Lakar:

6. The Definite Future tense : lut> laka@raah< Lau@` Lakar:

Flowchart for - Which tense to use?

Forms of the Verbs

1. Parasmaipad& and tmanepad&

2. The Desiderative sannantam santama`

3. The Frequentative yan[anta-yan[lugantam yaGnta-yaG`Laugantama`

4. The Causative nijayantm iNajantama`

The Eleven Classes of Verbs gan<a@h< gaNaa:

1. The First Class bhva@dih< gan<ah< Bvaaid: gaNa:

2. The Second Class ada@dih< gan<ah< Adaid: gaNa:

3. The Third Class juhotya@dih< jauhaetyaaid: gaNa:

4. The Fourth Class diva@di gan<ah< idvaaid: gaNa:

5. The Fifth Class sva@dih< gan<ah< svaaid: gaNa:

6. The Sixth Class tuda@dih< gan<ah< taudaid: gaNa:

7. The Seventh Class rudha@dih< gan<ah< wZaaid: gaNa:

8. The Eightth Class tana@dih< gan<ah< tanaaid: gaNa:

9. The Nineth Class krya@dih< gan<ah yaaid: gaNa:

10. The Tenth Class c{ura@dih< gan<ah cauraid: gaNa:

11. The Eleventh Class kan<d<va@dih< gan<ah kNDaid: gaNa:

The Cases vibhaktayah< ivaBaFya:

The Voices prayoga@h< : paRyaaegaa:

CHAPTER 10 The Four Moods artha@h< AYaa|:

1. The Imperative Mood lot> laka@raah< Laae@` Lakar:

2. The Potential Mood vidhi-lin[ ivaiZaiLaG`

3. Precative or Benedictive Mood a@s{&rlin[ AaoaIiLa|G`

4. The Conditional Mood lr>n[-laka@raah< La\G` Lakar:

CHAPTER 11 The Participles kr<danta@ni dntaaina

1. Past Passive Participle (ppp\) kta F

2. Past Active Participle (Past-AP) ktavatu Fvatau

3. Present Active Participles s{atr<-s{a@nac{ oata\-oaanaca`

4. tmanepad& Present Passive Participles (PPP) s{a@nac{ oaanaca`

5. Potential Participles (pp\) vidyarthi ivaZyaiYa|

6. Potential Participles tavyat tavyata`, an&yar AnaIyar` and tavya tavya

7. Indeclinable Past Participle ktva@ ktva@ Ktvaa suffix

8. Indeclinable Past Participle lyp Lyapa`

9. The Infinitive tumun taumauna`

10. Creating Existence of a Non-existent : c{vi icva

11. Sati -saptami

CHAPTER 12 Adverbs kriya@vis{es<an<a@ni iyaaivaoaePaNaaina

Dictionary of Adverbs kriya@vis{es<an<a-kos{ah< iyaaivaoaePaNakaeoa:

CHAPTER 13 The Prepositions aupasargika-s{abda@h< AaEpasaiga|koabda:

CHAPTER 14 Compound Words sa@ma@sa@h< samaasaa:

CHAPTER 15 Conversations va@rta@la@pa@h< vaataa|Laapaa:

Analysis vis{les<an<am ivaoLaePaNama` Patan~jalyogah< paatajaLayaaegadoa|nama`

CHAPTER 17 General Knowledge sa@ma@nya-jn~a@nam saamaanyaXaanama`

The Charts of Conjugations, the root |bhu@ |BaU

The dictionary of the 2000 Sanskrit verbs

Tenses and Moods of 80 Common verbs

Pronounciation of Sanskrit Characters